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{{Short description|Gur language of Burkina Faso}}
{{Short description|Gur language of Burkina Faso}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Cerma
|name=Cerma
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'''Cerma''' (Kirma) is a [[Gur language]] of [[Burkina Faso]]. It is spoken by the [[Gouin people]] (sometimes called ''Ciramba'' or ''Gouin (Gwe, Gwen)'').
'''Cerma''' (Kirma) is a [[Gur language]] of [[Burkina Faso]]. It is spoken by the [[Gouin people]] (sometimes called ''Ciramba'' or ''Gouin (Gwe, Gwen)'').


==References==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Consonants{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=23}}
!colspan=2| !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]/<br/>[[Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]] !! [[Labial-velar consonant|Labial-<br/>velar]]
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Plosive]] !! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t̪}} || {{IPAlink|c}} || {{IPAlink|k}} || {{IPAlink|kp}}
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|d̪}} || {{IPAlink|ɟ}} || {{IPAlink|g}} || {{IPAlink|gb}}
|-
! colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n̪}} || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Continuant]] !! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|f}} || {{IPAlink|s̪}} || || {{IPAlink|h}} ||
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|v}} || ({{IPAlink|z̪}}) || {{IPAlink|j}} || {{IPAlink|w}} ||
|-
! colspan=2|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || {{IPAlink|l̪}} || || ||
|-
! colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| || {{IPAlink|r̪}} || || ||
|-
! colspan=2|[[Archiphoneme]]
| || N || || ||
|}
* Although {{IPAslink|w}} is phonetically a [[labial-velar consonant]], Lauber includes it in the dorsal/laryngeal column because its distribution is more like {{IPAslink|k}} or {{IPAslink|h}} than the labials or labial-velars.{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=23}}
* Lauber excludes {{IPAslink|l̪}}, {{IPAslink|r̪}}, and //N// from the continuant section because their distributions are different.{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=23}}
* {{IPAslink|l̪}} is nasalized {{IPAblink|l̃}} "in a nasal context" and a voiceless alveolar lateral {{IPAblink|l̥}} at the end of an utterance.{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=22}}
* {{IPAslink|r̪}} is a [[nasal tap]] {{IPAblink|ɾ̪̃}} "in a nasal context" and a voiceless tap {{IPAblink|ɾ̥}} at the end of an utterance.{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=22}}
* The archiphoneme //N// has the following allophones:{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=12}}
** {{IPAblink|m}} before {{IPAslink|b}}, {{IPAslink|p}}, and {{IPAslink|m}}
** {{IPAblink|ɱ}} before {{IPAslink|f}} and {{IPAslink|v}}
** {{IPAblink|n̪}} before {{IPAslink|t̪}}, {{IPAslink|d̪}}, {{IPAslink|s̪}}, and {{IPAslink|n̪}}
** {{IPAblink|ɲ}} before {{IPAslink|ɟ}}, {{IPAslink|c}}, and front vowels
** {{IPAblink|ŋ}} before {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPAslink|g}}, {{IPAslink|h}}, {{IPAslink|w}}, and the central and back vowels
** {{IPAblink|ŋ͡m}} before {{IPAslink|k͡p}} and {{IPAslink|g͡b}}
* {{IPA|/Nj/}} also becomes {{IPAblink|ɲ}}.{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=12}}

===Vowels===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Vowels{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=26}}
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}} || || {{IPAlink|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPAlink|e}} || || {{IPAlink|o}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}} || || {{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPAlink|a}} ||
|}
* Lauber treats nasalization as a feature of the syllable, not the vowel.{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=23}}
* In closed syllables, {{IPA|/i, u/}} become [[near-high vowel|near-high]] {{IPA|[ɪ, ʊ]}}.{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=24, 26}}
* In the last syllable of the nuclear element of the phonological word before {{IPAslink|r}}, {{IPA|/e, ɔ, o}} are lengthened {{IPA|[eː, ɔː, oː]}}.{{sfn|Lauber|2006|p=24-26}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite report |title=Ébauche d'une description de la phonologie du cerma |lang=fr |last=Lauber |first=Ed |orig-year=1980 |date=November 2006 |editor-last1=Weber |editor-first1=Maya |editor-last2=Hürlimann |editor-first2=Ruth |editor-last3=Karama |editor-first3=Daniel |url=https://sil-burkina.org/sites/default/files/Lauber%20Phonologie%20Cerma.pdf |access-date=2024-08-30}}


{{Languages of Burkina Faso}}
{{Languages of Burkina Faso}}

Revision as of 01:16, 30 August 2024

Cerma
Gouin
Kirma
RegionBurkina Faso, a few in Ivory Coast
Native speakers
53,600 (2009)[1]
Niger–Congo?
Language codes
ISO 639-3cme
Glottologcerm1238

Cerma (Kirma) is a Gur language of Burkina Faso. It is spoken by the Gouin people (sometimes called Ciramba or Gouin (Gwe, Gwen)).

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants[2]
Labial Dental Palatal Dorsal/
Laryngeal		 Labial-
velar
Plosive voiceless p t̪ c k kp
voiced b d̪ ɟ g gb
Nasal m n̪
Continuant voiceless f s̪ h
voiced v (z̪) j w
Lateral l̪
Trill r̪
Archiphoneme N
  • Although /w/ is phonetically a labial-velar consonant, Lauber includes it in the dorsal/laryngeal column because its distribution is more like /k/ or /h/ than the labials or labial-velars.[2]
  • Lauber excludes /l̪/, /r̪/, and //N// from the continuant section because their distributions are different.[2]
  • /l̪/ is nasalized [l̃] "in a nasal context" and a voiceless alveolar lateral [l̥] at the end of an utterance.[3]
  • /r̪/ is a nasal tap [ɾ̪̃] "in a nasal context" and a voiceless tap [ɾ̥] at the end of an utterance.[3]
  • The archiphoneme //N// has the following allophones:[4]
  • /Nj/ also becomes [ɲ].[4]

Vowels

Vowels[5]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
  • Lauber treats nasalization as a feature of the syllable, not the vowel.[2]
  • In closed syllables, /i, u/ become near-high [ɪ, ʊ].[6]
  • In the last syllable of the nuclear element of the phonological word before /r/, /e, ɔ, o are lengthened [eː, ɔː, oː].[7]

Notes

  1. ^ Cerma at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ a b c d Lauber 2006, p. 23.
  3. ^ a b Lauber 2006, p. 22.
  4. ^ a b Lauber 2006, p. 12.
  5. ^ Lauber 2006, p. 26.
  6. ^ Lauber 2006, p. 24, 26.
  7. ^ Lauber 2006, p. 24-26.

References

  • Lauber, Ed (November 2006) [1980]. Weber, Maya; Hürlimann, Ruth; Karama, Daniel (eds.). Ébauche d'une description de la phonologie du cerma (PDF) (Report) (in French). Retrieved 30 August 2024.


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