User:M Waleed/sandbox: Difference between revisions

1967 Guadeloupe riots
1967 Guadeloupe riots
	A mural painted in the remembrance of the victims in Point-à-Pitre
Location	Guadeloupe
Caused by	Racism, Socio-economic inequalities and Low Wages
Goals	Increase of Wages, Separatism
Methods	Riots, Traffic Obstruction and Civil disobedience
Parties
France Police Nationale; CRS; National Gendarmerie; Mobile Gendarmerie;	Demonstrators GONG;
Lead figures
	De Gaulle; Pierre Bolotte Jacques Nestor †
Casualties and losses
30+ wounded	~87-200 killed

Lacccadives Scramble
Date	February 1948
Location	Lacccadives
Status	Indian victory
Territorial; changes	Lacccadives annexed into the Union of India
Belligerents
Union of India; Kingdom of Travancore	Dominion of Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Vallabhbhai Patel	Liaquat Ali Khan
Units involved
Travancore Police; Indian Navy	Pakistan Navy

Bombing of Calcutta
	Part of the Operation U-Go during the Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II
Date	20 December 1942 - Mid 1944
Location	Calcutta
Result	Inconclusive Japanese raids cause heavy casualties; Heavy losses for Japanese Air Force;
Belligerents
British Empire British Raj; United States	Empire of Japan
Units involved
Royal Air Force; United States Army Air Force	Imperial Japanese Army Air Force; Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Casualties and losses
Several Hundreds killed; Several ships sunk; Harbour significantly damaged	Several Mitsubishi Ki-21 and Mitsubishi Ki-46 destroyed; One Aircraft carrier destroyed

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My sandbox

June 2014 North west Pakistan airstrikes

On 10 June, Pakistani security forces carried out aerial strikes in Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency in the northwestern tribal areas next to the Afghan border, during which nine militant hideouts were destroyed and at least 25 militants were killed^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]. The aerial strikes were conducted in the wake of the attack, and were an extension of a campaign of military operations against militants being conducted since the past few months.^[2]^[1] The area was believed to be used as a shelter for several anti-state militant factions and foreign fighters from Central Asia.^[1]^[3]

On 11 June, the Army decided to intensify air strikes on militant hideouts following a conference between top military commanders at the General Headquarters, Rawalpindi.^[5]^[6]

On the early hours of Thursday 12 June, the U.S. conducted two successive drone strikes near Miramshah in North Waziristan, after a nearly six-month break in US drone campaigns in the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan. The drone strikes killed 16 suspected militants. According to a Pakistani intelligence sources, the militants killed included four Uzbeks, a few key Afghan Taliban commanders and members, and two members of TTP Punjab.^[7]^[8]

On 15 June, Pakistan Air Force fighter jets bombed eight militant hideouts in North Waziristan, during which at least 105 militants^[9]^[6] (or up to 150 according to other official sources)^[10] were killed according to security officials. Most of those killed during the strikes were Uzbek fighters, as the targets were predominantly Uzbek hideouts, and the dead included insurgents linked to the airport attack.^[10] Military and intelligence sources confirmed the presence of foreign and local militants in the hideouts before the military operation. Abu Abdur Rehman Almani, a key Uzbek militant commander and a mastermind of the attack, was also reported killed. Some foreign militants from the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a Uyghur separatist group from western China, were also among the dead.^[11]^[6]

Bombing of Calcutta

The Bombing of Calcutta was a series of aerial raids carried out by Imperial Japanese Army Air Force on Calcutta, the capital of the British Raj. The bombing caused significant damages to infrastructure and killed hundreds however it failed to achieve it's primary goal of significantly disrupting allied supply lines.

Background

After the end of rainy season in 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force became much more active and raided north eastern Assam with the next target of Bombing Calcutta , with the objective of destroying the Calcutta port and delaying the Allied preparations for a counter-offensive. The 7th Air Brigade had been given the responsibility and they had carried out rehearsals in Malaya in November. In late November 1942 the brigade was reinforced by some aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service and, as reconaissance showed a large concentration of shipping at Calcutta, the Japanese decided to raid the airfields in the Chittagong area at the end of the month to draw the Allied fighters away from Calcutta which was to be attacked on the 5th December but the attack was delayed till December 20.^[12]

Bombing

On December 20 1942, aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force started bombing the city of Calcutta causing damage to infrastructure and multiple casualties.^[13]^[14] The bombing campaign continued till 24 December. The airstrikes on Christmas Eve were mainly targetting the Europeans but failed to do significant damage and human casualties were not significant. The target Howrah Bridge wasn't damaged but other parts of the city faced damages. ^[15]

Calcutta had good air defence systems which forced the Japanese pilots to fly high to evade the air defence and they raised Calcutta only during the night.^[13] This bombing affected the industrial area and caused the displacement of 350,000 people.^[16] United States Army Air Force was also deployed in Calcutta and engaged with the Japanese. ^[17]

The Royal Air Force bomber responded to these raids by destroying many Japanese aircraft and a Japanese aircraft carrier. By 1943, air defences were strengthened and RADAR guided night fighters were deployed which destroyed several Japanese Mitsubishi Ki-21 and Mitsubishi Ki-46.^[13]

In January 1943, multiple Japanese raids were foiled by Royal Air Force.^[16]

In August 1943, Royal Air Force deployed Spitfires.^[13]

On 5 December 1943, a Japanese bombing on Calcutta's Kidderpore docks caused hundreds of deaths and destruction of several ships and warehouses.^[13]^[18] Japanese aircraft dropped heavy explosives and anti-personnel bombs on the docks during day, without facing any resistance.^[18] The docks were devastated.^[18] Royal Air Force warplanes were deployed but they weren't able to engage.^[12]

Japanese launched sporadic raids till 1944.^[13]

Aftermath

In 1944, due to allied advances on multiple fronts, the Japanese aircraft had to be relocated to other areas for providing support and thus the bombing raids over Calcutta stopped. In 1945, after the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the war came to an end.^[13]

Order of Battle

Houthis and Allies

Supreme Political Council
- Yemeni Armed Forces (SPC)
  - Yemen Army(SPCTooltip Supreme Political Council)
    - Coastal Missile batteries ^[19]
    - Air Defence systems ^[20]
    - SAM batteries^[21]
  - Yemeni Navy(SPCTooltip Supreme Political Council)
  - Yemeni Air Force(SPCTooltip Supreme Political Council)
    - Mil Mi-17 helicopters ^[23]
    - Shahed drones
    - KAS 04 drones ^[24]
- Houthi militia
Iran
- Artesh
  - NEDAJA
    - IRIS Albortz^[25] (Frigate)
- IRGC
  - NEDSA
    - MV Behshad^[26] (Intel ship)
  - Quds Force^[27]
Hezbollah^[28]
Islamic Resistance in Iraq^[29]
- Popular Mobilization Forces

Anti-Houthi forces

Order of Battle of the Israel-Hamas War

Israel

Israel Defense Forces
- Israeli Ground Forces
  - Northern Command
    - Ga'ash division
      - Golani Brigade^[49]
        Lightning Battalion
        
        Gideon Battalion
        
        First Hatchlings Battalion
      - Saar me-Golan Brigade
      - Barak Brigade^[50]
      - Carmeli Brigade ^[50]
    - Ha Mapatz Division
      - Kiryati Brigade
      - Alon Brigade
        Battalion 5030 ^[51]
    - Galilee Division
      - Ba'ram Brigade^[52]
    - Bashan division^[53]
  - Southern Command
    - Gaza Division
      - Gefen Brigade ^[54]
        Bedouin Battalion^[55]^[56]
      - Katif Brigade
    - Ha-Plada Division
      - Nahal Brigade^[57]
        Granite Battalion^[58]
      - Givati Brigade ^[59]
      - Iron Tracks Brigade^[60]
        Ha Bokim Battalion
    - Edom Division
      - Paran Brigade
        Caracal Battalion^[61]
      - 406 Brigade ^[62]
    - Sinai Division^[63]^[64]^[65]
      - Harel Brigade^[63]
      - Negev Brigade^[66]
      - Jerusalem Brigade
  - Central Command
    - Ha'Bazak Division
      - Multidimensional Unit^[67]
      - Kfir Brigade
        Netzah Yehuda Battalion^[68]
      - Sharon Brigade
      - Schualey Marom Brigade
      - Yiftach Brigade
    - Ha'Esh Division^[69]
      - 35 Paratroopers Brigade
      - Tip of Spear Brigade
      - Oz Brigade
        Duvdevan Unit^[70]
        
        Maglan Unit^[71]
        
        Egoz Unit^[72]
      - Hetzei HaEsch Brigade
  - Home Front Command ^[73]
  - Infantry Corps
    - Bislamach Brigade^[74]
    - 261st Infantry Brigade
    - Hamarom Brigade
  - Combat Engineering Corps
    - Yahalom^[75]
    - HaMachatz Brigade
    - Asaf Battalion
  - Combat Intel Collection Corps ^[76]
    - Nesher Battalion
    - Shahaf Battalion ^[77]
  - Artillery Corps
    - Amud ha-Esh Brigade ^[78]
  - Armoured Corps
    - Ram Brigade ^[79]
    - Hativa Shimoneh Brigade^[80]
    - Bison Brigade
- Israeli Air Force
- Israeli Navy
- Israel Police.^[86]
  - Southern District
  - Magav ^[87]^[59]
    - MGB Southern Command
    - Yamam ^[88]
    - Tactical Division^[89]
- Shin Bet^[86]
- Israeli armed citizens^[90]^[91]

Hamas & Allies

Palestinian groups

Joint Operations Room
- Script error: The function "main" does not exist.^[92]
  - Al-Qassam Brigades ^[93]
    - Al-Nukhba Commando Force
    - North Brigade
      - Beit Lahia Battalion
      - Beit Hanoun Battalion
      - Al Khalifa al Rashidun Battalion
      - Martyr Suhail Ziadeh Battalion
      - Jabalia al Balad Battalion
      - Imad Aql Battalion
      - Elite Battalion
    - Gaza Brigade
      - Sabra-Tal al Islam Battalion
      - Daraj wal Tuffah Battalion
      - Radwan Battalion
      - Shujaiya Battalion
      - Zaytoun Battalion
      - Shati Battalion
      - Possible Elite Battalion
    - Central Brigade
      - Deir al Balah Battalion
      - Al Bureij Battalion
      - Al Maghazi Battalion
      - Nusairat Battalion
      - Possible Elite Battalion
    - Khan Younis Brigade
      - Camp Battalion
      - North Khan Younis Battalion
      - South Khan Younis Battalion
      - Eastern Khan Younis Battalion
      - Qarara Battalion
      - Elite Battalion
    - Rafah Brigade
      - Eastern Battalion
      - Khalid bin al Walid Battalion
      - Shaboura Battalion
      - Unknown Fourth Battalion
      - Elite Battalion
    - West Bank Brigade
      - Qabatiya Battalion^[94]
      - Jenin Battalion^[95]
    - Hamas-Lebanon
      - Al-Aqsa Flood Vanguards ^[96]
- Palestinian Islamic Jihad^[97]
  - Al-Quds Brigades
    - Tulkarm Battalion^[98]
    - Jenin Battalion^[99]
    - Nablus Battalion^[100]
    - Tubas Battalion^[101]
- Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine^[102]^[103]
  - National Resistance Brigades
- Ex-Fatah Groups
  - Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades ^[101]
    - Hornets' Nest^[98]
    - Jenin Battalion^[104]
    - Qalqilya Battalion^[104]
    - Tulkarm Battalion^[105]
    - Rapid Response unit^[106]
      - Tulkarm Rapid Response Battalion^[107]
    - Nablus Battalion ^[108]
    - Tubas Battalion^[101]
    - Special Unit^[109]
  - Ayman Jawda Squads^[110]
  - Abd al-Qadr al-Husseini Brigades^[110]
  - Al-Assefa Army^[110]
- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine^[111]
  - Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades
    - Dheisheh camp guards
- Popular Resistance Committees^[112]
  - Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades
- Palestinian Freedom Movement^[112]
  - Al-Ansar Brigades
- Palestinian Mujahideen Movement^[112]
  - Mujahideen Brigades
- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command ^[113]
  - Jihad Jibril Brigades
- Lions' Den^[114]
- Jenin Brigades^[115]
- Biddya Brigades^[116]
- Al-Ayyash Battalion^[117]
- Lone wolf insurgents

Axis of Resistance

Axis of Resistance
- Hezbollah
  - Hezbollah Military Wing
    - Lebanese Resistance Brigades^[118]
    - Redwan Force^[119]
    - Imam Hussein Brigades ^[120]
    - Islamic Azz Brigades^[121]
    - Syrian Hezbollah^[122]
- Islamic Group^[123]
  - Fajr Forces
- SSNP-L^[124]
  - Eagles of the Whirlwind
- Amal Movement^[125]
- Islamic Resistance in Iraq^[126]
  - Kata'ib Hezbollah^[127]
  - Popular Mobilization Forces^[128]
- Supreme Political Council ^[129]
  - Yemeni Armed Forces (SPC)
    - Yemen Army(SPCTooltip Supreme Political Council)
    - Yemeni Navy(SPCTooltip Supreme Political Council)
    - Yemeni Air Force(SPCTooltip Supreme Political Council)
  - Houthi militia
- Syria
  - Syrian Armed Forces
    - Syrian Army^[130]
    - Syrian Air Defense Force^[131]
  - Front for the Liberation of the Golan
- Iran
  - General Staff
    - AJA
      - Iran Air Defense Force^[132]^[133]
      - NEDAJA
        IRIS Albortz^[25]
    - IRGC

Scramble for Lacccadives

The Scramble of Lacccadives was a military race between Pakistan Navy and Indian authorities in Travancore to reach the islands of Lakshadweep and annex the territory which took place in late August 1947. Both countries deployed naval vessels but the indian authorities were able to reach first annexing the islands.

Background

The Aminidivi islands under the rule of Tipu Sultan of Mysore Kingdom in 1787 were annexed to the British Raj in 1799 after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. The rest of the islands remained under the suzerainty of the Arakkal family in return for a payment of annual tribute.^[136] The British took over the administration of those islands in 1908 for nonpayment of arrears and attached it to the Madras Presidency.^[137] As Lacccadives were not a separate entity so they weren't considered during the Partition of India and thus their status was unclear so Pakistan attempted to take hold of these islands.^[138]

Race for Lacccadives

At the end of August, 1947, Liaquat Ali Khan, came to realisation that Lacccadives, a region with Muslim majority didn't become a part of Pakistan and could be taken control of with ease. The Deputy Prime Minister of India, Vallabhbhai Patel, also started to think about Lacccadives.^[138]^[139]^[140]

So , the Royal Pakistan Navy sent a naval vessel towards Lacccadives from Karachi. In India Vallabhbhai Patel was informed about the plannings in Karachi. He immediately sent collector of Travancore to Lacccadives.^[138]^[139]^[140] He also sent a message to Mudaliar brothers to convey the collector of Travancore to order the police officials to go to Lacccadives with available weaponry. Vallabhbhai Patel stated “If the police forces no firearms with them, they can take lathis with them but somehow take possession of the area.” ^[141] and the Flag of India was raised.^[138]

A few hours later, Pakistani warship reached and had to return on seeing the Indian flag flying.^[138]^[139]^[140]

Aftermath

The islands were annexed into the Dominion of India and became part of the Madras State under the Constitution of India in 1950.^[142] In 1956, the islands which were had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras state, was organized into a separate union territory administered by the Government of India, following the States Reorganisation Act.^[143]^[144] The territory which was known as Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands became Lakshadweep islands on 1 November 1973.

1967 Guadeloupe riots

fr:Émeutes de mai 1967 en Guadeloupe

The riots of May 1967 in Guadeloupe were clashes which occurred between gendarmes and demonstrators on the island during strikes following a racially motivated attack. The riots resulted in the deaths of 87 people (1985 estimate, 1967 estimate reported 7 deaths). ^[145]^[146] Other sources estimate the number to be between 80 and 200.^[147]

Background

Guadeloupe, an island with a number of socio-economic inequalities between the peoples of European and African ancestry ^[148]^[149] significantly increased by the social transformation policies relaunched by the French government to compensate for the damage caused by Hurricane Inez .^[150]

Moreover due to the Decolonisation movements taking place in other parts of the world, similar separatist movements also began to take form in Guadeloupe, such as GONG but the Gaullist movement in France was not willing to negotiate because of the strategic location of the island.^[151] So these movements came into direct conflict with the French authorities, police and paramilitaries.^[152]

Timeline

On March 20, 1967, Vladimir Snarsky, white owner of a large shoe store in Basse-Terre , unleashes his German shepherd to chase away Raphaël Balzinc, an old black and disabled shoemaker who set up his stall in front of the store.^[153]^[154] The white owner, was the local leader of the Gaullist UNR party , ironically asked his dog “Say hello to the nigger!” ". This racist incident sparked riots and strikes in Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre. Two squadrons of National Gendarmerie were deployed in Guadeloupe.^[155]

On May 24, 1967, construction workers in Guadeloupe went on strike to obtain a 2.5% salary increase and parity in social rights.^[156]

On May 26, at noon, a crowd gathered in front of the Pointe-à-Pitre Chamber of Commerce and waited while negotiations took place between union organizations and the employer representatives. Around 12:45 p.m., they learned from a representative that the negotiations had broken down and rumors began to spread.^[157]

The employers' representative, Georges Brizzard , reportedly said: " When the Negroes are hungry, they will go back to work!". The Demonstrators started chanting “ Djibouti , Djibouti” to recall the violence which had taken place there , with the French Army shooting separatist demonstrators on sight.^[145].

The clashes began with tear gas grenades fired by the gendarmes against demonstrators who threw Lambi conch shells , stones and glass bottles. On the morning of May 26, Mobile Gendarmerie opened fire during violent demonstrations by strikers, causing several injuries.^[158] When a gendarme took off his helmet to wipe his forehead , he received a violent blow to his head severely injuring him, the Mobile Gendarmerie open fire in retaliation, causing the death of Jacques Nestor, a prominent activist of the Guadeloupe National Organization Group. . According to the authorities, the firefight was initiated by demonstrators who opened fire first.^[158]

The French authorities initially believed the insurrection to be fomented by the GONG but investigations revealed the riots to be spontaneous.^[154]

Some sources state that the opening of fire on demonstrators was knowingly approved by the French government.^[159]

Casualties

Demonstrators

The official toll from the authorities at the time of the massacre was 7 to 8 dead. In 1985, the Secretary of State for the French Overseas Territories, Georges Lemoine, confirmed the death toll of atleast 87 victims, cross-checked from several administrative sources, including the General Intelligence. ^[160] Most estimates put the death toll between 80 to 200, exact death toll was difficult to determine due to the destruction of archives.^[147] MP Christiane Taubira put the death toll around one hundred.^[161]

Law enforcement

More than 30 Gendarmes (some red kepis 'Mobile Gendarmerie"^[162]) and members of the Republican Security Companies were reportedly injured by the demonstrators^[163]

Commemorations

A mural was painted in remembrance of the victims on May 26, 2007 in Pointe-à-Pitre.^[164]

Commemorations of the victims were held in 2017 , demanding the opening of classified archives.^[165]

In Popular Culture

In Music

Biloute , a song by Mé swasannsèt , album Rékòlt, 2010

Bibliographies

Jacques Le Cornec, A West Indian kingdom: of stories and dreams and mixed peoples , L'Harmattan, 2005
Raymond Gama and Jean Pierre Sainton, Mé 67 , Guadeloupean publishing and distribution company, 1985
Jean Plumasseau, In the name of the fatherland , Éditions Nestor, 2012
Raymond Gama (2011). Éd. Lespwisavann (ed.). Mé 67:mémoire d'un événement (in French). Port-Louis. ISBN 978-2-9527540-4-0. OCLC 779736808.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^[110]

Television documentaries

“May 1967 in Guadeloupe, investigation into a forgotten massacre” on January 15, 2014 in 50 years of news stories on 13th street and on Planète+ Justice .
“May 1967, Police repression in Guadeloupe” broadcast by Fabrice Desplan, France Ô .
“May 67 – Don’t shoot the children of the republic” by Mike Horn, 2017, France Ô .
“The debate: May 67, the legacy of a revolt". Historical magazine presented by Fabrice d'Almeida in Histoire d'Outre-Mer, France Ô (broadcast on 01/31/2018)

Audio documentaries

Rendez with avec X, par Patrick Pesnot on France Inter, 7 March 2009: « May 1967 : The massacre at Pointe-à-Pitre.^[166]
Sensitive affairs, by Fabrice Drouelle on France Inter , broadcast on Thursday April 28, 2016: “When the blacks are hungry, they will return to work” Guadeloupe, May 67, a bloody repression.^[167]^[168]

Internet Documentaries

“Diable Positif: The massacre of May 67”, posted online on May 10, 2020^[169].
"Racisme d'Etat : "Le déni est bien construit" - Par La rédaction | Arrêt sur images". www.arretsurimages.net.

Press articles

“50 years ago, the Guadeloupean demonstrations ended in massacre”, on Slate.^[170]
“From the forgotten massacres of May 1967 in Guadeloupe to the beginnings of the modern security order in the neighborhoods”, on Bastamag.^[171]

Novels

May 67 , by Thomas Cantaloube (Gallimard, the Black Series, 2023) (in French)
Where dogs bark by their tails, by Estelle-Sarah Bulle (Liana Levi, 2018) (in French)

Others

he:טייסות חיל האוויר הישראלי

193 squadron

he:טייסת 193
193 Squadron (Israel)

93rd Squadron IAF
טייסת 193
Logo of the Squadron
Active	August 12, 1987 – present
Country	Israel
Allegiance	Israel Defense Forces
Branch	Israeli Air Force
Type	Naval Aviation
Role	Performing Aviation services for the Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQ	Kanaf Ramat Air Base
Nickname(s)	Defenders of the West
Motto(s)	"In the air, at sea and on land"
Aircraft flown
Helicopter	Eurocopter AS565 Panther

113 Squadron

he:טייסת 113
113 Squadron (Israel)

Shafqat Baloch

On 6 September 1965 , at 1 A.M , Major Shafqat Baloch was moving towards the assigned position along with 90 of his troops. The troops were moving carefully amidst reports of Indian incursions . All of a sudden there was a loud burst of a machine gun coming from a military post of the Pakistan Rangers. The Major issued orders to move towards the post and on the way, he met a Rangers troop who broke the news of Indian assault and the death of many from his unit including the Major. The Ranger was going to inform the higher command but their telephone was damaged.

Major order the troops to entrench themselves near the Ichhogil Canal. They heard the noises of Indian infantry and Tank regiments. Through outnumbered, the Pakistanis were determined to put up a resistance.

The Major climbed to a position from where he could observe the Indians, while waiting for the indian troops to come closer, an Indian sniper shot the Major injuring his left arm.

Major requested artillery support but the Battalion headquarters was hesitant over fears of Friendly Fire.

The Major told the coordinates to his CO Lieutenant Colonel Ibrahim and requested artillery fire.

Major directed the artillery precisely at the indian troops inflicting heavy casualties as they had no idea about Pakistani presence. Then the Pakistani Anti tank crews destroyed two indian tanks followed by a rigorous infantry assault. The Indians had no choice but to retreat.

Pakistani troops were able to establish a definite frontline halting the Indian offensive. On September 7, Major and his comrades were ordered to come back and partake in the Battle of Barki while Major Aziz Bhatti was dispatched to the BRB front.

Major was taken to the GOC Major General Sarfraz Khan and asked about the casualties to which he responded with 2 killed and few wounded.

General was surprised and not believing, so he asked the major to rest, to which major responded by politely replying "Sir you can count my men".

Major's actions stalled the front for 17 days till the ceasefire agreement was reached. For his act of valor , he was awarded Sitara-e-Jurat.

Ashdod Naval Base

he:בסיס אשדוד

History

Establishment

The construction of the permanent camp in the south of the port began in 1965. A temporary base was established in the port within a day. Lt. Col. Yekutiel Netz was appointed as the commander of the base.^[172]^[173]

Six Day War

Amphibious cruiser ships in preparation for the landing operation at El Arish beach were stationed there. During the Six Day War and after it, ships from the 914th Torpedo Squadron were attached to floats and received fuel and supplies from the base.^[172]^[173]

War of Attrition

During the War of Attrition, the Israeli warships engaged with an Egyptian destroyer sinking the destroyer in about 25 minutes, this incident came to be known as Battle of Romani. The Israeli warships were directed from this base.^[174]

Inauguration

The inauguration of the permanent camp of the Navy base in Ashdod was held on August 12, 1968.^[175] The commander of the navy stated "the new base of the navy in Ashdod is a key to maintaining the ongoing security and sovereignty of Israel along the southern coasts from North Sinai to the entrances of Port Said".^[176]

Yom Kippur War

The Battle of Baltim was fought between the Israeli Navy and the Egyptian Navy on 8–9 October, 1973, during the Yom Kippur War between Baltim and Damietta. The Israeli warships that participated in the battle were stationed and co-ordinated from this base.^[177]

Relocation attempts

In the early 1980s, Defense Minister Ariel Sharon wanted to bring the Navy closer to Gaza to save sailing time by moving the base to the city of Ashkelon.^[178] The mayor of Ashdod, Zvi Zilkar, strongly opposed this, partly and the plan was ultimately cancelled. ^[178]

Aftermath of the First Intifada

After the First Intifada and the creation of a Palestinian Authority in Gaza strip, five patrols boats were organised for regular patrols which number grew to be seven patrol boats.^[179]

Disengagement from Gaza

During the Israeli disengagement from Gaza, the base served as a major evacuation and transport hub for the evacuation of Israel Defense Forces personnel from Gaza strip.^[180]^[181]

2006 Gaza–Israel conflict

During the Operation Summer Rains on June 26, the Israeli Navy imposed a naval closure of the Gaza Strip, to prevent Shalit being smuggled out by sea. The navy increased patrols of naval vessels along the Gaza coastline, and prepared for an attempt to smuggle Shalit out by boat, sending instructions to captains. Palestinian fast boats were banned from operating in the area, and only small Palestinian fishing boats were allowed on the sea.^[182] These patrols were organised from this base.

Blockade of the Gaza Strip

The Blockade of the Gaza Strip starting in 2007 was organised from this base.

May 2010 Gaza flotilla raid

On 31 May 2010, the Israeli Navy seized an aid convoy of six ships known as the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla".^[183] aiming to break through the blockade, carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials. The flotilla had declined an Israeli request to change course to the Ashdod base, where the Israeli government had said it would inspect the aid and deliver (or let humanitarian organizations deliver) Israeli-approved items to Gaza.^[184]

Israeli Shayetet 13 naval commandos boarded the ships from speedboats and helicopters launched from three missile ships, while the flotilla was still in international waters.^[185] On the MV Mavi Marmara, the main ship of the convoy, passengers attacked and managed to capture three soldiers.^[186] Israeli soldiers responded with rubber bullets and live ammunition from soldiers in helicopters and on the ship. Several of the activists were shot in the head by Israeli forces, some from behind and at close range.^[187] Israel was accused of using disproportionate force. On other ships, soldiers were met with passive resistance which was easily suppressed with non-lethal techniques. Nine passengers were killed and dozens wounded. Nine soldiers were also injured, two of them seriously. All of the ships were seized and towed to Ashdod, while passengers were imprisoned in Israel and then deported to their home countries.^[188]^[189]^[190]^[191]^[192]^[193] The MV Rachel Corrie, a seventh ship that had been delayed, set sail from Malta on the same day of the flotilla's interception. Israeli naval vessels shadowed the Rachel Corrie, and after it ignored three warnings, Israeli commandos boarded the ship from speedboats, arrested the crew, and forced it to sail to Ashdod.^[194]

Freedom Flotilla II

Following the Gaza flotilla raid, a coalition of 22 NGOs assembled in July 2011 a flotilla of 10 vessels and 1,000 activists to breach the blockade.

The vessels docked in Greece in preparation for the journey to Gaza. However, the Greek government announced that it would not allow the vessels to leave for Gaza,^[195] and the Hellenic Coast Guard stopped three vessels attempting to evade the travel ban and leave port. On 7 July, most activists left for home, leaving only a few dozen to continue the initiative.^[196] On 16 July, the French yacht Dignite Al Karama was allowed to leave port after informing Greek authorities that its destination was Alexandria, Egypt. Instead, the yacht headed directly for Gaza. The Israeli Navy stopped the Dignite Al Karama about 65 kilometers off Gaza. After the boat was warned and refused to turn back, it was surrounded by three Israeli naval vessels and boarded by Shayetet 13 commandos, who took it over. The boat was then taken to Ashdod base.^[197] Ultimately, the Freedom Flotilla sailing did not take place.

Third Flotilla

On 4 November 2011, the Israeli Navy intercepted two vessels heading towards Gaza in a private initiative to break the blockade. Shayetet 13 commandos boarded the vessels from speedboats and took them over with no resistance. The vessels were then taken to Ashdod base.^[198]

Shayetet 7

he:שייטת הצוללות

7th Flotilla
שייטת הצוללות
Coat of arms of Shayetet 7
Active	1959-present
Country	Israel
Branch	Israeli Navy
Type	Submarine Flotilla
Size	6 submarines and 300 personnel
Part of	Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQ	Haifa naval base
Nickname(s)	700 Club
Engagements	Six Day War 1982 Lebanon War Sudan strikes Syrian Civil War
Commanders
Current commander	Colonel Uri
Notable commanders	#Commanders
Insignia
Service Pin

Shayetet 7 or Submarine Flotilla is the only submarine flotilla of the Israeli Navy. It is based in Haifa naval base and operates Dolphin-class submarines. It was established in 1959.

Nature of Service

The service in the submarine fleet is difficult, challenging and often far from the country's borders, so the submarine crews have to be very cohesive. Another derivative of the great distance from the country's borders is that the submarine crew is operationally competent and ready for war at any time.^[199]

Every operational mission of the submarine has a military doctor and a medic on board who have undergone special training to treat the wounded, including dealing with a multi-casualty incidents, deep under the surface of the water. In the absence of an emergency, the doctor who joins any operational mission also carries an intelligence role for everything, in which he is engaged throughout the mission as one of the combatants. ^[200]

Fleet

Class	Photo	Boats	Commission year	Origin	Notes
Dolphin class		INS Dolphin, [do̞lˈfin] (Dolphin) INS Livyathan, [livjaˈtan] (Whale) INS Tekumah, [tkuˈma] (Revival)	1999 1999 2000	Germany	Expected to be replaced with the Dakar-class submarines starting in the early 2030s
AIP Dolphin 2 class		INS Tanin, [taˈnin] (Crocodile) INS Rahav, [ˈʁahav] (Rahab) INS Drakon, [dʁaˈko̞n] (Dragon)	2012 2014 2023?	Germany

History

Establishment

Two used S model submarines were purchased from the Royal Navy . These submarines were built in World War II , and refurbished in England for the Israeli Navy. An Israeli team that went through a training period in France and United kingdom was the crew for the first submarine and went through training under British supervision. The Flotilla was established on December 16, 1959 , when INS Tanin (C-71) entered the port of Haifa.^[201] The second submarine, INS Rahav (C-73) , arrived at the shores of Israel in July 1960.^[202]

Six Day War

During the Six Day War, the Flotilla participated in the Operation Alexandria in which INS Tanin (C-71) led six fighters from Shayetet 13 into action in the port of Alexandria . While waiting to collect the divers, the submarine was attacked by an Egyptian vessel and damaged. The next day she returned to the meeting place to collect but the divers had already been captured by the Egyptians.^[203]^[204] Multiple civilian ships were destroyed in this operation.

Arrival of T Submarines

In 1965, Israel purchased 3 T submarines from the British Navy - Leviathan^[205], Decker , and Dolphin^[206] . The T submarines were larger and more sophisticated than the S submarines, but they were also outdated submarines from the Second World War period that had undergone a process of Upgrade and renovation. The submarines arrived after the Six Day War.

Sinking of INS Dakkar

A submarine of the Flotilla INS Dakkar sunk on January 25, 1968 , on its way from Britain to Israel and all 69 members of its crew perished. The remains of the submarine and the place where it sank were only discovered in 1999.^[207]^[208]

Yom Kippur War

The Flotilla did not take part in the Yom Kippur War due to maintainence issues.

Introduction of Gal submarines

Gal-class submarine entered the service in the Flotilla in the late 1970s, these small but agile and sophisticated submarines were continuously upgraded with newer systems to maintain their technological edge. They were somewhat unusual in that all boats of the class were at equipped with six-tube retractable Blowpipe surface-to-air missile launchers controlled from inside the boat, though these were later removed.^[209]

1982 Lebanon War

The Flotilla participated in the 1982 Lebanon War and carried out Operation Dreyfus which was a military operation to locate and identify enemy ships using submarines . In June 1982 , during the operation, a Navy submarine hit a civilian ship carrying refugees , due to the suspicion that they were terrorists. 25 people were killed in the incident.^[210]

Introduction of Dolphin Submarines

Starting from 1999, the Dolphin-class submarines have continued to serve the Israeli Navy as a part of the Flotilla and are expected to continue their service till 2030.

Sudan airstrikes

In November-December 2011 two Israeli air raids against Gaza-bound weapon smugglers in Sudan were accompanied by Israeli submarine activity off the Sudanese coast.^[211]^[212]

Syrian Civil War

On July 5 2013, during the Syrian Civil War Israeli missile strike against the Syrian port of Latakia, was made in coordination with the United States, and long range missiles were launched from a Dolphin-class submarine. The attack targeted newly unloaded Russian-made Yakhont long range high performance anti-ship missiles and associated radars.^[213]^[214]^[215]

Commanders


Name	Period of office	Comments

Yosef Dror	April 1959 to April 1963	First Commander
Hadar Kimchi	April 1963 - May 1968
Abraham Dror	1968 - August 1972	Holder of the Adoration of Courage for the Operation Alexandria
Gideon Raz	June 1972 - August 1973
Leshem Berg	1973 - 1976
Gideon Raz	January - October 1977	Second term of office
Doron Amir	October 1977 - April 1980
Shaul Horev	May 1980 - June 1983
Michael Kisari	June 1983 - July 1987
Haim Kfir-Kopert	July 1987 - July 1990
Nir Maor	1990 - 1992
David Luria	July 1992 - March 1996
Uri Distnik	1996 - 1998
Yoval Tzur	1998 - 2001
Eyal Ben-Zion	2001 - 2004
Yonathan Vert	2004 - 2006
Amit Farber	2006 - 2008
Oded Gur Lavi	2008 - 2011
Gil Aginsky-Peretz	2011 - 2015
Col. Doron	2015 - 2016
Col. Assaf	2016 - 2019
Col. Guy	July 2019 - July 2021
Col. Uri	July 25, 2021 -	Current commander of the flotilla

Sources & References

אתר שייטת הצוללות An unofficial website of the history of submarines in Israel.
אגף שייטת הצוללות On the unit website - the IDF units website.
Shamuel Tankos, עם רכישת הצוללות, "Marine Systems" 39-N, March 1959, pp. 4-5.
Shmuel Tankos, פקודת יום לבוא אחי תנין, תפילת הדרך לצוות הצוללת, מעמקי התנין, "Marine Systems" MD, December 1959 p. 3.
Zev Schiff, מדוע כדאי לשרת בצוללת, "Marine Systems" NA, January 1961, p. 10.
Yosef Dror, דבר מפקד שייטת הצוללות, "Marine Systems" n.d., July 1961, p. 3.
Uri Dan, עם תנין ורהב במצולות, "Marine Systems" n.d., July 1961, p. 4.
Yohai ben Nun, בהנפת נס שירות פעיל על אח"י תנין, 'Marine Systems' 61, September 1962, p. 2.
Yosef Dror, מפקד השייטת לאנשיו, 'Marine Systems' 61, September 1962 p. 2.
Yosef Dror, מפקד צוללת לאנשיו, 'Marine Systems' 63, March 1963 p. 2.
Eli Shaf הצוללות שבדרך, 'Marine Systems' 76, February 1966, p. 16
That. Yosef, הצוללות - חלום שנתגשם. 'Marine Systems' 111 March 1973, p. 12.
Shlomo Man, על ההרגשה האישית והחיים בצוללת המפליגה מתחת לפני המים, 'Between Waves' January 1981 p. 31.
Remy Antian, בצוללת כאן הטבח הוא המפקד, 'Between Waves' June 1981 p. 10.
Shlomo Man, הדור אשר לא ידע את דקר, 'Between Waves' March 159, 1983, p. 6.
Aryeh Kiesel, זה לא לאנשים נורמלים צוללת, 'Between Waves' 162 July 1984 p. 16.
Naama Toren, רק גמרו את הקורס נקלטים בשייטת הצוללות, 'Between Waves' 166 November 1985, p. 12.
מנהגים ומסורת בשייטת הצוללות, "Between Waves" 181 August 1990, p. 51.
Dror Gat, שייטת 7 בעידן החדש, "Between Waves", May 2009, p. 4.
Raz Sharga, יובל להגעת אח"י תנין לישראל, "Between Waves", December 2009, p. 13
Jordan Gore, שייטת הצוללות חוגגת 55 שנה ומתכוננת לאח"י תנין, 'Between Waves' May 2014, p. 28.
Brith Almog, החלפת פיקוד בשייטת הצוללות - מדורון לאסף באוגוסט 2016 וגם נס שירות פעיל לאח"י רהב, "Between Waves", October 2016, p. 14.
Gadi Yampel and Avital Rahavit, חשיפה תת-מימית - צוללות בחופי לבנון, "Between Waves", October 2016, p. 43.
Oral Elhadad and Brit Almog טקס פרס הרמטכ"ל לשנת 2016 וגם סונאר חדש בצוללות חיל הים, "Between Waves", May 2017, pp. 9-10.
Hi. Sutton, היסטוריה של הצוללות הישראליות On the Historian website May 20, 2017.
שייטת הצוללות Lecture at Alfredo Forum September 2018.
Adir Yizrif, טקס החלפת פיקוד שייטת הצוללות, the 'Hai Fe' website, July 19, 2019.
Yitzhak Noy, על שייטת הצוללת בתוכנית שבת עולמית, Broadcast interviews with Hadar Kimchi, Shaul Horev and David Rotenberg, April 17, 2021.
Amnon Gonen and others, הדבורים של שייטת הצוללות, October 2021
שייטת 7 - סיפורו של צי הצוללות בחיל הים, in the framework of a global discussion with Yitzhak Noy, Israel Broadcasting Corporation, April 17, 2021
Dan Arkin, הצוללת אח"י דרקון צולמה במספנה בקיל שבגרמניה, אמורה להגיע לחיל הים עוד השנה, Israel Defense, August 6, 2023.
Ronit Zilberstein, מים שקטים חודרים עמוק: הצטרפנו למסע המסכם של חניכי שייטת 7, Israel today, August 17, 2023.
תיעוד בלעדי: לוחמי הצוללות בפעילות מבצעית במרחב הצפון, October 14, 2023.

12th Operational Brigade

129th special motorized militia battalion (1990-1992) 10th separate battalion of the NGU (1992-1995) 17th separate special motorized battalion (1995-2014) 18th operational regiment of the National Guard of Ukraine (2014-2019) 12th separate operational brigade (2019-2023)
Brigade Insignia
Active	1990-2023
Disbanded	Late 2023
Country	Ukraine
Allegiance	Ukraine
Branch	National Guard of Ukraine (1990-1995) Internal Troops of Ukraine (1995-2014) National Guard of Ukraine (2014-23)
Type	Brigade
Size	Five Battalions
Garrison/HQ	Mariupol
Nickname(s)	Dmytro Vyshnevetsky Brigade
Engagements	Russo-Ukrainian War War in Donbass Battle of Mariupol (2014) Russian invasion of Ukraine Siege of Mariupol
Decorations	Courage and Bravery
Commanders
Notable commanders	Colonel Denis Oleksiyovych Shlega Colonel Serhii Yevhenovich Sovinskyi Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovych Kryachko

12th brigade of operational assignment (12 BrOP — military unit 3057) was military formation of the National Guard of Ukraine . It was part of the Eastern operational territorial association . Location — Mariupol , Donetsk Oblast.^[217]

History

Establishment

On January 18, 1990, the 129th special motorized militia battalion of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (military unit 5509) was formed in Mariupol.^[218]

On January 2, 1992, on the basis of the 129th special motorized police battalion, the 10th separate battalion of the NGU (military unit 1041) was formed, which was part of the 4th Northern Division . In 1995, the battalion was transferred to the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and renamed the 17th separate special motorized battalion (military unit 3057).

Battle of Mariupol

In April 2014, the situation in the city of Mariupol became significantly complicated. Supporters of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic held systematic unauthorized rallies with attempts to seize state authorities, including the seizure of the Mariupol City Hall building. In the period from April 10 to 14, 2014, supporters of the DPR led by the so-called "people's mayor" Denis Kuzmenko and representatives of the force block of their security service repeatedly arrived at the checkpoint of military unit 3057 in order to persuade the command to submit to the leadership of the DPR and transfer weapons for their use. But after receiving a refusal, saboteurs blocked the checkpoint with wheels, sandbags and other objects. By the next morning, the remains of the barricade were removed with the assistance of the police. On April 16, 2014, servicemen of the 17th separate battalion under the command of Serhiy Sovinskyi^[219] repelled an attempt to capture the HQ of the military unit.^[147] At 20:00, a group of female protestors started an unauthorized rally at the gate of the unit. In this way, they distracted the attention of military personnel. The attack on the military unit began at 20:30. Protesters started throwing Molotov cocktails and tearing down gates. They demanded that the personnel hand over their weapons. Realizing that this would not bring success, they began to request reinforcements over the radio. The minibuses arrived in twenty minutes. Armed men in uniforms and balaclavas disembarked from them. A total of about 200 people started shooting with firearms in the direction of the unit. The shelling was carried out along the entire perimeter from nearby houses. ^[220] The servicemen of the 17th battalion opened fire first in the air, and then at the targets.^[147] The personnel of the unit held the defense until midnight. At 24:00, all units of the Mariupol police arrived to help, and the cleaning of the adjacent part of the territory began.^[220] At least 19 attackers were wounded, 3 of them fatally.^[147]

Restructuring

In December 2014, unit 3057 was reformed into the 18th operational regiment of the National Guard of Ukraine , during the next four months, its ranks were replenished with servicemen from the "Azov" and "Donbas" special forces battalions .

Thus, in 2015, the regiment included:

A patrol battalion^[221]
Donbas Battalion ^[222]
Azov Battalion ^[223]
A Special patrol company ^[224]
A Rifle company (reserve) ^[225]

On September 9, 2016, the "Donbas" battalion was transferred to the 15th regiment , which was stationed in the city of Sloviansk. ^[145]

In October 2019 , the regiment was reorganised as 12th separate operational brigade.^[226]

Siege of Mariupol

The brigade took part in the Siege of Mariupol.^[227] After the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, the brigade took up the defense in the city of Mariupol. On 16 April 2022, Russian forces captured the base of the unit, in western Mariupol.^[228] Together with other units, the brigade defended the city until May 2022, until the final blockade of the Ukrainian troops at the Azovstal plant. On May 3, the brigade commanders reported on the catastrophic situation at the plant and called on the military-political leadership of Ukraine and the International community to evacuate all troops from the territory of "Azovstal".^[229]

Reformation into Azov Brigade

During the Siege of Mariupol, most of the troops of the Azov Regiment were captured, the remaining troops and the 12th Brigade were then reorganised into the 12th Special Purpose "Azov" Brigade.^[230]^[231]

Honours

On March 24, 2018, by decree of the President of Ukraine, with the 18th operational regiment was awarded the honorary title "name of Dmytro Vyshnevetsky" after Dmytro Vyshnevetsky.^[232]

On October 27, 2022, the unit received the honorary award "For Courage and Bravery" by the decree of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky.^[233]

Commanders

Colonel Serhii Yevhenovich Sovinskyi (2014)^[234]
Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovych Kryachko (2014-2021)
Colonel Denis Oleksiyovych Shlega (2021—2022)^[235].

Eilat Naval Base

he:בסיס אילת

Eilat Naval Base
Israel
Logo of the base
Type	Naval Base
Site information
Owner	Israel Defense Forces
Operator	Israeli Navy
Garrison information
Garrison	Israeli Navy 915th Squadron Patrol Unit Fin Unit

Eilat Naval Base is a major Israeli naval base situated in the Israeli coastal city of Eilat. It was established in 1949 and serves to be the sole Israeli Navy Base on the coast of Red Sea.

Roles

The main task of the base in Eilat is to maintain the security and peace of Eilat. The main activity in the city of Eilat is based on recreation and tourism, which include, among other things, about two hundred vessels moving in a relatively small maritime region.^[236]

In the past this area was a meeting area between four conflicting countries: Israel, Egypt , Jordan and Saudi Arabia. However, today all the 4 countries are at peace.^[237]

At the base operates the Patrol Squadron 915 , which operates the Dvora-class fast patrol boats and Super Dvora Mk III-class patrol boats.

History

Establishment

The base was established in 1949 after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war to serve as a naval base at the point of junction with three hostile states.

Six Day War

During the Six Day War, the base played a vital role in the capture and occupation of Sharm El Sheikh.On 7 June, Israel began its attack on Sharm el-Sheikh. The Israeli Navy started the operation with a probe of Egyptian naval defences. An aerial reconnaissance flight found that the area was less defended than originally thought. At about 4:30 am, three Israeli missile boats opened fire on Egyptian shore batteries, while paratroopers and commandos boarded helicopters and Nord Noratlas transport planes for an assault on Al-Tur, as Chief of Staff Rabin was convinced it was too risky to land them directly in Sharm el-Sheikh.^[238] However, the city had been largely abandoned the day before, and reports from air and naval forces finally convinced Rabin to divert the aircraft to Sharm el-Sheikh. There, the Israelis engaged in a pitched battle with the Egyptians and took the city, killing 20 Egyptian soldiers and taking eight more prisoners. At 12:15 pm, Defense Minister Dayan announced that the Straits of Tiran constituted an international waterway open to all ships without restriction.^[238]. The entire operation was carried out from this base.

Ammunition Truck Disaster

On January 24, 1970 at the Eilat base ,a truck loaded with ammunition exploded . As a result of the explosion, 24 people were killed, 17 of them on the spot, and seven died of their wounds in the days after the explosion, and dozens were injured.^[239]

Evacuation plans

From the late 1990s, discussions began on the evacuation of the naval base in Eilat, in favor of the establishment of tourist projects and the further development of the Eilat beach strip towards the south. However, the realization of the project did not come to fruition for many years. In 1996 , the Ministry of Defense and the Navy Headquarters decided to close the Navy shipyard in Eilat. In the area of the shipyard, planning has begun for the establishment of tourist projects.^[240] But in May 1997, the Minister of Defense, Yitzhak Mordechai , decided not to close the base.^[241]

At the end of 2002 , a plan was drafted according to which the Ports Authority will manage a project that includes the expansion of the Eilat port and the relocation of the Eilat base into it.^[242] In March 2003, the IDF, the Ports Authority and the Eilat Municipality agreed that the Navy base would be moved to Eilat Port and the area would be available for development.^[243] But the project did not go ahead, due to a dispute over the financing of the plan.^[244]

Operation Full Disclosure

Operation Full Disclosure was a military operation carried out by the Israel Defense Forces on March 5, 2014, in the Red Sea.^[245] After days of surveillance far out to sea, Israeli Navy Shayetet 13 commandos seized the Iranian-owned and Panamanian-registered merchant vessel Klos C that had set sail from Iran, heading for Port Sudan via Iraq.^[246] On board, the commandos found long-range missiles suspected to be destined for the Gaza Strip concealed in containers full of Iranian bags marked as Portland cement.^[247] The operation was carried out from this base.

Red Sea crisis

The Red Sea crisis began on 17 October 2023. On 27 October 2023 two loitering munitions were fired in a northerly direction from the southern Red Sea. According to Israel Defense Forces (IDF) officials, their target was Israel, but they did not cross the border from Egypt. Of the two drones, one fell short and hit a building adjacent to a hospital in Taba, Egypt, injuring six; the other was shot down near an electricity plant close to the town of Nuweiba, Egypt.^[248]^[249]^[250] A Houthi official later made a one-word post on Twitter after the drone crashed in Taba, mentioning Eilat.^[251]

On 31 October an alert was triggered in Eilat, Eilot kibbutz and the Shahorit industrial park area regarding the penetration of hostile aircraft from the Red Sea. The aircraft was successfully intercepted over the Red Sea. The Arrow system intercepted a ballistic missile and the Air Force intercepted several cruise missiles fired from the Red Sea toward Eilat. The Houthis took responsibility for the launches.^[252]

On 1 November at 00:45 the IDF intercepted an air threat fired from Yemen and identified south of Eilat.^[253]

On 9 November, the Houthis fired a missile toward the city of Eilat.^[254]

On 14 November the Houthis fired numerous missiles, one of which was aimed toward the city of Eilat. The missile was intercepted by an Arrow missile according to Israeli officials.^[255]

On 22 November, the Houthis fired a cruise missile aimed toward the city of Eilat. Israeli officials said the missile was successfully intercepted.^[256]

On 6 December 2023, the Houthi movement launched several ballistic missiles at Israeli military posts in Eilat including this base.^[257]

By 21 December 2023, the Port of Eilat, which gives Israel via the Red Sea its only easy shipping access to Asia without the need to transit the Suez Canal, had seen an 85% drop in activity due to the Houthi action.^[258]

On 2 February, the Houthis claimed that they had fired a ballistic missile towards Eilat. The IDF also said that the Arrow defense system intercepted a missile over the Red Sea.^[259]

On 18 March, Yemeni Houthis launched a cruise missile that successfully struck Israel, reportedly hitting an open area north of Eilat. Israel stated there was no damage or injuries caused.^[260]

On 21 March 2024, IDF also announced on the same day that it intercepted a "suspicious aerial target" approaching Israeli territory over the Red Sea.^[261]

On 9 April, the IDF used a seaborne missile from the INS Magen to shoot down a UAV for the first time. The UAV, which came from the Red Sea, breached Israeli airspace and crossed into the area of the Gulf of Aqaba, setting off sirens in Eilat.^[262]^[263]

On 3 June, the IDF's Arrow defense system intercepted a surface-to-air missile aimed at Eilat from the direction of the Red Sea.^[264]

IRI attacks

On 3 November 2023 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for a missile attack on Eilat.^[265]

On 12 November 2023 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for a missile attack on Eilat.^[266]

On 31 December 2023 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed drone attack on Eilat.^[147]

On 28 January 2024 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed a drone attack on Eilat.^[267]

On 1 April 2024, Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for a drone attack on Eilat. The drone struck this base causing damage to a building and no casualties.^[268]^[269]

Multiple strikes were reported on 9 April 2024^[270],20 April 2024^[271],7 May 2024^[272],20 May 2024^[273] 23 May 2024^[274] and 27 May 2024^[273]

915th Patrol Squadron

The squadron is divided into two units, the vessel fighters, who make up the bulk of the force, and the fin fighters.

Vessel fighters

Objectives of vessel fighters are

Constant patrols in the seas of Israel.
Identification of watercraft entering Israeli waters.
Preventing smuggling through the sea
Protecting national assets, such as drilling rigs.
Various operations carried out alone, or with other units in and outside of the navy.

Fin fighters

The objective of Fin fighters is the security of the base.

Commanders

Name	term of office	Remarks
The commanders of the base'^[275]
Abraham Luxemburg	1949–1950
Unknown	1950–1952
Yosef Almog	1952–1955
Unknown	1955–1957
Yehuda Ben-Zur	1957–1958	Chinese evaluation
Jacob Hamel	1958
Arya Barak	1958–1959
Jacob Etzion	1959–1960
Menachem Cohen	1960–1962
Yaakov Ritov	December 1962–1964
Lt. Col. Menashe Lifshitz	1964–1967	transferred from his command due to a complaint by the people of Eilat about the transfer of the families of the base staff during the war.
Avraham Butzer	during the period of Six Day War	The liberation of Sharm al-Sheikh
Yaakov Gilad	August 1967 to August 1968
Ezra Kedem	1970–1972
Solomon beautiful	1972–1973
Zvi Paz	1973–1974
Ephraim Sela	from the beginning of 1974 to the end of 1975	Exchange of boats in barterams with beavers, rescuing a tourist on a boat that drifted to Aqaba carried out by a beaver
Moshe Oron	September 1981–September 1982
Ami Sarel	September 1982-May 1985
Udi Aral	May 1985–August 1988
Dodu Hayver	August 1988-May 1989
Yossi Israel	May 1989-July 1991
Aryeh Gabish	July 1991-July 1992
Udi Dvir	July 1992-July 1994
Shloma Cohen	July 1994–June 1996
Shlomo Frommer	July 1996-June 1998
Ofer Dubnov	June 1998–October 2001
Yehuda Siso	October 2001–September 2002	Seizure of drug boats
Yossi Shachaf	September 2002-September 2006
Lieutenant Colonel Oren Guter	September 2006-August 2007
Chen Tal	August 2007-August 2008
David Sa'ar Selma	August 2008–February 2010
Lt. Col. Zvi Shahar	February 2010-August 2012
Lieutenant Colonel Ilan Mintz	August 2012-2015
Oren Nahabs	2015-2017
Ofir David	2019-2017
Tamir Shemesh	2017- July 2021
Lt. Col. Shay Khudara	June 2021–

Sources & References

Zeev Fried, חיל הים כובש את מפרץ אילת, "Marine Systems" 11, December 1956, p. 54.
Orly Azoulai, בסיס אילת פנים רבות לו, 'Marine Systems' 111, March 1973, p. 30.
Batia Shem-El, מפגש אמנים בבסיס אילת, 'Between Waves', April 1974 p. 32.
Giorgio concocted, שומרים על השקט בבריכה, 'Between Waves' 164 February 1985, p. 21.
Aryeh Tal, ביקור ספינות נאטו בסיס אילת, "Between Waves", 8, May 2005 p. 10.
sapphire paid, זירת ים סוף למען הסביבה, "Between Waves", May 2017, p. 16.
Oren, Michael B. (2002). Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515174-9.
Oren, Michael B. (2002e). Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (electronic ed.). New York: RosettaBooks. ISBN 978-0-79-532684-4.

Sheitat 3

he:שייטת ספינות הטילים

3rd Flotilla
שייטת ספינות הטילים
Coat of arms of Shayetet 3
Active	1962-present
Country	Israel
Branch	Israeli Navy
Type	Corvette and Missile boat Flotilla
Size	15 Ships and about 1,000 soldiers and officers
Part of	Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQ	Haifa naval base
Nickname(s)	Missile Ship Flotilla
Commanders
Current commander	Colonel Eldad Borochovich
Insignia
Badge
Warrior pin

The Missile Ship Fleet , or as it's officially called Shayetet 3, is the main surface combat force of the Israeli Navy . The fleet was established in 1967 and includes , 15 missile ships of the Saar 4.5 , Saar 5 and Saar 6 models . In addition, the Ahi Bat Yam auxiliary ship is under its command. It is the only fleet of Israeli Navy operating Surface vessels (as Israeli Navy only uses submarines and missile ships)

Roles

The cruise missions of the missile ships are derived from the mission of the Israeli Navy: "to give a safe coast and open navigation to Israel" . In times of war, the Navy's duties are naval warfare against the enemy's fleets, assistance to the ground forces, shelling of installations and traffic routes on the enemy's coast, securing the shipping lanes to Israel and protecting the country's beaches.^[276]

Except in times of war, the fleet is assigned various tasks: operations to gather intelligence , regular security patrols against hostile sabotage activity and preventing the supply of weapons to terrorist elements and providing backup to ground forces in operational operations. In the 2nd decade of the 21st century , with the establishment of the drilling arrays and gas production, drilling: Tamar , Leviathan and Tanin in the Mediterranean Sea , the navy's missions were expanded and they also include security of the state's assets at sea.

Fleet

Missile corvettes

Class	Photo	Ships	Commission year	Origin	Notes
Sa'ar 5 [ˈsa'ar] (Tempest)		INS Eilat, [ejˈlat] (Eilat) INS Lahav [ˈlahav] (Blade) INS Hanit [χaˈnit] (Spear)	1994 1994 1995	United States	-
Sa'ar 6		INS Magen [maˈgen] (Shield) INS Oz (Courage) INS Atzmaut (Independence) INS Nitzachon (Victory)	2020 2021 2023 2023	Germany

Missile boats

Class	Photo	Ships	Commission year	Origin	Notes
Sa'ar 4.5		INS Romach, [ˈʁo̞maχ] (Lance) INS Keshet, [ˈke̞ʃe̞t] (Bow) INS Hetz, [ˈχe̞t͡s] (Arrow) INS Kidon, [kiˈdo̞n] (Javelin) INS Tarshish, [tarˈʃiʃ] (Tarshish) INS Yaffo, [ˈjafo̞] (Jaffa) INS Herev, [ˈχe̞ʁe̞v] (Sword) INS Sufa [suˈfa] (Storm)	1981 1982 1991 1995 1995 1998 2002 2003	Israel	INS Kidon was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1974 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1994 INS Tarshish was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998 INS Yaffo was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998 The Sa'ar 4.5 boats are expected to be replaced with the 76m-long Reshef class corvette starting in the late 2020s

Organisation

The fleet is divided into four combat squadrons.

Squadron 31 - Squadron of Sa'ar 4.5 : INS Tarshish , INS Herev and INS Sufa , INS Hetz.
Squadron 32 - Another squadron of Sa'ar 4.5: INS Kidon and INS Yaffo , Achi Keshet , INS Romach and the auxiliary ship INS Bat Yam 2 , which is used for underwater detection.
Squadron 33 - Corvette squadron of the Sa'ar 5 : INS Lahav , INS Hanit and INS Eilat.
Squadron 36 - Corvette squadron of the Sa'ar 6 : INS Magen , INS Oz , INS Atzmaut and INS Nitzachon.
Extra Auxiliary ship - An Auxiliary ship INS Bat Galim 3 , was sold to the government company Israel Seas and Lakes Research in 2015 , but the Navy retains the right to recruit for wartime service.^[277]

Command Structure

The organization of the ship is done in four departments. Each department is headed by a naval officer in the rank of captain who reports to the ship's commander. The departments are:^[278]

GNK department - activates the detection and communication devices and creates a situational picture for the commander.
Weapons department - operates and maintains the missile cannons.
Electronics department - maintains the detection and communication devices and operates the electronic warfare means .
Machine department - operates and maintains the engines and the electrical and hydraulic systems.
Anti-submarine warfare - ships designed for anti-submarine warfare do not have a separate department. The means of detection are operated by the GNAK department and the means of armament are operated and maintained by the weapons department.

History

Establishment

On October 1, 1966, the first command structure of the fleet was established: Squadron 311. In the order of establishment, its mission was defined:^[279]

Fighting with missiles and cannons .
Anti- submarine warfare

Cherbourg Project

The Cherbourg Project (or Boats of Cherbourg) was an Israeli military operation that took place on 24 December 1969 and involved the escape of five remaining armed Sa'ar 3 class boats from the French port of Cherbourg (Cherbourg-Octeville since 2000, Cherbourg-en-Cotentin since 2016). The boats had been paid for by the Israeli government but had not been delivered due to the French arms embargo in 1969. The whole operation was planned by the Israeli Navy, and was codenamed Operation Noa, after the daughter of Captain Binyamin "Bini" Telem.^[280]

The boats taken from Cherbourg were still unarmed platforms on their arrival in Israel. They were brought into the navy and armed with Gabriel missiles and ECM and EW systems produced by MABAT and RAFAEL.^[281] Their commissioning into the Israeli Navy was overseen by Commodore Yehoshua Lahav Schneidemesser, a Haganah member who had volunteered with the Royal Navy during the Second World War, and who was at the time the division head of Equipment and Platforms.

The flotilla's working up was overseen by Captain Hadar Kimhi, who was later promoted to commodore commanding the Naval base of Haifa. New concepts of sea missile warfare were developed by the navy and new ECM/EW techniques were developed with the leadership of Captain Herut Zemach^[282] who was awarded the Israel Defense Prize for his efforts, creating a new generation of missile boats. Later, new Israeli Sa'ar boats were developed and built in Haifa Shipyards under the leadership of Haim Schachal, the chief engineer of the Israel Shipyards.^[283]

Two of the boats were launched a few months before the Yom Kippur War, INS Reshef (Flash) and INS Keshet (Bow), Sa'ar 4 class missile boats. For his leadership, Schachal was awarded the Israel Defense Prize.

Seizure of militant vessels

The fleet's ships assisted in security missions . In the course of 1970s decade, ships of the Flotilla captured four militant boats en route to Israel. The first capture of a boat happened on July 27, 1970. A "Hatz" Saar 3 model captured a boat with three militants on their way to the Gaza Strip, west of Rosh Carmel.^[284]

Operation Hood 20

Palestinian Liberation Organisation militants in Lebanon launched maritime rifs into Israel. On the night of January 14/15, 1971, paratroopers and the 13th Fleet were deployed for the first time by sea in Operation Hood 20 , under the command of Haim Nadal - commander of the invading force, and Hadar Kimchi - commander of the naval force. The targets were found in Sarafand and Bas-Sheikh, south of Sidon on the coast of Lebanon. Six ships of the fleet, one "Hanit" under the command of Ephraim Ashed , four ships under the command of Shabtai. Levi - Achi "Hatz" under the command of Avraham ben Shoshan , Achi "Mishgav" under the command of Gadi ben Ze'ev, Achi "Mazanak" under the command of Avraham Ashur and Achi Haifa (Saar 2) under the command of Eli Rahab carried the force of the paratroopers. After a security guard under the command of Rafi Apel, she carried the 13th Fleet force, which was under the command of Hanina Amishav . The raiding forces were led from the steels to the coast in rubber boats. Two naval sabotage bases and a land training base were attacked and destroyed.^[285]

Battle of Latakia

The Battle of Latakia was a small but revolutionary naval action of the Yom Kippur War, fought on 7 October 1973 between Israel and Syria. It was the first naval battle in history to see combat between surface-to-surface missile-equipped missile boats and the use of electronic deception.^[286]

Battle of Baltim

The Battle of Baltim was fought between the Israeli Navy and the Egyptian Navy on 8–9 October, 1973, during the Yom Kippur War. It took place off the Nile delta, between Baltim and Damietta. The battle began when six Israeli Sa'ar-class missile boats heading toward Port Said were engaged by four Egyptian Osa-class missile boats coming from Alexandria. It lasted about forty minutes.^[177] The Osas fired Styx missiles, missed, and began to withdraw back to Alexandria when the Israelis began to give chase. Two Osas were sunk by Gabriel missiles within a span of ten minutes, and a third was sunk twenty-five minutes later. The fourth made it back to base.^[287]

Second Battle of Latakia

The Second Battle of Latakia was a small naval battle of the Yom Kippur War fought on 11 October 1973 between Israel and Syria. The Israeli Navy force consisted of Sa'ar 2-class, Sa'ar 3-class, and Sa'ar 4-class missile boats armed with Gabriel anti-ship missiles while the Syrian Navy force consisted of Soviet-made Komar- and Osa-class missile boats armed with Soviet-manufactured P-15 Termit (NATO reporting name SS-N-2 Styx) anti-ship missiles.^[288]

Operation Litani

INS Yaffo (Saar 4), under the command of Lt. Col. Hanina Amishev , took an active part during the 1978 South Lebanon conflict. In general, the ship fired about 1000 76 mm shells.

Battle of Rabbit Island

The Battle of Rabbit Island was the destruction of a militant base on an island north of Tripoli (Lebanon) . On June 27-28, 1984, a force that included the INS Reshef (under the command of Major Ami Segev), the submarine INS Rahav , (under the command of Haim Kafir), and a pair of swallows (under the command of the Sheitat 13 Commander Yadidia Yaari ) attacked the naval commando base of militants on the island of Al-Nahal and destroyed militant base and vessels.^[289]

Operation Derech Netz

Operation Derech Netz was carried out by four assault ships of the Flotilla under the command of Col. Shimon Meir , carrying a force of submarine fighters from the 13th flotilla under the command of Yedidia Yaari to attack militant ships in the port of Annaba in Algeria.^[290]

Destruction of Ateviros

On April 20, 1985, a Panamanian-flagged ship Ateviros carrying militants and speedboats from Algeria was discovered heading for an assault on Kirya in Tel Aviv. After the ship refused to stop and an RPG missile was fired from it,It was sunk. INS Muledat (commanded by Dani Halevi) and INS Mevat (commanded by Capt. Yaron Zahar) also participated in the operation.^[291]

Seizure of Castlerdy

The seizure of the 'Castlerdy' yach on August 25, 1985 . A small ship with an Australian flag and an American crew that tried to transport a platoon of trained militants from Cyprus to Lebanon. Their mission was to carry out an attack in Kiryat Shmona. A naval force under the command of Lt. Col. Alex Eyal , which included INS Gaula and Unit 881, the 31st squadron and the "Sheaf" naval patrol aircraft, ambushed it on its way. The ship was stopped and the terrorists were transferred for questioning. After an official confiscation process , she was used as a vessel to locate sea mines under the name "Octopus".^[292]

Operation Mekset Shifur

Operation Mekset Shifur was the capture of the terrorist ship Angel, the farthest capture from the shores of the country was on the night of August 4, 1988 in the Adriatic Sea . When it became known that the yacht "Angel" carrying a group of Fatah officers was sailing from Yugoslavia to Libya , it was intercepted about 25 miles south of the Gulf of Trento in Italy by four Sa'ar ships - Achi "Jaffa" (Sa'ar 4), Ach "Keshet" (Saar 4.5 Noshav), one "Moldat" (Saar 4), and one "Gaula" (Saar 4.5 Hochit), under the command of the battalion commander Col. Yossi Levy . Four officers from the Fatah naval force were arrested and the yacht was towed to Haifa.^[293]

Operation Dust Road

Operation Dust Road In the early 1990s, ships of the navy engaged in patrols to prevent the infiltration of fast armed boats. In the security patrols, the fleet spent over 3000 hours at sea. The activity of the ships and patrol planes over the sea became known to the militants and deterred them from approaching. The attempted attack was carried out on 27–30 May 1990: six armed boats launched at a great distance ran out of fuel before reaching the shore and the attack was averted.

Operation Grapes of Wrath

The flottia took part in the Operation Grapes of Wrath in southern Lebanon against Hezbollah by blockading the ports of Beirut, Sidon and Tyre.^[294]

2006 Lebanon War

The Flotilla participated in the Second Lebanon War and fired a total of 2,500 shells.^[295]. INS Hanit which was patrolling in Lebanese waters ten nautical miles off the coast of Beirut. It was damaged on 14 July 2006 on the waterline, under the aft superstructure^[296]^[297] by a missile (likely a Chinese-designed C-802^[298]) fired by Hezbollah that reportedly set the flight deck on fire and crippled the propulsion systems inside the hull.^[299] However, INS Hanit stayed afloat, withdrew and made the rest of the journey back to Ashdod port for repairs under its own power.^[300] Four crew members were killed during the attack: Staff Sergeant Tal Amgar, Corporal Shai Atas, Sergeant Yaniv Hershkovitz, and First Sergeant Dov Steinshuss.^[301]

Operation Cast Lead

During the Gaza War (2008–2009) the Israeli Navy attacked Hamas' rocket launchers and outposts, command and control centers, a Hamas patrol boat, and the office of Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, using the Typhoon Weapon System and Surface to surface missiles.^[302]^[303] The navy coordinated with other Israeli forces and used powerful shipboard sensors to acquire and shell targets on land.^[304]^[305] Records of the attacks published by the navy indicate that for the first time vessels were equipped with Spike ER electro-optically guided anti-armor missiles. Videos of an attack showed precision hits from a Typhoon stabilizing gun despite a rolling sea. Versions of the Spike were also used by ground units^[306] and possibly by helicopters or unmanned aerial vehicles.^[307] Shayetet 13 naval commandos were also deployed to attack targets on land,^[308] and reportedly attacked an Iranian ship loaded with arms for Hamas, which was docking in Sudan.^[309] On 28 December, Naval vessels shelled the Port of Gaza.^[310]

On 29 December, the Free Gaza Movement relief boat Dignity carrying volunteer doctors with 3.5 tons of medical supplies, human rights activists (Among them Caoimhe Butterly and former US Representative Cynthia McKinney), and a CNN reporter was involved in an altercation with Israeli patrol boats. The captain of the Free Gaza vessel said that their vessel had been rammed intentionally and that there had been no warning before it had been rammed.^[311] An Israeli spokesman disputed this, and said the collision was caused by the Dignity attempting to outmaneuver the patrol boats after disobeying Israeli orders to turn back.^[312]

On 4 January the Israeli Navy extended its blockade of the Gaza Strip to 20 nautical miles.^[313]

Throughout the war, the Israeli Navy employed Sa'ar 4.5 class missile boats of the Flotilla in addition to Super Dvora Mk III class patrol boats .

Operation Four Species

Francop Affair, On November 4, 2009, the ship MV Francop was radioed by an Israeli Navy missile boat of the Flotilla, which ordered it to halt and prepare for inspection. Shayetet 13 naval commandos then boarded the ship without resistance. The navy said that the crew was not aware of the purported smuggling and cooperated with the commandos.^[314] The commandos broke open the shipping containers and discovered crates of weapons and munitions hidden between sacks of polyethylene stacked along the openings and sides.^[315]

Operation Iron Law

The Flotilla participated in the Victoria Affair which was a military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in March 2011 in which the Israeli Navy intercepted the vessel Victoria on the international waters in the Mediterranean, and discovered concealed weapons which, according to the IDF, were destined for Palestinian militant organizations in the Gaza Strip.^[316] The vessel was found to be carrying approximately 50 tons of weapons, including C-704 anti-ship missiles, rocket launchers, radar systems, mortar shells and rifle ammunition

Operation Pillars of Defence

The Flotilla participated in the 2012 Gaza War, carrying out bombardments of the Gaza strip.

Operation Full Disclosure

Operation Full Disclosure was an Israeli seizure of an Iranian vessel heading towards Port Sudan via Iraq. The operation was led by Major General Ram Rothberg, commander-in-chief of the Israel Navy, on board Sa'ar 5-class corvette INS Hanit. INS Hetz, a Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat of the folitta also participated in the Operation.^[317]

Operation Protective Edge

During the 2014 Gaza War, the Flotilla off-shore fleet fired 3,494 naval shells, into the Gaza Strip.^[318]

Israel-Hamas war

During the Israel Hamas war during the 7 October attacks, the Navy stopped militants who tried to enter Israel by sea during the Zikim attack. The Sa'ar 6 ships of the Flotilla INS Oz and INS Magen, carried out, for the first time, as part of the fighting, sea surface attacks towards the Gaza Strip.^[319] As part of these attacks, they destroyed a facility for the production of weapons, an outpost and an observation post of Hamas.^[320]

Commanders


{{}}	commander		Beginning of term	end of term	Notes
Fleet commanders
1		Benjamin Talm	1967	1968	The first commander at the time of the reception of the ships in Shrevor.
2		Hadar Kimchi	1968	1971	Conversion from vessels to combat units, author of "Battle Theory for Assault Ships", escape commander Cherbourg Ships, beginning of operations against terrorist targets - Operation Hood 20, assimilation of combat theory.
3		Shabtai Levi	1971	1973	Institutionalization of naval procedures for missile combat, transport and security of raiding forces against terrorist targets - Operation Hood 54-55 and Operation Aviv Neorim. Preparation of combat plans for the attack on the Syrian coast and the ambush on the Sinai coast carried out in the Yom Kippur War
4		Michael Barkai	July 1973	June 1974	In the Yom Kippur War he was mentioned in the Masterpiece Decoration, improving the issue of controlling the forces.
5		Eli Rahav	June 1974	March 1976	Institutionalizing the ship's competency indicators and tests, implementing a "robust code" for instructions and reports by wireless, determining the centralized ship leave.
6		Micah Lazeros	April 1976	August 1978	Operation Liberty Bell, Operation Litany, sailing to Portugal
7		Haim Shaked	August 1978	1979
8		Zeev Yehezkali	August 1978	July 1979	Commander of Sheitat 5 at the same time.
9		Abraham Ben-Shoshan	1979	1981	First Visit of the Navy ships in the port of Alexandria in Egypt.
10		Aryeh Runa	1981	1983	Improving the level of execution of the "combined battle" and raising the level of artillery during the First Lebanon War.
11		Shimon Meir	July 1983	1985	The flotilla reached 26 combat units.
12		Shaul Chorev	1985	1987	Evolution of the naval helicopter, cooperation with the Sixth Fleet, combined operations with the Sheitat 13 in Lebanon, the beginning of the reduction in SDF.
13		Yossi Levy	August 1987	August 1989	Operational improvements
14	]	August 1989	August 1991	Integration of "Dolphin" naval helicopters in full operation
15		David ben Bashot	August 1991	May 1993	The long voyages, absorption of the naval helicopter and its integration into the naval combat system
16		Yaakov Gaz	1993	1995
17		Ali Marom	1995	1997
18		Hazi Mishita	September 1997	August 1999	Renewal of battle theory for assault ships
19		Noam Feig	1999	2001
20		Ran Ben Yehuda	August 2001	July 2003	Computerization of reports
21		Abby Arzoni	July 2003	September 2005	The author of the book "Sheit 3 - the missile ships in the Navy"
22		Danny Maoz	September 2005	August 2007	The Second Lebanon War
23		Ilan Sheriki	August 2007	August 2009	Operation Cast Lead
24		Eli Wand	2009	2011	Operation Iron Law ,Capture of the ship Victoria
25		David Salma	2011	September 2013	Operation Pillar of Cloud
26		Eyal Harel	September 2013	June 2015	The capture of the weapons ship "Closs Sea" in the Red Sea, Operation Tzuk Eitan
27		Ziv Rom	June 2015	August 2017^[321]
28		Guy Goldfarb	August 2017	August 2019	The flotilla was awarded a letter of appreciation from the Chief of Staff Aviv Kochavi and a certificate of appreciation from the commander of the sea arm Eli Sharvit for a series of operations.
29		Meir Azuri	August 2019^[322]	September 2021
30		Erez ben Zion	September 2021	July 2023
31	No Picture	Eldad Borochovich	July 2023^[323]	July 30, 2023	Present

Sources & Further reading

Shmuel Yaniv, יום שייטת הסטילים, Between Waves, April 1975, p. 2.
Remy Antian, פיליטון - יום בחייו של סטילן, Bin Galim, October 1975 (second booklet), p. 17
Slomo Aral, "'Before the Sea'", the story of a sailor, commander and fighter, Ministry of Defense Publishing House, 1998
Mike Elder, "'The Enemy and the Sea'", Chapters from the Operations Manual, pp. 170-181, 199-191, 246-235, Ministry of Defense - Publishing House, 1991
Avraham Rabinowitz, "'Sherburg Ships'", (translation from English: Aryeh Marmari, editing: Efi Meltzer), Efi Meltzer Publishing Ltd., 2001
Yehuda Schiff (editor in charge), Ilan Kafir, Yaakov Erez; The editors of the volume: Hirsh Goodman, Slomo Man, "'The IDF in Hilo, an encyclopedia for the military and security'", the Navy volume, Reviviv Publishing House
Slomo Man, "'Target Kiryat Shmona, an exhibition attack was prevented thanks to the Navy,'" Bin Galim, October 1998
Col. Ido Shabach, "'Achi Lahav's voyage from the United States to Israel'", pp. 48-51, "Bin Galim" magazine Navy Association, May 2005. ^
Moshe Imber and Gad Ariel, "Sheit 3 - the missile ships in the Navy", Ministry of Defense Publishing House, 2005
Digital addition to the book "Sheit 3 - The Missile Ships in the Navy", Sheit 3, 2014
Pesach Malovni, "'Evil will arise from the conscience'", The Syrian Army - Its Plots and Wars - A View from Damascus, pp. 465-473, 847-846, Israel Institute for the Study of Wars, 2014
General Chaim Nedel, "'The Daring Wins,'" IDF special and combined operations in flight and deception between the two wars (1967-1973), Moden Publishing House - IDF Systems Publishing, 2015
Dr. Aviad Rubin and Dr. Ehud Eran, with Dr. Tamir Magal "'Ashore the Seas Tishkhun'", Maritime Strategic Assessment for Israel 2015, Haifa Center for Maritime Strategy Studies, University of Haifa, 2015
Liat Katzir "'The future is already here'", assessment of the operational situation of the naval arm, interview with the head of Maspan Haim Brigadier General Dror Friedman, "Bin Galim" magazine of the Navy association, September 2015
Amnon Shafi, 12 פרויקטים לקליטת 12 הסטי"לים, Center for Maritime Policy and Strategy Research, Haifa University, 2023
Lior Margolin, אימונים ראשונים on YouTube, 1970
Yaakov Nitzan, אימונים ראשונים on YouTube, 1971
אימוני היבנות - שייטת 3, בתחילת דרכה on YouTube
מצגת טנק ואימונים ראשונים on YouTube
אימונים ראשונים on YouTube
שייטת 3, 25 שנים למדינה on YouTube, the means of warfare in the exhibition at the Museum of Enlistment and the Navy
השקת אח"י רשף במספנות ישראל on YouTube, February 19, 1973
שייטת ספינות הטילים בסיור מול חוף לבנון on YouTube, July 15, 1976

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@@ Line 653: / Line 653: @@
 ====2006 Gaza–Israel conflict====
 During the [[2006 Gaza–Israel conflict|Operation Summer Rains]] on June 26, the [[Israeli Navy]] imposed a naval closure of the Gaza Strip, to prevent Shalit being smuggled out by sea. The navy increased patrols of naval vessels along the Gaza coastline, and prepared for an attempt to smuggle Shalit out by boat, sending instructions to captains. Palestinian fast boats were banned from operating in the area, and only small Palestinian fishing boats were allowed on the sea.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3267410,00.html |title=Naval closure placed on Gaza |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=June 20, 1995 |access-date=March 1, 2012|last1=Greenberg |first1=Hanan }}</ref> These patrols were organised from this base.
+====Blockade of the Gaza Strip====
+The [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip]] starting in 2007 was organised from this base.
+====May 2010 Gaza flotilla raid====
+On 31 May 2010, the [[Israeli Navy]] seized an aid convoy of six ships known as the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla".<ref name=ibhsguardqa53>{{Cite news |first1=Ian |last1=Black |first2=Haroon |last2=Siddique |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/31/q-a-gaza-freedom-flotilla |title=Q&A: The Gaza Freedom flotilla |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603133507/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/31/q-a-gaza-freedom-flotilla |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> aiming to break through the blockade, carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials. The flotilla had declined an Israeli request to change course to the Ashdod base, where the Israeli government had said it would inspect the aid and deliver (or let humanitarian organizations deliver) Israeli-approved items to Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-gaza-aid-convoy-can-unload-cargo-in-ashdod-for-inspection-1.292560 |title=Israel: Gaza aid convoy can unload cargo in Ashdod for inspection |first1=Barak |last1=Ravid |first2=Yuval |last2=Azoulay |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516122359/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-gaza-aid-convoy-can-unload-cargo-in-ashdod-for-inspection-1.292560 |archive-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Weaponry Used by Passengers Aboard the Mavi Marmara.jpg|thumb|Pictured here: Knives, wrenches, and wooden clubs used to attack the soldiers during the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid]]
+Israeli [[Shayetet 13]] naval commandos boarded the ships from speedboats and helicopters launched from three missile ships, while the flotilla was still in international waters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/31/israeli-attacks-gaza-flotilla-activists |title=Israeli attack on Gaza flotilla sparks international outrage |first=Robert |last=Booth |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603125947/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/31/israeli-attacks-gaza-flotilla-activists |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> On the [[MV Mavi Marmara|MV ''Mavi Marmara'']], the main ship of the convoy, passengers attacked and managed to capture three soldiers.<ref name="BBC Convoy raid">{{cite news |last=Reynolds |first=Paul |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Israeli convoy raid: What went wrong? |date=2 June 2010 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10203333.stm |access-date=2 June 2010 |quote=The passengers... pulled out bats, clubs and slingshots with glass marbles, assaulting each soldier as he disembarked. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603035910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10203333.stm |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Israeli soldiers responded with rubber bullets and live ammunition from soldiers in helicopters and on the ship. Several of the activists were shot in the head by Israeli forces, some from behind and at close range.<ref>“Gaza Flotilla Activists Were Shot in Head at Close Range,” Guardian (4 June 2010)</ref> Israel was accused of using disproportionate force. On other ships, soldiers were met with passive resistance which was easily suppressed with non-lethal techniques. Nine passengers were killed and dozens wounded. Nine soldiers were also injured, two of them seriously. All of the ships were seized and towed to [[Ashdod]], while passengers were imprisoned in Israel and then deported to their home countries.<ref name="haaretz-at least">{{cite news |title=Israel Navy commandos: Gaza flotilla activists tried to lynch us |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/at-least-10-activists-killed-in-israel-navy-clashes-onboard-gaza-aid-flotilla-1.293089 |first1=Amos |last1=Harel |first2=Avi |last2=Issacharoff |first3=Anshel |last3=Pfeffer |date=31 May 2010 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref><ref name="NY Times Israel Frees">{{cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=In Bid to Quell Anger Over Raid, Israel Frees Detainees |date=3 June 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/middleeast/03flotilla.html |access-date=3 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604140047/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/middleeast/03flotilla.html |archive-date=4 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AJfunerals">{{cite web |title=Turkey holds activists' funerals |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |access-date=3 June 2010 |date=3 June 2010 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/06/2010639114160373.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603111639/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/europe/2010/06/2010639114160373.html |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=latimes>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-israel-flotilla-20100531,0,1839736.story |first=Edmund |last=Sanders |title=Israel criticized over raid on Gaza flotilla |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1 June 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531101434/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-israel-flotilla-20100531%2C0%2C1839736.story |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera-israel attacks">{{cite news |title=Israel attacks Gaza aid fleet |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/05/201053133047995359.html |date=31 May 2010 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |access-date=2 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313131133/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/05/201053133047995359.html |archive-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/05/31/gaza.protest/index.html?hpt=T1 |title=Israeli assault on Gaza-bound flotilla leaves at least 9 dead |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603211209/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/05/31/gaza.protest/index.html?hpt=T1 |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[MV Rachel Corrie|MV ''Rachel Corrie'']], a seventh ship that had been delayed, set sail from [[Malta]] on the same day of the flotilla's interception. Israeli naval vessels shadowed the ''Rachel Corrie'', and after it ignored three warnings, Israeli commandos boarded the ship from speedboats, arrested the crew, and forced it to sail to Ashdod.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/05/israel-rachel-corrie-gaza-ship |location=London |work=[[The Guardian]] |first1=Adam |last1=Gabbatt |first2=Harriet |last2=Sherwood |first3=Amy |last3=Fallon |title=Israeli forces board the Rachel Corrie |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103131005/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/05/israel-rachel-corrie-gaza-ship |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+====Freedom Flotilla II====
+Following the Gaza flotilla raid, a coalition of 22 [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s assembled in July 2011 a flotilla of 10 vessels and 1,000 activists to breach the blockade.
+The vessels docked in [[Greece]] in preparation for the journey to Gaza. However, the Greek government announced that it would not allow the vessels to leave for Gaza,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0705/Israel-s-new-friend-Why-Greece-is-thwarting-Gaza-flotilla |title=Israel's new friend: Why Greece is thwarting Gaza flotilla |website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=2011-07-05 |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109195940/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0705/Israel-s-new-friend-Why-Greece-is-thwarting-Gaza-flotilla |archive-date=9 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Hellenic Coast Guard]] stopped three vessels attempting to evade the travel ban and leave port. On 7 July, most activists left for home, leaving only a few dozen to continue the initiative.<ref>{{cite news |last=Katz |first=Yaakov |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=228372 |title=Flotilla to Gaza founders as Greece stays the course &#124; JPost &#124; Israel News |website=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908035147/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=228372 |archive-date=8 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 July, the French yacht ''Dignite Al Karama'' was allowed to leave port after informing Greek authorities that its destination was [[Alexandria]], Egypt. Instead, the yacht headed directly for Gaza. The [[Israeli Navy]] stopped the ''Dignite Al Karama'' about 65 kilometers off Gaza. After the boat was warned and refused to turn back, it was surrounded by three Israeli naval vessels and boarded by [[Shayetet 13]] commandos, who took it over. The boat was then taken to Ashdod base.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-07-19/world/israel.gaza.flotilla_1_free-gaza-movement-gaza-coast-gaza-bound |publisher=CNN |title=Israel deporting 15 following the Gaza flotilla raid, Israel and Egypt faced mounting international calls to ease or lift their blockade.oreigners aboard Gaza-bound boat |date=20 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Ultimately, the Freedom Flotilla sailing did not take place.
+====Third Flotilla====
+On 4 November 2011, the Israeli Navy intercepted two vessels heading towards Gaza in a private initiative to break the blockade. [[Shayetet 13]] commandos boarded the vessels from speedboats and took them over with no resistance. The vessels were then taken to Ashdod base.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pfeffer |first=Anshel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-navy-intercepts-gaza-bound-aid-vessels-no-injuries-reported-1.393717 |title=Israel Navy intercepts Gaza-bound aid vessels; no injuries reported Israel News |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=2011-11-04 |access-date=2014-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105033244/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-navy-intercepts-gaza-bound-aid-vessels-no-injuries-reported-1.393717 |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Shayetet 7==

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