Next Generation Launch Vehicle

Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)

Function	Medium-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer	ISRO
Country of origin	India
Cost per launch	₹500 crore (US$60 million)
Size
Height	43.43 m (142.5 ft)
Diameter	5 m (16 ft)
Mass	640,000 kg (1,410,000 lb)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass	30,000 kg (66,000 lb)
Payload to GTO
Mass	4,300 kg (9,500 lb)
Payload to TLI
Mass	3,000 kg (6,600 lb)
Associated rockets
Family	Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
Comparable	Angara Atlas V Falcon 9 H-IIA Long March 3B Long March 7 Titan IIIC Zenit rocket
Launch history
Status	Active
Launch sites	Satish Dhawan SLP
Total launches	7
Success(es)	7
Failure(s)	0
Partial failure(s)	0
First flight	18 December 2014 (suborbital) 5 June 2017 (orbital)
Last flight	14 July 2023
Type of passengers/cargo	CARE GSAT Chandrayaan-2/3 OneWeb Gaganyaan
Booster stage – S200 Boosters
Height	25 m (82 ft)
Diameter	3.2 m (10 ft)
Empty mass	31,000 kg (68,000 lb) each
Gross mass	236,000 kg (520,000 lb) each
Propellant mass	205,000 kg (452,000 lb) each
Powered by	Solid S200
Maximum thrust	5,150 kN (525 tf)
Specific impulse	274.5 seconds (2.692 km/s) (vacuum)
Burn time	128 s
Propellant	HTPB / AP
Second stage – L110
Height	21.39 m (70.2 ft)
Diameter	4.0 m (13.1 ft)
Empty mass	9,000 kg (20,000 lb)
Gross mass	125,000 kg (276,000 lb)
Propellant mass	116,000 kg (256,000 lb)
Powered by	2 Vikas engines
Maximum thrust	1,598 kN (163.0 tf)
Specific impulse	293 seconds (2.87 km/s)
Burn time	203 s
Propellant	UDMH / N2O4
Third stage – C25
Height	13.545 m (44.44 ft)
Diameter	4.0 m (13.1 ft)
Empty mass	5,000 kg (11,000 lb)
Gross mass	33,000 kg (73,000 lb)
Propellant mass	28,000 kg (62,000 lb)
Powered by	1 CE-20
Maximum thrust	186.36 kN (19.003 tf)
Specific impulse	442 seconds (4.33 km/s)
Burn time	643 s
Propellant	LOX / LH2

Next Generation Launch Vehicle (Soorya)

Function	Medium to Heavy-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer	ISRO
Country of origin	India
Size
Height	92 m (302 ft)
Width	5 m (16 ft)
Mass	600 t (590 long tons; 660 short tons) to 1,094 t (1,077 long tons; 1,206 short tons)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass	30 t (66,000 lb)
Payload to GTO
Mass	8,500 to 24,000 kg (18,700 to 52,900 lb)
Payload to TLI
Mass	7,000 to 22,500 kg (15,400 to 49,600 lb)
Associated rockets
Comparable	Falcon 9 Block 5 Atlas V Proton-M Long March 5B
Launch history
Status	Under Development
Launch sites	Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Total launches	0

The Next Generation Launch Vehicle or NGLV or "Soorya" (previously referred to as Unified Launch Vehicle or ULV) is a three-stage partially reusable rocket, currently under development by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). This vehicle is designed to replace currently operational systems like PSLV, GSLV and LVM3.

This family of three launchers was previously being designed for replacing the different core propulsion modules of PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3 respectively with a common semi-cryogenic engine and hence it was named as Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV). Unlike the latest proposal of the launcher, the initial proposals were planned to be expendable. But the new proposals under the name of Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) suggests launchers having partial reusability.

According to ISRO Chairman S. Somanath, the new rocket has a load capacity of between 20 and 1,215 tonnes. As of March 2024, the first NGLV launch is tentatively scheduled for 2034–2035.

History

Development

The launch system has been in development since 2010s and has gone through various design changes with time. As ISRO's launch vehicles were ageing, the need for a new generation of launchers with interchangeable modular parts was realised. There have been several design changes since the first proposal.

Initial proposals

More than a decade after starting the Cryogenic Upper Stage Project in 1994, ISRO began developing a new semi-cryogenic engine that would be used on its next generation of vehicles of Unified Launch Vehicle (now NGLV), Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) and a heavy-lift launcher for future inter-planetary missions. On 22 December 2008, the government approved the development of semi-cryogenic engine technology at an estimated cost of ₹1,798 crore (US$215 million), with a foreign exchange component of ₹588 crore (US$70 million), for the completion of the project by 2014, the engine was then named SCE-200.

In May 2013, the configurations of the launchers were revealed for the first time. They had a common core and upper stage, with four different booster sizes. The core, known as the SC160 (Semi-Cryogenic stage with 160 tonnes of propellant, in the ISRO nomenclature), would have 160,000 kg (350,000 lb) of Kerosene / LOX propellant and be powered by a single SCE-200 engine. The upper stage, known as the C30 (Cryogenic stage with 30 tonnes of propellant) would have 30,000 kg (66,000 lb) of LH2 / LOX propellant and be powered by a single CE-20 engine.

The four booster options were:

• 6 × S-13, slightly larger than the S-12 on PSLV, to burn longer;
• 2 × S-60, which appears to be a new solid motor development;
• 2 × S-139, which is the first stage of PSLV and GSLV Mk I/II;
• 2 × S-200, like on the LVM3.

ULVs' initial proposals with LVM3 for comparison.

Heavy-lift variant

A potential heavy-lift variant (HLV) of the ULV, in theory was capable of placing up to 10 ton class of spacecraft into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit. It was planned to include:

• A larger dual S-250 solid strap-on boosters as compared to the S-200 boosters used in LVM3;
• A L-400 semi-cryogenic core stage, with 400 tonnes of propellant, using a cluster of five SCE-200 engines;
• A L-27 cryogenic third stage, with 27 tonnes of propellant, using CE-20 engine.

Super-heavy-lift variant

A super-heavy-lift variant, was also among the proposals. With multiple SCE-200 engines and side boosters, this variant would have been the most powerful rocket that ISRO had ever developed.

Latest modifications and partial reusability

SCE-200 (also referred as Semi-Cryogenic Engine-200) developed by Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre for LVM3 and Next Generation Launch Vehicle.

Hot test of SCE-200 Power Head Test Article (PHTA) in intermediate configuration at ISRO Propulsion Complex.

The development of the SCE-200 engine was completed in 2017 and the tests were contracted to a Ukrainian manufacturer Yuzhmash. In September 2021, in a virtual event being conducted by ISRO, the presentation mentioned a fleet configuration of a family of five rockets capable of lifting from 4.9 tonnes to 16 tonnes to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The presentation mentioned the ongoing development of a new semi-cryogenic stage namely SC120 and an upgraded cryogenic stage namely C32. The configurations displayed more powerful engine stages; SC-400 semi-cryogenic stage, C27 cryogenic stage, and S-250 solid rocket boosters.

In June 2023, ISRO revealed that the team working on the NGLV programme had already submitted a preliminary report on the rocket's details, manufacturing process, and approach toward development. The rocket is planned to be partially reusable along with its boosters. The development was expected to take another five to ten years.

Following several months of preliminary planning and design and architectural refinement, ISRO has established a project team to begin construction of the NGLV. The third launch pad at Sriharikota will be required because the NGLV project, internally named "SOORYA," will differ from the current class of rockets in configuration. This was confirmed by ISRO chairman S. Somanath in an exclusive interview with The Times of India. Project Director S Sivakumar will oversee the NGLV project. He is currently the program director (space transportation systems) at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). The development of NGLV will involve teams with backgrounds in LVM-3, GSLV, PSLV, and SSLV.

Renaming

S.Somanath, speaking to NDTV on 29 June 2024, unveiled a proposal to officially rename the NGLV as "Soorya". It will be used to help complete the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (Indian Space Station) by 2035 and send an Indian to the moon by 2040.

Cabinet approval

Under the direction of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Union Cabinet approved the development of the Next-Generation Launch Vehicle on September 18, 2024. This move bolsters India's ambition to establish and run the Bharatiya Antariksh Station and accomplish a crewed lunar landing by 2040. The NGLV has been approved for ₹8,240 crore (US$990 million) in total. It will be implemented over 96 months (8 years) and comprises financing for program administration, facility establishment, and three developmental flights (D1, D2 & D3). It is anticipated that the private space industry would be crucial to the manufacturing and development process, easing the transfer from development to operational status.

Design

NGLV will have a simple, robust architecture that enables bulk production and modularity in stages, subsystems, and systems for quick turnaround times. It's possible that the NGLV will be a three-stage rocket that runs on green fuel mixes, such as liquid oxygen and kerosene or methane and liquid oxygen for the SCE-200 engine, which runs on an oxidizer-rich closed combustion engine cycle. The first launch is slated for 2034–2035.

Propulsion technology

With the aim of sending humans to the moon by 2040, ISRO has begun working on future technology development initiatives. It is expected that thirty tons of payload will be transported using rockets. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed on September 4, 2024, by the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) and the Liquid Propulsion System Centre (LPSC) to jointly develop propulsion technology capable of lifting up to 30 tonnes and conveniently transporting bigger payloads to space and the moon. Eighteen to twenty-four months is the maximum time allotted for technology development.

The launch vehicle's engine will use methane and liquid oxygen for propulsion. For engine development, RRCAT will make use of Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM). According to Dr. V Narayanan, the director of LPSC, Soorya will require a minimum of 25 rocket engines; therefore, the current annual capacity of producing 2-3 engines will be upgraded. The physical construction of the engine will take eight years. Initially, the engine will be utilized to send cargo into orbit. Once the engine passes human-rating certification, Indian astronauts would be able to travel to the moon.

List of launches

Planned launch

Main article: List of NGLV launches

2031
Flight No.	Date / time (UTC)	Rocket, Configuration	Launch site	Payload	Payload mass	Orbit	User	Launch Outcome
D1	2031 (TBD)	NGLV	Third	TBA			ISRO	Planned
	Maiden flight of ISRO's Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV), codenamed Soorya.

2032
Flight No.	Date / time (UTC)	Rocket, Configuration	Launch site	Payload	Payload mass	Orbit	User	Launch Outcome
D2	2032 (TBD)	NGLV	Third	TBA			ISRO	Planned
D3	2032 (TBD)	NGLV	Third	TBA			ISRO	Planned

Potential uses

As per a presentation done by S. Somanath at a conference in October 2022, the NGLV might offer launch costs of approximately $1900 per kg of payload in the reusable form and nearly $3000 per kg in the expendable format. The vehicle will also help in meeting India's need of setting up its space station by 2035. Other potential use cases will be in the areas of launching communication satellites, deep space missions, future human spaceflight, and cargo missions.

See also

• RLV Technology Demonstration Programme
• Small Satellite Launch Vehicle
• Long March (rocket family)
• Proton (rocket family)