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{{Short description|Iraqi Yazidi kidnapping victim of ISIS}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}
{{Campaignbox Sinai insurgency}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fawzia Amin Sido
| native_name = فەوزییە ئەمین سیدۆ <br> Fewziya Emîn Seydo
| native_name_lang = [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]
| other_names = [[Iraqi Arabic]]: فوزية أمين سيدو
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| disappeared_date = kidnapped in 2014
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status = Reunited with parents 2024
| citizenship = Iraq
| known_for =
| television =
| spouse =
| children = 2 (whereabouts unknown)
| father = Amin Sido<ref name="Zewa 6 August" >{{cite news | title = أمين سيدو والد المختطفة فوزية يتحدث عن قصة ظهورها على قناة روداو. | url = https://zewanews.com/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%B9%D9%86/ | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = Zewa News - وكالة زيوا الاخبارية |language=ar}}</ref>
| family = 2 sisters and 5 brothers <ref name="Rudaw Kurdish 3 October" >{{cite news | title = A Kurdish woman kidnapped by ISIS has been rescued in Gaza | trans-title = ژنێکی کوردی ئێزدی کە لەلایەن داعشەوە رفێندرابوو لە غەززە رزگار کرا | url = https://manage.rudaw.net/sorani/kurdistan/031020241 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | website = manage.rudaw.net | publisher = Rudaw Kurdish | date = 2024-10-03 | language = ku}}</ref>
}}

'''Fawzia Amin Sido''' ([[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: Fewziya Emîn Seydo<ref name="RÛDAW 13 October">{{cite news | title = Min çawa Fewziya Emîn Seydo li Xezeyê dît? | url = https://manage.rudaw.net/kurmanci/kurdistan/051020245 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | website = manage.rudaw.net | publisher = [[Rudaw Media Network |RÛDAW]] | date = 5 October 2024 }}</ref> فەوزییە ئەمین سیدۆ {{efn| [[Kurdish language]] media has spelled her surname several ways: سیدۆ <ref name="Rudaw Kurdish 13 October" >{{cite news | title = Israeli army: Yezidi woman rescued from Gaza and sent back to Iraq | trans-title = سوپای ئیسرائیل: ژنێکی ئێزدی لە غەززە رزگارکرا و نێردرایەوە عێراق | url = https://manage.rudaw.net/sorani/kurdistan/0310202426 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = manage.rudaw.net | publisher = [[Rudaw Media Network]] | language = ku}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = AVA tells the "sad" story of the rescue of a Kurdish girl in Gaza - AVA News | trans-title = ئاڤا چیرۆکی "دڵتەزێنی" ڕزگارکردنی کچێکی کوردی ئێزدی لە غەززە دەگێڕێتەوە | agency = AVA News | url = https://www.ava.news/news/14373 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = AVA News | publisher = www.ava.news | date = 3 October 2024 | language = ckb }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Israeli army: Yezidi woman rescued from Gaza and sent back to Iraq | trans-title = سوپای ئیسرائیل: ژنێکی ئێزدی لە غەززە ڕزگارکرا و نێردرایەوە ئێراق | url = https://kurdipedia.org/default.aspx?q=20241004101242600368&lng=1 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = Kurdipedia.org | publisher = Kurdipedia کوردیپێدیا }}</ref> or سەیدۆ <ref name="Rudaw Kurdish 3 October" >{{cite news | title = A Kurdish woman kidnapped by ISIS has been rescued in Gaza | trans-title = ژنێکی کوردی ئێزدی کە لەلایەن داعشەوە رفێندرابوو لە غەززە رزگار کرا | url = https://manage.rudaw.net/sorani/kurdistan/031020241 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | website = manage.rudaw.net | publisher = Rudaw Kurdish | date = 2024-10-03 | language = ku}}</ref> or سەیدیۆ <ref name="VOA Kurdish 3 October" >{{cite news | url = https://www.dengiamerika.com/a/7808319.html | date = 2024-10-03 | title = ئەمەریکا لە پرۆسەیەکی دیپلۆماسی ئاڵۆزدا ژنێکی ئێزیدی لە غەززە ڕزگاردەکات | trans-title = United States rescues Yazidi woman in Gaza in complicated diplomatic process | access-date = 2024-10-15 | work = [[Voice of America]] |language=ku}}</ref><ref name="Xendan" >{{cite news | title = A Yazidi woman rescued in Gaza in a complicated diplomatic process; Read his story | trans-title = ە پڕۆسەیەکی دیپلۆماسی ئاڵۆزدا ژنێکی ئێزیدی لە غەززە ڕزگاركرا؛ چیرۆكه‌كه‌ی بخوێنه‌ره‌وه‌ | url = https://www.xendan.org/detailnews/185296 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | publisher = Xendan | date = 3 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="zamen" >{{cite news | title = The United States rescues a Yazidi woman from Gaza in a complicated diplomatic process | trans-title = ئەمەریکا لە پرۆسەیەکی دیپلۆماسی ئاڵۆزدا ژنێکی ئێزیدی لە غەززە ڕزگاردەکات | url = https://www.zamenpress.com/Details.aspx?jimare=75199 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = www.zamenpress.com }}</ref> }} [[Iraqi Arabic]]: فوزية أمين سيدو <ref name="rudaw 3 Oct 23" /><ref> [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iraq) |Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] (Arabic) https://mofa.gov.iq/2024/50444/ </ref> b. 1999<ref name="TBS voluntary" >{{Cite web | date = 2024-10-06 | title = Hamas counters abduction claim, says Yazidi woman's Gaza departure was voluntary | url = https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/hamas-counters-abduction-claim-says-yazidi-womans-gaza-departure-was-voluntary | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> or 2003<ref name="Zewa 6 August" >{{cite news | title = أمين سيدو والد المختطفة فوزية يتحدث عن قصة ظهورها على قناة روداو. | url = https://zewanews.com/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%B9%D9%86/ | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = Zewa News - وكالة زيوا الاخبارية |language=ar}}</ref>) is a [[Yazidi]] woman from northern [[Iraq]] who was captured by the [[Islamic State]] (ISIS) as a 10-year-old child during the [[Yazidi genocide]] in 2014.{{efn| Gaza's government media office said she was 3 or 4 years older,<ref name="BBC ar statement" /> Washington, State Department spokesman [[Matthew Miller (spokesperson) |Matthew Miller]] said she was 11,<ref name="Le Monde decade" /> [[Voice of America]] said she was not yet 11.<ref name="VOA 42" /> }} She was held in captivity for a decade and subjected to continuous physical and sexual abuse.

Initially she was [[Forced marriage #As war spoils |forcibly married]] to a [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] ISIS militant in [[Syria]], who sexually and physically abused her, resulting in having two children, before age 15. After the ISIS militant was killed, his family asked her to travel with the two children to the [[Gaza Strip]], they arrived in 2020.<ref name="VOA 42" /> In 2023 the family's home was hit by an airstrike, and she fled to a shelter elsewhere in the Gaza Strip.<ref name="CBS escape" >{{Cite web | last = Stocker | first = Joanne | date = 2024-10-03 | title = Yazidi woman kidnapped by ISIS in Iraq escapes from Gaza a decade later, officials say - CBS News | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/yazidi-woman-freed-gaza-fawzia-amin-sido/ | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = www.cbsnews.com | language=en-US }}</ref> The IDF said that the strike killed a "Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS" who was holding her captive.<ref name="idf htawi" >{{Cite web | date = 3 October 2024 | title = The IDF led by COGAT, in collaboration with the U.S. Embassy in Israel, rescued a young Yazidi woman held by a Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS in the Gaza Strip | url = https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/idf-press-releases-israel-at-war/october-24-pr/the-idf-led-by-cogat-in-collaboration-with-the-u-s-embassy-in-israel-rescued-a-young-yazidi-woman-held-by-a-hamas-terrorist-affiliated-with-isis-in-the-gaza-strip/ | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = www.idf.il | publisher = [[Israel Defense Forces]] }}</ref>

Sido leaving the [[Gaza humanitarian crisis |Gaza Strip]] was complicated by [[Iraq–Israel relations |Iraq not having diplomatic relations with Israel]].<ref name="VOA 42" /> She was eventually [[blockade of the Gaza Strip |allowed to enter Israel]], then escorted to [[Israel–Jordan relations |Jordan]] by [[United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war |US officials]], and ultimately reunited with her family in [[Sinjar]], Iraq. Media report indicates that the United States, Israeli, Iraqi, and Jordanian governments collaborated in her [[Gaza Strip evacuations |evacuation from the Gaza Strip]].

== Background ==

=== ISIS ===

==== ideology ====
ISIS was a [[theocratic]] [[proto-state]],<ref>"proto-state"
* {{cite book |last1=Tobey |first1=Mark |title=The ISIS Crisis: What You Really Need to Know |date=2015 |chapter=chapter 6 reference 13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi9VBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|publisher=Moody |isbn=978-0-8024-9321-7|quote=The final expression of Islamic government found in the Middle East would seem to be the purest, yet actually represents the most dangerous form: '''theocratic''' Islam. }}
* {{cite web |last1=Belanger-McMurdo |first1=Adele |title=A Fight for Statehood? ISIS and Its Quest for Political Domination |date=5 October 2015 |url=http://www.e-ir.info/2015/10/05/a-fight-for-statehood-isis-and-its-quest-for-political-domination/ |quote=Nevertheless, ISIS is neither a terrorist organization nor a political party; instead, it is a '''theocratic proto-state'''.}}
* {{cite book |last1=Caldwell |first1=Dan |title=Seeking Security in an Insecure World |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=195 |url={{Google books|DqNaCwAAQBAJ|page=PA195|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |quote=It is a '''theocratic state''' that considers itself unbound by the [[Westphalian system |Westphalian principle of sovereignty]] with its corollaries of nonaggression and nonintervention}}</ref> or quasi-state,<ref name="quasi-state" >"quasi-state"
* {{cite news |last=al-Ibrahim |first=Fouad |date=22 August 2014 |title=Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824121659/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |archive-date=24 August 2014 |work=[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al Akhbar]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Rodney |url={{Google books|ejgkDQAAQBAJ|page=PA178|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Islam and Economic Policy |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7486-8389-5 |page=178}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Cockburn |first=Patrick |date=3 March 2016 |title=End Times for the Caliphate? |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n05/patrick-cockburn/end-times-for-the-caliphate |magazine=London Review of Books |pages=29–30 |volume=38 |issue=5}}
* {{cite web |last1=Pastukhov |first1=Dmitry |last2=Greenwold |first2=Nathaniel |title=Does Islamic State have the economic and political institutions for future development? |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/economics/non-seminar/explore-econ16/accordian/greenwold_pastukhov-poster.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009215047/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/economics/non-seminar/explore-econ16/accordian/greenwold_pastukhov-poster.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2017 |access-date=6 April 2019}}
* {{cite book |last=Pedler |first=John |url={{Google books|A8nuBQAAQBAJ|page=PA99|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=A Word Before Leaving: A Former Diplomat's Weltanschauung |publisher=Troubador |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78462-223-7 |page=99}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Michael |url={{Google books|koeMCwAAQBAJ|page=PA21|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant |last2=Larkin |first2=Craig |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-045811-9 |page=21}}</ref> and a [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi jihadist]] group.<ref name="Quilliam2014"/><ref name="Bunzel">{{cite journal |last=Bunzel |first=Cole |date=March 2015 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |title=From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State |journal=The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World |volume=19 |pages=1–48 |publisher=[[Center for Middle East Policy]] ([[Brookings Institution]]) |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321022758/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |archive-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="what-isis-really-wants"/><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi"/><ref name="Homegrown 2021">{{cite book |last1=Meleagrou-Hitchens |first1=Alexander |last2=Hughes |first2=Seamus |last3=Clifford |first3=Bennett |year=2021 |chapter=The Ideologues |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |title=Homegrown: ISIS in America |location=London; New York City |publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |edition=1st |pages=111–148 |isbn=978-1-78831-485-5}}</ref><ref name="guardian-traincamp">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/25/inside-isis-training-camps |title=The secret world of Isis training camps – ruled by sacred texts and the sword |last=Hassan |first=Hassan |work=The Guardian |date=24 January 2015}}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-affiliate-takes-root-amid-libyas-chaos-1422837545 |title=Islamic State Affiliate Takes Root Amid Libya's Chaos |last=Bradley |first=Matt |date=1 February 2015 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> The organization's [[ideology]] has been described as a hybrid of [[Qutbism]],<ref name="Poljarevic 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Poljarevic |author-first=Emin |year=2021 |chapter=Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=Muhammad Afzal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |location=Boston; Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21 |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_026 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |issn=1874-6691 |pages=485–512}}</ref><ref name="Manne-Saltman">
*{{cite news |title=Sayyid Qutb: Father of Salafi Jihadism, Forerunner of the Islamic State
|url= https://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380 |date=7 November 2016 |department=ABC Religion & Ethics |publisher=[[ABC Online]] |location=Australia |first=Robert |last=Manne |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133334/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |title=The mind of Islamic State: more coherent and consistent than Nazism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/the-mind-of-islamic-state-more-coherent-and-consistent-than-nazism |website=The Guardian |date=3 November 2016 |isbn=978-1-906603-98-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104162215/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/the-mind-of-islamic-state-more-coherent-and-consistent-than-nazism |archive-date=4 November 2016 |last=Saltman |first=Erin Marie}}</ref><ref name="Manne 2017">{{cite book |last=Manne |first=Robert |year=2017 |title=Mind of the Islamic state: ISIS and the ideology of the caliphate |location=Carlton, Victoria, Australia |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-63388-371-0 | page=12 | quote=...&nbsp;several scholars have termed the ideology that provided the foundation of the Islamic State 'Qutbism'.}}</ref><ref name="Poljarevic 20214">{{cite book |author-last=Poljarevic |author-first=Emin |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21 |location=Boston; Leiden, Netherlands |pages=485–512 |chapter=Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_026 |issn=1874-6691 |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=Muhammad Afzal |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Manne-Saltman4">* {{cite news |last=Manne |first=Robert |date=7 November 2016 |title=Sayyid Qutb: Father of Salafi Jihadism, Forerunner of the Islamic State |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133334/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |department=ABC Religion & Ethics |publisher=[[ABC Online]] |location=Australia}}
* {{cite news |last=Saltman |first=Erin Marie |date=3 November 2016 |title=The mind of Islamic State: more coherent and consistent than Nazism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/the-mind-of-islamic-state-more-coherent-and-consistent-than-nazism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104162215/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/the-mind-of-islamic-state-more-coherent-and-consistent-than-nazism |archive-date=4 November 2016 |website=The Guardian |isbn=978-1-906603-98-4}}</ref><ref name="Manne 20174">{{cite book |last=Manne |first=Robert |title=Mind of the Islamic state: ISIS and the ideology of the caliphate |publisher=Prometheus Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-63388-371-0 |location=Carlton, Victoria, Australia |page=12 |quote=...&nbsp;several scholars have termed the ideology that provided the foundation of the Islamic State 'Qutbism'.}}</ref> [[Takfiri]]sm,<ref name="Poljarevic 2021" /><ref name="Badara 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Badara |first1=Mohamed |last2=Nagata |first2=Masaki |date=November 2017 |title=Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective |journal=[[Arab Law Quarterly]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=31 |issue=4 |doi=10.1163/15730255-12314024 |doi-access=free |issn=1573-0255 |pages=305–335}}</ref><ref name="Poljarevic 20212">{{cite book |author-last=Poljarevic |author-first=Emin |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21 |location=Boston; Leiden, Netherlands |pages=485–512 |chapter=Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_026 |issn=1874-6691 |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=Muhammad Afzal |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Badara 20172">{{cite journal |last1=Badara |first1=Mohamed |last2=Nagata |first2=Masaki |date=November 2017 |title=Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective |journal=[[Arab Law Quarterly]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=305–335 |doi=10.1163/15730255-12314024 |issn=1573-0255 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bunzel2">{{cite journal |last=Bunzel |first=Cole |date=March 2015 |title=From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |url-status=live |journal=The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Center for Middle East Policy]] ([[Brookings Institution]]) |volume=19 |pages=1–48 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321022758/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Bunzel" /><ref name="Poljarevic 20214" /><ref name="Badara 20174">{{cite journal |last1=Badara |first1=Mohamed |last2=Nagata |first2=Masaki |date=November 2017 |title=Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective |journal=[[Arab Law Quarterly]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=305–335 |doi=10.1163/15730255-12314024 |issn=1573-0255 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bunzel4">{{cite journal |last=Bunzel |first=Cole |date=March 2015 |title=From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |url-status=live |journal=The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Center for Middle East Policy]] ([[Brookings Institution]]) |volume=19 |pages=1–48 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321022758/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref> [[Salafi movement|Salafism]],<ref name="Quilliam2014" /><ref name="Homegrown 2021" /><ref name="Homegrown 20214">{{cite book |last1=Meleagrou-Hitchens |first1=Alexander |title=Homegrown: ISIS in America |last2=Hughes |first2=Seamus |last3=Clifford |first3=Bennett |publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-78831-485-5 |edition=1st |location=London; New York City |pages=111–148 |chapter=The Ideologues |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111}}</ref> Salafi jihadism,<ref name="Quilliam2014" /><ref name="Bunzel" /><ref name="what-isis-really-wants" /><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi" /><ref name="Quilliam20142">{{cite report |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/islamic-state-the-changing-face-of-modern-jihadism.pdf |title=Islamic State: The Changing Face of Modern Jihadism |last1=Saltman |first1=Erin Marie |last2=Winter |first2=Charlie |date=November 2014 |publisher=[[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]] |isbn=978-1-906603-98-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226115714/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/islamic-state-the-changing-face-of-modern-jihadism.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Bunzel2" /><ref name="what-isis-really-wants2">{{cite magazine |last=Wood |first=Graeme |author-link=Graeme Wood (journalist) |date=March 2015 |title=What ISIS Really Wants |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095910/https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ |archive-date=16 February 2015 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi2">{{cite news |last=Crooke |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Crooke |date=30 March 2017 |orig-date=27 August 2014 |title=You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |archive-date=28 August 2014 |work=[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Homegrown 20212">{{cite book |last1=Meleagrou-Hitchens |first1=Alexander |title=Homegrown: ISIS in America |last2=Hughes |first2=Seamus |last3=Clifford |first3=Bennett |publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-78831-485-5 |edition=1st |location=London; New York City |pages=111–148 |chapter=The Ideologues |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111}}</ref><ref name="Homegrown 2021" /> [[Wahhabism]],{{refn|<ref name="Bunzel" /><ref name="Quilliam2014">{{cite report |first1=Erin Marie |last1=Saltman |first2=Charlie |last2=Winter |title=Islamic State: The Changing Face of Modern Jihadism |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/islamic-state-the-changing-face-of-modern-jihadism.pdf |publisher=[[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]] |date=November 2014 |isbn=978-1-906603-98-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226115714/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/islamic-state-the-changing-face-of-modern-jihadism.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="what-isis-really-wants">{{cite magazine |last=Wood |first=Graeme |author-link=Graeme Wood (journalist) |title=What ISIS Really Wants |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |date=March 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095910/https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi">{{cite news |last=Crooke |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Crooke |orig-date=27 August 2014 |date=30 March 2017 |title=You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |work=[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |archive-date=28 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>|name=Wahhabism}}<ref name="Quilliam2014" /><ref name="Bunzel" /><ref name="what-isis-really-wants" /><ref name="Bunzel2" /><ref name="Quilliam20142" /><ref name="what-isis-really-wants2" /><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi2" /><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi" /> and Sunni [[Islamist]] fundamentalism.<ref name="what-isis-really-wants" /><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi" /><ref name="Quilliam20142" /><ref name="Homegrown 20212" /><ref name="Armstrong_2014">{{cite magazine |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Armstrong |title=Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |location=London |date=27 November 2014 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127132619/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |archive-date=27 November 2014}}
* {{cite news |last=Sells |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Sells |orig-date=First published 20 December 2016 |date=22 December 2016 |title=Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e?guccounter=1 |work=The Huffington Post |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032152/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e |archive-date=8 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|<ref name="Quilliam2014" /><ref name="Bunzel" /><ref name="what-isis-really-wants" /><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi" /><ref name="Homegrown 2021" />|name=Salafi jihadism}}

==== Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) ====
{{main| ISIS }}

The group is [[Names of the Islamic State |referred to by a variety of names]], which are sometimes defined differently but often used interchangeably.<ref name="brookings ISIS ISIL" >{{cite web | title = ISIS, ISIL, Islamic State? A terminology primer | url = https://www.brookings.edu/articles/isis-isil-islamic-state-a-terminology-primer/ | website = Brookings | access-date = 13 October 2024 | date = 15 September 2015 }}</ref> Israeli sources usually refer to them as ISIS.<ref name="972 concocting" /><ref name="972 is" /><ref name="972 ravens" /><ref name="Jpost Moshe Dayan" /> [[Western world |Western]] sources often call them ISIL or "Islamic State" (the name the group use for themselves).<ref name="brookings ISIS ISIL" >{{cite web | title = ISIS, ISIL, Islamic State? A terminology primer | url = https://www.brookings.edu/articles/isis-isil-islamic-state-a-terminology-primer/ | website = Brookings | access-date = 13 October 2024 | date = 15 September 2015 }}</ref> In the [[Arabic-speaking world]] they are called Daesh ([[Arabic]]:داعش), which is also used by some [[Kurdish language |Kurdish speakers]], the language of the Yazidis. Hamas – like other Arab and Islamic governments – usually refer to them derisively as followers of a "[[Heresy |deviant ideology]]".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1173926/middle-east | title=Hamas arrests suspected militant leader in Gaza | date=7 October 2017 }}</ref>

==== state ====

ISIS refer to themselves as state but they are recognised as such by no other states. At the peak of their power the so-called Islamic State [[War against the Islamic State |controlled territory containing 9 million people]], and 50,000 [[Twitter usage |Twitter accounts]] that they used to recruit new members worldwide.<ref name="IS or DC" /> They are sometimes described as a "[[cult]]".<ref name="IS or DC" >{{cite news | author1 = Dr [[Firoz Osman]] | title = Islamic State or deviant cult? | url = https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20160714-islamic-state-or-deviant-cult/ | access-date = 13 October 2024 | date = 14 July 2016 }}</ref>

==== provinces ====

ISIS and their descendant "provinces" violently attacked anyone and anything that did not fit this, including many Sunni Muslims,<ref name="IS or DC" /> but they particularly focused on local minorities: [[Shia Muslims]], [[Christianity and Islam |Christians]], [[Yazidis]], and [[Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State |cultural heritage sites]].<ref name="al-shorfa">{{cite web | url = http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 | title = Iraq churches, mosques under ISIS attack | author = Khalid al-Taie | publisher = mawtani.al-shorfa.com | date = 13 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150219092526/http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 | archive-date = 19 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NationalGeographic" >{{Cite magazine | url = https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/07/150702-ISIS-Palmyra-destruction-salafism-sunni-shiite-sufi-Islamic-State/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200708055925/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/07/150702-ISIS-Palmyra-destruction-salafism-sunni-shiite-sufi-Islamic-State/ | url-status=dead | archive-date = July 8, 2020 | title = ISIS Destruction of Ancient Sites Hits Mostly Muslim Targets | last=Romey | first=Kristin | date = 2 July 2015 | magazine=[[National Geographic]] | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | publisher = [[National Geographic Society]] | access-date = 7 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Tony Tank" >{{cite web | url = http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/glance/dont-be-surprised-isis-destroying-history | title = Don't Be Surprised by ISIS Destroying History | publisher = Tony Blair Faith Foundation | access-date = 2015-09-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160803123932/http://tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/religion-geopolitics/commentaries/glance/dont-be-surprised-isis-destroying-history | archive-date = 2016-08-03 | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{better source| date = October 2024 | reason = some are dead links or not very authoritative. }}

=== Yazidi genocide ===

ISIS violently persecuted [[Shia Muslims]] and several groups that other Muslims usually respect as [[people of the book]]. Most Muslims include Christians and Jews as [[people of the book]]. Some interpretations also include [[Zoroastrianism]].<ref> {{harvnb|Darrow|2003}} </ref><ref> {{harvnb|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|Rustom|2015|p=834}}</ref><ref> (verse 22:17) </ref> [[Yazidis]] practice [[Yazidism]], a [[monotheistic]] religion with roots in [[Ancient Iranian religion|pre-Zoroastrian Iranic faith]].<ref name="old religions" >{{Cite book | author = Turgut, Lokman | title = Ancient rites and old religions in Kurdistan |oclc=879288867}}</ref><ref name="Proto-Indo-Iranian" >{{Cite journal | last = Kaczorowski | first = Karol | date = 2014 | title = Yezidism and Proto-Indo-Iranian Religion | url = https://www.academia.edu/6928559 | journal = Fritillaria Kurdica. Bulletin of Kurdish Studies}}</ref><ref name="Yezidism" >{{Cite book | last=Omarkhali | first=Khanna | title = The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths: to the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum? | date = 2011 |oclc=999248462}}</ref>{{sfn|Kreyenbroek|1995}}<ref name=":923" >{{Cite book | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108623711/type/book | title = The Cambridge History of the Kurds | date = 2021-04-22 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn = 978-1-108-62371-1 | editor-last=Bozarslan | editor-first = Hamit | edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781108623711 | editor-last2 = Gunes | editor-first2 = Cengiz | editor-last3 = Yadirgi | editor-first3=Veli |s2cid=243594800}}</ref>

ISIS committed [[list of genocides |genocide]] against the [[Yazidis]]. The [[Yazidi genocide]] has been recognized by the [[United Nations]].<ref name="NYT 02" /> ISIS militants killed of up to 10,000 Yazidis. The violence also displaced over 400,000 Yazidis.{{verify source|date=October 2024}}<ref name="NYT 02" /> More than 6,000 Yazid [[Slavery in 21st-century jihadism |women and children were sold]] as [[chattel slaves]] by ISIS.<ref name="NYT 02">{{Cite news | last=Livni | first=Ephrat | date=2024-10-03 |title=Yazidi Woman Taken Captive by ISIS Has Been Rescued in Gaza, Israel Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/03/world/middleeast/yazidi-woman-gaza-rescued.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In various Yazidi villages, [[Military-age male |men and boys over 14]] were separated from women and girls, with the men being executed and the women abducted as "[[Wartime sexual violence #Forced prostitution and sexual slavery in war|spoils of war]]". Older women were also killed.<ref name="Pure Guardian" >{{Cite news | last=Graham-Harrison | first=Emma | date = 2017-07-01 | title = 'I was sold seven times': the Yazidi women welcomed back into the faith | url = https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/jul/01/i-was-sold-seven-times-yazidi-women-welcomed-back-into-the-faith | access-date = 2024-10-13 | work = The Guardian | language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Some escaped Yazidi girls and women later reported being sold or given as "gifts" into sexual slavery to ISIS members.<ref name="BBC 32" >{{Cite web | title = Yazidi woman rescued from Gaza after decade in captivity | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpw5v077nyjo | access-date = 2024-10-04 | website = www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

French nationals who were involved were prosecuted in France.<ref name="Zewa French" >{{cite news | title = القضاء الفرنسي يحاكم داعشي بتهمة ارتكاب جرائم بحق 11 طفلاً و إمرأة ايزيدية | url = https://zewanews.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%85-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%b4%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%87%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%aa%d9%83 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = [[Zewa News]] - وكالة زيوا الاخبارية |language=ar}}</ref>

The Yazidi women who returned were quickly accepted by their communities, who knew that they had not gone willingly.<ref name="AJ choose" >{{Cite web | author = Dana Taib Menmy | title = 'We do not accept those children': Yazidis forbid ISIL offspring | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/3/24/wrenching-choice-yazidi-mothers-to-choose-children-or-community | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AJ but not" >{{Cite web | title = Yazidis to accept ISIL rape survivors, but not their children | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/29/yazidis-to-accept-isil-rape-survivors-but-not-their-children |access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> Some Yazidi communities developed purification rituals for returned women.<ref name="Pure Guardian" >{{Cite news | last=Graham-Harrison | first=Emma | date = 2017-07-01 | title = 'I was sold seven times': the Yazidi women welcomed back into the faith | url = https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/jul/01/i-was-sold-seven-times-yazidi-women-welcomed-back-into-the-faith | access-date = 2024-10-13 | work = The Guardian | language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> But the Yazidi community did not accept children who were born from [[Genocidal rape |genocidal rapes]] committed by ISIS fighters.<ref name="AJ choose" >{{Cite web | author = Dana Taib Menmy | title = 'We do not accept those children': Yazidis forbid ISIL offspring | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/3/24/wrenching-choice-yazidi-mothers-to-choose-children-or-community | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AJ but not" >{{Cite web | title = Yazidis to accept ISIL rape survivors, but not their children | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/29/yazidis-to-accept-isil-rape-survivors-but-not-their-children |access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite often being the victims of ISIS, widows and children of [[ISIL foreign fighters |ISIS fighters]] faced difficulty [[seeking asylum]], even if they were already citizens of other countries.<ref name="NPR camp" > https://www.npr.org/2024/05/07/1249463072/after-years-in-a-syrian-camp-a-ten-person-american-family-is-back-in-the-u-s </ref><ref name="NPR Family" >{{cite news | title = After years in a Syrian ISIS camp, a 10-person American family is back in the U.S. | url = https://www.npr.org/2024/05/07/1249463072/after-years-in-a-syrian-camp-a-ten-person-american-family-is-back-in-the-u-s | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = [[NPR]] | date = 7 May 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Saturday" >{{Cite web | last=Koutsoukis | first=Jason | date = 2024-05-18 | title = Exclusive: Repatriation of ISIS brides shelved | url = https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/2024/05/18/exclusive-repatriation-isis-brides-shelved | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = The Saturday Paper |language=en}}</ref> Some of them were recruited as minors,<ref> https://www.timesofisrael.com/isis-bride-stuck-in-syria-refugee-camp-loses-appeal-over-removal-of-uk-citizenship/ </ref> or coerced by parents or husbands.<ref name="HRW Aus camp" >{{cite web | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/10/government-fails-bring-australians-syrian-camps-home | title=Government Fails to Bring Australians from Syrian Camps Home &#124; Human Rights Watch | date=10 May 2023 }}</ref> Countries were reluctant to repatriate parents (usually widowed mothers) with ambiguous loyalty to ISIS, and as a result young children were stranded in detention camps in Syria for many years.<ref name="Saturday" >{{Cite web | last=Koutsoukis | first=Jason | date = 2024-05-18 | title = Exclusive: Repatriation of ISIS brides shelved | url = https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/2024/05/18/exclusive-repatriation-isis-brides-shelved | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = The Saturday Paper |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NPR camp" > https://www.npr.org/2024/05/07/1249463072/after-years-in-a-syrian-camp-a-ten-person-american-family-is-back-in-the-u-s </ref>

=== Accusations about Hamas and ISIS ===

''"Hamas is ISIS"'' was first asserted by [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] near the end of the [[2014 Gaza War]].<ref name="972 is" >{{cite news | author1 = [[Larry Derfner]] | title = No, Hamas isn't ISIS, ISIS isn't Hamas | url = https://www.972mag.com/no-hamas-isnt-isis-isis-isnt-hamas/ | access-date = 9 October 2024 | work = [[+972 Magazine]] | date = 24 August 2014 | quote= … if anybody accuses me of defending Hamas in what I’m about to write, I accuse them in turn of supporting the war in Gaza because they enjoy seeing Palestinian children killed. One claim is as fair as the other. }}</ref> The comparison was criticized and mocked by some Israeli journalists.<ref name="972 ravens">{{Cite web | last=Reider | first=Dimi | date = 2014-08-21 | title = Netanyahu tweets Foley execution shot to score points against Hamas | url = https://www.972mag.com/netanyahu-tweets-foley-execution-video-to-score-points-against-hamas/ | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[+972 Magazine]] | language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="972 is" /> Neyanyahu followed this by saying, “Hamas is ISIS and ISIS is Hamas”, in a 2014 speech at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="shobaki dangerous" >{{cite web | url=https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/why-its-dangerous-to-conflate-hamas-and-daesh/ | title=Why It's Dangerous to Conflate Hamas and Daesh | date=22 February 2016 }}</ref>

Since the 2014 Gaza War, comparisons to ISIS became Netanyahu’s primary strategy for de-legitimizing Hamas.<ref name="972 concocting">{{cite news | last = Omer-Man | first = Michael Schaeffer | date = 2015-07-05 | title = Why is Israel concocting ties between Hamas and ISIS? | url = https://www.972mag.com/why-israel-is-concocting-ties-between-hamas-and-isis/ | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = +972 Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Egypt–Palestine relations |Egypt]] accused Hamas of assisting [[Islamic State – Sinai Province |ISIS in the Sinai]], but in public the two groups had a [[Hamas–ISIS conflict |violently hostile relationship]] ([[#Hamas–ISIS conflict |see below]]).<ref name="toi suicide" > https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-guard-killed-in-suicide-bombing-at-gaza-border/ </ref><ref name="toi war video" >{{cite web | title = Islamic State in Sinai declares war on Hamas in gruesome execution video | website = [[The Times of Israel]] | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-state-in-sinai-declares-war-on-hamas-in-gruesome-execution-video/ | date = 4 January 2018 | access-date = 2024-10-09 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20241009080825/https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-state-in-sinai-declares-war-on-hamas-in-gruesome-execution-video/ | archive-date = 2024-10-09 }}</ref>

Israeli [[Major General]] [[Yoav Mordechai |Yoav “Polly” Mordechai]] accused Gaza of helping ISIS by providing medical care to people wounded in the Sinai conflict.<ref name="972 concocting">{{cite news | last = Omer-Man | first = Michael Schaeffer | date = 2015-07-05 | title = Why is Israel concocting ties between Hamas and ISIS? | url = https://www.972mag.com/why-israel-is-concocting-ties-between-hamas-and-isis/ | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = +972 Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Medical ethics and international law supports providing treatment for all wounded, including irregular combatants.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15265160903167138 | last = Davis | first = Michael | date = 2009-10-13 | title = Terrorists are Just Patients | journal = [[The American Journal of Bioethics]] | language=en | volume = 9 | issue=10 | pages=56–57 | doi = 10.1080/15265160903167138 | pmid = 19998092 | issn=1526-5161 | quote = There is nothing in the Convention that forbids governments from so treating them. One advantage of so treating terrorists is being able to hold them until the end of hostilities. }}</ref>

In 2016, the Head of the Department of Political Science at [[Hebron University]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://al-shabaka.org/authors/belal-shobaki/ | title=Belal Shobaki }}</ref> said it was "dangerous" to conflate Hamas and ISIS.<ref name="shobaki dangerous" >{{cite web | url=https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/why-its-dangerous-to-conflate-hamas-and-daesh/ | title=Why It's Dangerous to Conflate Hamas and Daesh | date=22 February 2016 }}</ref>

In the first days of the Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip in [[2023 in Palestine |2023]], [[The Jerusalem Post]] quoted [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] saying, “They are savages. Hamas is ISIS”, the article then highlighted some alleged similarities in the groups' influences identified by Dr. [[Harel Chorev]] (from the ''[[Moshe Dayan]] [[Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies |Center for Middle Eastern Studies]]'' at [[Tel Aviv University]]).<ref name="Jpost Moshe Dayan" >{{Cite web | date = 2023-10-10 | title = 'Hamas is ISIS': Here's how we know | url = https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-767627 | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Chorev compared ISIS's Yazidi slaves to the [[Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis |hostages]] Hamas [[Palestinian Joint Operations Room |and their allies]] took,<ref name="Jpost Moshe Dayan" >{{Cite web | date = 2023-10-10 | title = 'Hamas is ISIS': Here's how we know | url = https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-767627 | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref> and wanted to [[Israeli–Palestinian prisoner exchange |exchange]] for as many [[Palestinians in Israeli custody |Palestinian prisoners of war]] as possible,<ref> https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/barak-must-seek-all-for-all-deal-hostages-were-abandoned-by-israel-on-oct-7-mustnt-be-sacrificed-now/ </ref><ref> https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-28/ty-article/.premium/hostages-families-tell-netanyahu-releasing-palestinian-prisoners-is-only-option/0000018b-77b0-d1da-a1bb-7fb80e600000 </ref> while keeping some hostages to use as [[Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict |human shields]] to deter [[Executions and assassinations during the Israel–Hamas war |Israeli strikes on Hamas leaders]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = Reminder: The Hostages (or: Why an 'All for All' Deal Doesn't Help Them) | url = https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/reminder-hostages-or-why-all-all-deal-doesnt-help-them | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = www.washingtoninstitute.org |language=en}}</ref>

But international military experts,<ref name="excommunicating" >{{cite web | url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MES-Publications/MES-Insights/Excommunicating-Hamas/ | title=MES Insights, vol. 14, no. 6 }}</ref> and mainstream international media,<ref name="Politico - not the same" > https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/11/21/hamas-isis-are-not-the-same-00128107 </ref> pointed out major differences, particularly relating to [[Islam and nationalism |nationalism]], [[2024 Kerman bombings |Shia Islam]], [[Christianity in Gaza |Christianity]], [[Islam and democracy |democracy]], and [[Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State |destruction of cultural heritage]].<ref name="excommunicating" >{{cite web | url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MES-Publications/MES-Insights/Excommunicating-Hamas/ | title=MES Insights, vol. 14, no. 6 }}</ref> ISIS want a purely theocratic system of government without any element of democracy, and ISIS violently attack Christians, whereas Hamas participated in the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election]] and the Hamas-led [[electoral list]] that won the election included a [[Palestinian Christian]] running for the Christian [[Reservation in India |reserved]] seat in [[Gaza City]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/1/25/christian-candidate-on-hamas-ticket | title=Christian candidate on Hamas ticket }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/hamas-boosts-image-by-backing-christian-candidate | title=Hamas boosts image by backing Christian candidate | date=24 January 2006 }}</ref>

[[Talal Abu Zarifa]], a leader from the [[DFLP]], a secular faction [[Palestinian Joint Operations Room |allied to Hamas]], said Israel was using the comparison to ''"justify its annihilation of Palestinian people and bloodshed"''.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Israel likens Hamas to Daesh/ISIS to justify its crimes: Left-wing Palestinian leader | url = https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israel-likens-hamas-to-daesh-isis-to-justify-its-crimes-left-wing-palestinian-leader/3032556 | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = www.aa.com.tr }}</ref>

=== Hamas–ISIS conflict ===
{{see also| Sinai insurgency #In the Gaza Strip | Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip }}

Hamas have a history of violently suppressing [[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip |Islamic extremists in the Gaza Strip]]. They have particularly clashed with supporters of [[Al-Qaeda]] and [[ISIS]], and groups who conducted attacks against [[Palestinian Christians]] or [[Islamism in the Gaza Strip |other targets in the Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/salafi-jihadi-activism-in-gaza-mapping-the-threat/ | title=Salafi-Jihadi Activism in Gaza | date=3 May 2010 }}</ref> In [[2009 in the Palestinian territories |2009]], Hamas security forces [[Battle of Rafah (2009) |eliminated]] a small group of [[Al-Qaeda]] sympathisers who established the [[Islamic Emirate of Rafah]].<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8203239.stm | title = Profile: Jund Ansar Allah |date=15 August 2009 | access-date = 28 February 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/08/hamas_and_al_qaeda_l.php | title = Hamas and al Qaeda-linked group clash in Gaza |date=14 August 2009 | website = www.longwarjournal.org | language=en-US | access-date = 28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-hamas-warriors-sb-idUSTRE57E11A20090815 | title = FACTBOX: Five facts about Jund Ansar Allah | date = 15 August 2009 | work = Reuters | access-date = 28 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/videos/2009/08/post.php |title=Al Qaeda-linked group declares Islamic state in Gaza – The Long War Journal |website=longwarjournal.org |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Warren |date=30 November 2010 |title=Al-Qaeda in Gaza: Isolating "the Base" |journal=Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.15664/jtr.167 |doi-broken-date=14 October 2024 |issn=2516-3159 |doi-access=free |hdl=10023/5610 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?ID=219339 |title=All 24 victims of Friday |agency=Ma'an News Agency |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/15/hamas-battle-gaza-islamists-al-qaida | title = Hamas destroys al-Qaida group in violent Gaza battle | last = Beaumont | first = Peter | date = 15 August 2009 | work = [[The Observer]] | access-date = 28 February 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}</ref>

ISIS arose in the [[rubble]] of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq |2003 United States-led invasion of Iraq]] and the [[Syrian civil war]] ([[2011 in Syria |2011]], [[List of ongoing armed conflicts |ongoing]]), then later spread to the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and elsewhere.<ref name="BBC mon" >{{Cite web | title = BBC Monitoring – Essential Media Insight | url = https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c204uvs9 | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = monitoring.bbc.co.uk [[BBC Monitoring]] }}</ref> [[Hamas government in the Gaza Strip |Hamas in Gaza]] clashed directly with the Sinai Province, but Hamas were also connected to groups on multiple sides of the [[War against the Islamic State |conflict with ISIS in Syria]].

ISIS first discreetly issued threats to Hamas in 2015,<ref> https://www.vox.com/2015/7/2/8886317/isis-hamas-gaza </ref> in the same video message they also threatened Hamas' [[Fatah–Hamas conflict |two rivals]] Israel and [[Fatah]].<ref name="RÛDAW 2015">{{cite news | title = DAIŞê gef li Hemasê jî xwar | url=https://www.rudaw.net/kurmanci/world/010720152 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = [[Rudaw Media Network |RÛDAW]] (Latin Kurdish) | publisher = www.rudaw.net | date = 2015 | language = Latin Kurdish | location = Iraq | quote = Ew çekdarê DAIŞê dibêje, divê dewleta cihûyan (Îsraîl) û Hemas û Feth bizanin ku emê koka wan biqelînin û wan tine bikin. Sebeba wê yekê ku DAIŞ gefê li Hemasê dixwe, ew e ku qaşo Hemas nikare li Filistînê bi taybet li Xeze û kampa Yermûkê (kampa penaberên filistînî li Sûriyê) pîvanên îslamê bicîh bîne. Ev cara yekemîn e ku DAIŞê wiha Hemasê tehdîd dike. }}</ref>{{better source| reason = it would be good to add a well-known source in English or Arabic |date=October 2024}}

==== Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip ====

In 2015 Hamas began a propaganda campaign to combat extremist ideologies in the Gaza Strip, At the time they denied it was targeted at ISIS or any other specific group.<ref name="Jpost 2015" >{{Cite web | date = 2015-04-12 | title = Hamas launches a campaign to combat 'extremist ideology,' says official | url = https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/hamas-launches-a-campaign-to-combat-extremist-ideology-says-official-396812 | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Mosques in the strip preached to promote a "centrist ideology".<ref name="Jpost 2015" >{{Cite web | date = 2015-04-12 | title = Hamas launches a campaign to combat 'extremist ideology,' says official | url = https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/hamas-launches-a-campaign-to-combat-extremist-ideology-says-official-396812 | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Bombing of Rafah crossing by ISIS |an ISIS suicide bomber]] at [[Rafah Border Crossing]] killed a [[Hamas government in the Gaza Strip |Hamas government]] [[border guard]] (Nidal al-Jaafari, 28) and injured serval others.<ref name="toi suicide" > https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-guard-killed-in-suicide-bombing-at-gaza-border/ </ref><ref name="AN 18 Aug 2017">{{cite news | title = Hamas guard killed in rare suicide attack in Gaza Strip | url = https://www.arabnews.com/node/1146196/middle-east | access-date = 9 October 2024 | work = Arab News | date = 18 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Before anyone had claimed responsibility, Hamas described the bomber as an outlaw and ''“a person of deviant ideology”'', Hamas' terminology for Islamic extremists.<ref name="AN 18 Aug 2017">{{cite news | title = Hamas guard killed in rare suicide attack in Gaza Strip | url = https://www.arabnews.com/node/1146196/middle-east | access-date = 9 October 2024 | work = Arab News | date = 18 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Other factions also condemned the bomber.<ref name="paltimes 17 August 2017" >{{cite news | title = Factions condemn Rafah bombing, describing it as "terrorist" | url = https://paltimes.ps/post/171660/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%80-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A | access-date = 9 October 2024 | date = 17 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171025040046/https://paltimes.ps/post/171660/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%80-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A | archive-date = 25 October 2017 | quote = Al-Qassam said in a brief statement at dawn on Thursday: “The martyr Al-Jaafari was one of the officers of the Border Guards Force and was martyred after one of the elements of the deviant ideology blew himself up in the security force on the Palestinian-Egyptian border”. }}</ref>

Hamas arrested dozens of [[Salafi movement |Salafi]] militants [[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip |in the Gaza Strip]].<ref name="toi war video" >{{cite web | title = Islamic State in Sinai declares war on Hamas in gruesome execution video | website = [[The Times of Israel]] | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-state-in-sinai-declares-war-on-hamas-in-gruesome-execution-video/ | date = 4 January 2018 | access-date = 2024-10-09 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20241009080825/https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-state-in-sinai-declares-war-on-hamas-in-gruesome-execution-video/ | archive-date = 2024-10-09 }}</ref>

In early January [[2018 in Palestine|2018]], Palestinians from the Gaza Strip who had joined [[Wilayah Sinai |ISIS Sinai Province]], captured and killed a man who they claimed was connected to the [[Qassam Brigades]].<ref name="AJ nae5z" >{{Cite news | date = 5 January 2018 | title = ISIS in Sinai executes a member and threatens Hamas | trans-title = تنظيم الدولة بسيناء يعدم عضوا ويهدد حماس | url = https://aja.me/nae5z | work = [[Al Jazeera Arabic]] }}</ref> The killers made a video of the murder and released it as a "declaration of war" against Hamas.<ref>{{Cite news | date = 15 January 2018 | title = What Effect ISIS' Declaration Of War Against Hamas Could Have In The Middle East | url = https://www.npr.org/2018/01/15/578172703/what-effect-isis-declaration-of-war-against-hamas-could-have-in-the-middle-east | work = [[NPR]] }}</ref><ref name="toi war video" /> The speaker in the video is referred to as [[Abu Kazem al-Maqdisi]].<ref name="toi war video" >{{cite web | title = Islamic State in Sinai declares war on Hamas in gruesome execution video | website = [[The Times of Israel]] | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-state-in-sinai-declares-war-on-hamas-in-gruesome-execution-video/ | date = 4 January 2018 | access-date = 2024-10-09 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20241009080825/https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-state-in-sinai-declares-war-on-hamas-in-gruesome-execution-video/ | archive-date = 2024-10-09 }}</ref>

By 2023 the Egyptian branch of ISIS appeared to be completely dormant.<ref name="BBC mon" >{{Cite web | title = BBC Monitoring – Essential Media Insight | url = https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c204uvs9 | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = monitoring.bbc.co.uk [[BBC Monitoring]] }}</ref>

== Early life and captivity ==
{{Politics of Syrian Opposition}}

Fawzia Amin Sido was abducted by ISIS on 3 August 2014,<ref name="Zewa 6 August Quote" >{{cite news | title = أمين سيدو والد المختطفة فوزية يتحدث عن قصة ظهورها على قناة روداو. | url = https://zewanews.com/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%B9%D9%86/ | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = Zewa News - وكالة زيوا الاخبارية |language=ar}} Quote in {{lang-ar| فوزية امين سيدو من مواليد 2003 هي و أثنين من أخوانها وقعوا في الآسر بيد داعش الارهابي في 3_8_2014، يذكر ان أخوانها الأثنين قد حرروا في 8_4_2015 الا انها هي بقت ولم تحرر حتى الآن. }}</ref> a month before her 11th birthday.<ref name="VOA 42" >{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Yazidi sex slave rescued from Gaza in rare, internationally collaborative mission |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/yazidi-sex-slave-rescued-from-gaza-in-rare-internationally-collaborative-mission/7809579.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> On the first day of the attack,<ref name="Jpost 3 August attack" >{{cite web | url=https://m.jpost.com/middle-east/article-813025 | title=Yazidis fear returning to their homeland, 10 years after massacre | date=2 August 2024 }}</ref> when ISIS overran the [[Sinjar District]] in Iraq.<ref name="NYT 02" /> Two of her brothers were also captured, but her brothers were released 8 months later.<ref name="Zewa 6 August" >{{cite news | title = أمين سيدو والد المختطفة فوزية يتحدث عن قصة ظهورها على قناة روداو. | url = https://zewanews.com/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%B9%D9%86/ | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = Zewa News - وكالة زيوا الاخبارية |language=ar}}</ref> Since her kidnapping, her family has had little communication with her.<ref name="JPost 12" />

By early 2015,<ref name="VOA 42" /> Sido was transferred to [[Raqqa]], [[Syria]], where she was forcibly married with a 24-year-old Palestinian ISIS militant.<ref name="JPost 12" /><ref name="VOA 42" /> She later recounted in an interview that "He told me that I had to sleep with him. On the third day, he went to a pharmacy and brought a drug that numbs part of the body. He gave me the drug and I cried".<ref name="VOA 42" /> She faced continuous [[Sexual abuse|sexual]] and physical abuse from her husband, becoming pregnant and giving birth to two children at a young age.<ref name="JPost 12" /><ref name="VOA 42" /> The husband became increasingly abusive, particularly after taking a second wife.<ref name="VOA 42" />

Hamas claim the first man she was married to was fighting for the anti-Assad and anti-ISIS [[Syrian opposition forces]], not ISIS.<ref name="CNN rescued" >{{Cite web | date = 2024-10-04 | title = Yazidi woman captured by ISIS rescued in Gaza after more than a decade in captivity | url = https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/04/middleeast/yazdi-isis-hamas-woman-rescued-intl/index.html | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[CNN controversies |CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NA refutes" >{{Cite news | date = 6 October 2024 | title = Hamas refutes Israeli claim of rescuing Yazidi woman | url = https://www.newarab.com/news/hamas-refutes-israeli-claim-rescuing-yazidi-woman | work = [[The New Arab]] }}</ref><ref name="Rudaw Arabic 04-10-2024" >{{cite news | title = Gaza government denies Israeli account of kidnapping of Kurdish Yazidi girl | trans-title = حكومة غزة تنفي الرواية الاسرائيلية بشأن اختطاف الفتاة الكوردية الإيزدية | url = https://www.rudawarabia.net/arabic/middleeast/041020248 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20241005103952/https://www.rudawarabia.net/arabic/middleeast/041020248 | archive-date = 2024-10-05 }}</ref>

By the end of [[2018 in Syria |2018]], after U.S.-led Kurdish forces expelled ISIS from Syria, 15-year-old Saydo lost contact with her Palestinian captor, who fled to [[Idlib]],<ref name="VOA 42" /> which had been [[Battle of Idlib (2015) |captured from Assad government forces]] by non-ISIS Sunni Islamists in 2015. In early 2019, she briefly reunited with him before he was reported dead.<ref name="VOA 42" />

== Tavel to the Gaza Strip ==

After the ISIS militant who bought her was killed, Sido traveled to live with his family in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]],<ref name="JPost 12" /> fearing rejection from her community in Iraq due to the circumstances of her children's conception.<ref name="VOA 42" /><ref name="AJ choose" >{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/3/24/wrenching-choice-yazidi-mothers-to-choose-children-or-community | title='We do not accept those children': Yazidis forbid ISIL offspring }}</ref><ref name="AJ but not" >{{Cite web | title = Yazidis to accept ISIL rape survivors, but not their children | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/29/yazidis-to-accept-isil-rape-survivors-but-not-their-children |access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> She and her children undertook a four-year{{verify source|date=October 2024}} journey through [[Turkey]] and [[Egypt]],<ref name="JPost 12" /> eventually arriving in the Gaza Strip around 2020.<ref name="JPost 12" /><ref name="VOA 42" /> Once there, she faced significant hardship at the hands of her husband's family. Isolated from her own family, community, and native language, she experienced profound distress while caring for her two young children in her new environment.<ref name="JPost 12" />

On 3 October 2024, the Director General of Yazidi Survivors Affairs at the Iraqi Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs told [[Rudaw Media Network]], ''"Fawzia was with an ISIS militant from the Gaza Strip, and his mother took her with her to the Strip 4 years ago after her son was killed"''.<ref name="rudaw arabic 03-10-2024">{{cite news | author1 = Nehru Mohammed | title = Freeing a Kurdish Yazidi girl in Gaza who was kidnapped by ISIS 10 years ago | url = https://www.rudawarabia.net/arabic/kurdistan/031020241 | access-date = 11 October 2024 | publisher = [[Rudaw Media Network]] | website = www.rudawarabia.net | date = 3 October 2024 | language = ar }} Quote from the Director General of Yazidi Survivors Affairs at the Iraqi Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Arabic: "فوزية كانت برفقة أحد مسلحي داعش من أهالي قطاع غزة، وقد نقلتها والدته معها إلى القطاع قبل 4 سنوات بعد مقتل ابنها". English: "Fawzia was with an ISIS militant from the Gaza Strip, and his mother took her with her to the Strip 4 years ago after her son was killed". </ref> Washington, State Department spokesman [[Matthew Miller (spokesperson) |Matthew Miller]] said she was ''"kidnapped by ISIS in Iraq, sold and forced to marry a Hamas fighter in Gaza, moved to Gaza against her will"''.<ref name="Le Monde decade" /> The Voice of America interview said that she has chosen to go to Gaza because she worried that she or her children would be rejected by her parents and community.<ref name="Le Monde decade" >{{Cite news | date= 2024-10-03 | title = Israel army rescued Yazidi woman from Gaza after decade in captivity | url= https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/10/03/israel-army-rescued-yazidi-woman-from-gaza-after-decade-in-captivity_6728130_4.html | access-date = 2024-10-13 | publisher = [[Le Monde]] | language=en | agency = [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] }}</ref>

== Living in the Gaza Strip ==

=== Relationship with the family in Gaza ===

Most sources said Sido was 21 when she left the [[Gaza Strip]], but the media office in Gaza claimed she was 25.<ref name="NA refutes" >{{Cite news | date = 6 October 2024 | title = Hamas refutes Israeli claim of rescuing Yazidi woman | url = https://www.newarab.com/news/hamas-refutes-israeli-claim-rescuing-yazidi-woman | work = [[The New Arab]] }}</ref>

[[Rudaw Media Network |Rudaw TV]]'s Arabic service reported that, after moving to the Gaza Strip, Sido married the younger brother of the Palestinian militant who died in Syria.<ref name="rudaw 3 Oct 23" >{{cite news | date= 3 October 2024 | title = Freeing a Kurdish Yazidi girl in Gaza who was kidnapped by ISIS 10 years ago | script-title = ar: تحرير فتاة كوردية إيزدية في غزة اختطفها داعش قبل 10 سنوات | url = https://www.rudaw.net/arabic/kurdistan/031020241 |access-date = 7 October 2024 | website = www.rudaw.net | location= Iraq | publisher = [[Rudaw Media Network]] | language = ar }} Quote: {{lang-ar| "شقيقاً أصغر للمسلح عقد قرانه عليها واتخذها زوجة له". || The gunman's younger brother married her and took her as his wife. }}</ref>

The IDF claimed that Sido had been held captive by a ''"Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS"''.<ref name="idf htawi" >{{Cite web | date = 3 October 2024 | title = The IDF led by COGAT, in collaboration with the U.S. Embassy in Israel, rescued a young Yazidi woman held by a Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS in the Gaza Strip | url = https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/idf-press-releases-israel-at-war/october-24-pr/the-idf-led-by-cogat-in-collaboration-with-the-u-s-embassy-in-israel-rescued-a-young-yazidi-woman-held-by-a-hamas-terrorist-affiliated-with-isis-in-the-gaza-strip/ | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = www.idf.il | publisher = [[Israel Defense Forces]] }}</ref> Despite ISIS and Hamas having incompatible ideologies and a [[Hamas-ISIS conflict |hostile relationship]]. [[Fox News]] claimed she was ''"forced to marry an alleged Hamas fighter"'' after arriving in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web | date = 2024-10-03 | title = Yazidi woman held hostage for 10 years in Gaza rescued in Israel, US operation | url = https://www.foxnews.com/world/yazidi-woman-held-captive-10-years-gaza-freed-israel-us-operation | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[Fox News]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Suicide attempts and detention ===

In an interview with The Jerusalem Post, Fawzia reported enduring severe abuse from both her husband's family and Hamas authorities, leading to multiple [[Suicide attempt |suicide attempts]] and a month of forced hospitalization.<ref name="JPost 12" >{{Cite web | date = 2024-09-03 | title = Kidnapped Yazidi woman stuck in Gaza for years yearns to be set free | url = https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-817572 | access-date = 2024-10-04 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] | language=en }}</ref>

Some report that the Gaza Strip had an unusually high suicide rate, particularly among young people around the time she arrived.<ref>{{cite news | title = Palestinian rights group concerned about 'surge' in Gaza suicide attempts | url =vhttps://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200707-palestinian-rights-group-concerned-about-surge-in-gaza-suicide-attempts/ | access-date = 15 October 2024 | work = [[Middle East Monitor]] | date = 7 July 2020 }}</ref> In 2020 the Hamas government and the locally based non-government human rights group ''[[Al Mezan Center for Human Rights]]'' disagreed on the exact numbers, Al Mezan reported a "surge" while Hamas claimed there was a slight decrease.<ref>{{cite news | title = Palestinian rights group decries 'surge' in Gaza suicide attempts due to 'poverty' |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/07/07/Palestinian-rights-group-decries-surge-in-Gaza-suicide-attempts-due-to-poverty- | access-date = 15 October 2024 | work = [[Al Arabiya English]] | publisher = [[Al Arabiya Network]] | date = 7 July 2020 }}</ref> According to [[Amira Hass]], an Israeli journalist for [[Haaretz]] based in the [[occupied West Bank]], some of the attempted suicides in the Gaza Strip were allegedly "political", including some reports of attempted [[self-immolation]].<ref name="Haaretz 22 July 2020" >{{cite news | title = Analysis {{!}} In Gaza, Suicides Are a Political Message | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-07-22/ty-article/.premium/in-gaza-suicides-are-a-political-message/0000017f-e0d9-df7c-a5ff-e2fbbf030000 | access-date = 15 October 2024 | work = [[Haaretz]] | date = 22 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="" >{{cite web | title = In Gaza, Suicides Are a Political Message | author = [[Amira Hass]] | website = Haaretz.com | url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-07-22/ty-article/.premium/in-gaza-suicides-are-a-political-message/0000017f-e0d9-df7c-a5ff-e2fbbf030000 | date = 22 July 2020 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20240524182412/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-07-22/ty-article/.premium/in-gaza-suicides-are-a-political-message/0000017f-e0d9-df7c-a5ff-e2fbbf030000 | archive-date = 2024-05-24 }}</ref>

=== Interrogation by authorities in Gaza ===

[[CNN]] reported Fawzia as saying, ''“Hamas constantly harassed me due to my Yazidi background and contact with my family, even going so far as to format my phone [erase its contents] during their investigations. After a year, they moved me to a guest house”''.<ref name="CNN rescued" >{{Cite web | date = 2024-10-04 | title = Yazidi woman captured by ISIS rescued in Gaza after more than a decade in captivity | url = https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/04/middleeast/yazdi-isis-hamas-woman-rescued-intl/index.html | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[CNN controversies |CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Reasons for leaving ===

Hamas claimed she left voluntarily.<ref name="TBS voluntary" >{{Cite web | date = 2024-10-06 | title = Hamas counters abduction claim, says Yazidi woman's Gaza departure was voluntary | url = https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/hamas-counters-abduction-claim-says-yazidi-womans-gaza-departure-was-voluntary | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | author = Nidal Al-Mughrabi | title = Hamas counters abduction claim, says Yazidi woman's Gaza departure was voluntary | url = https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-counters-abduction-claim-says-yazidi-womans-gaza-departure-was-voluntary-2024-10-04/ | publication-date = 5 October 2024 | work = [[Reuters]] }}</ref> [[Hamas government in the Gaza Strip |Gaza's government]] media office released a statement on 4 October 2024 that contradicted most elements of the Israeli version of events.<ref name="Rudaw Arabic 04-10-2024" >{{cite news | title = Gaza government denies Israeli account of kidnapping of Kurdish Yazidi girl | trans-title = حكومة غزة تنفي الرواية الاسرائيلية بشأن اختطاف الفتاة الكوردية الإيزدية | url = https://www.rudawarabia.net/arabic/middleeast/041020248 }}</ref>

[[BBC Arabic]] quoted a long statement from Gaza's government press office in which Hamas contradicted most elements of the IDF story. They said that she was 25 years old and she had not been a captive ({{lang-ar|الأسيرة|al-Aseera|}} ''"the female [[prisoner of war]]"'' or ''"the female [[Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis |hostage]]"'').<ref name="BBC ar statement" >{{Cite web| date = 2024-10-04 | title = Israel says 'Yazidi captive returned to Iraq after 10 years in captivity in Gaza', Hamas tells BBC 'Israeli story is fabricated' | trans-title = إسرائيل تقول إن "أسيرة إيزيدية عادت إلى العراق بعد الأسر في غزة عشر سنوات"، وحماس تقول لبي بي سي إن "الرواية الإسرائيلية مُلفقة" | url = https://www.bbc.com/arabic/articles/cy80veddd0xo | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[BBC News Arabic]] | language=ar }}</ref> Hamas claimed she was living in Gaza willingly and only wanted to leave because of the war.<ref name="NA refutes" >{{Cite news | date = 6 October 2024 | title = Hamas refutes Israeli claim of rescuing Yazidi woman | url = https://www.newarab.com/news/hamas-refutes-israeli-claim-rescuing-yazidi-woman | work = [[The New Arab]] }}</ref> The [[United States State Department]] spokesperson said Sido had been "safely evacuated", not "rescued".<ref>{{Cite news | last = Azhari | first = Timour | date = 4 October 2024 | title = Yazidi woman freed from Gaza in US-led operation after decade in captivity | url = https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yazidi-woman-freed-gaza-us-led-operation-after-decade-captivity-2024-10-03/ | publisher = [[Reuters]] }}</ref>

In a conversation with ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', Sido expressed the gravity of her circumstances, ''"My situation is very bad. The situation here is grave in many ways. I need to find a way to get out of here as fast as possible. I want to get back to my family"''.<ref name="JPost 12" >{{Cite web | date = 2024-09-03 | title = Kidnapped Yazidi woman stuck in Gaza for years yearns to be set free | url = https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-817572 | access-date = 2024-10-04 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] | language=en }}</ref> She reported enduring severe abuse from both her husband's family and Hamas authorities, lead to her multiple [[Suicide attempt |suicide attempts]] and forced hospitalization.<ref name="JPost 12" >{{Cite web | date = 2024-09-03 | title = Kidnapped Yazidi woman stuck in Gaza for years yearns to be set free | url = https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-817572 | access-date = 2024-10-04 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] | language=en }}</ref> Despite feeling marginally safer in her current location, she conveyed her despair, questioning the purpose of sharing her story, stating, ''"Is there any benefit in me talking to you about my life, or is it just tiring me out? Because many have asked me and I told them everything, but unfortunately to no avail"''.<ref name="JPost 12" />

=== Contact with the media ===
{{see also | Rudaw Media Network }}

Using a cell phone{{when | date = October 2024 | reason = was it before or after the air strike? }} Sido recorded a [[TikTok]] video detailing her plight, which received attention from [[Rudaw Media Network |Rudaw News]], a [[Kurmanji]]-speaking media outlet, who subsequently assisted in locating her estranged family in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].<ref name="JPost 12" />

She was interviewed by Kurdish language media in Iraq in August 2023, being the beginning of the escalation of the [[Israel–Palestine conflict]] in [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip |October 2023]].<ref name="RÛDAW 13 October">{{cite news | title = Min çawa Fewziya Emîn Seydo li Xezeyê dît? | url = https://manage.rudaw.net/kurmanci/kurdistan/051020245 | access-date = 13 October 2024 | website = manage.rudaw.net | publisher = [[Rudaw Media Network |RÛDAW]] | date = 5 October 2024 }}</ref> Fawzia was interviewed by presenter [[Nasser Ali]] on [[Rudaw Media Network |Rudaw TV]] with her face almost completely covered by a dark [[Niqāb]].<ref name="Zewa 6 August" >{{cite news | title = أمين سيدو والد المختطفة فوزية يتحدث عن قصة ظهورها على قناة روداو. | url = https://zewanews.com/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%B9%D9%86/ | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = Zewa News - وكالة زيوا الاخبارية |language=ar}}</ref> Other Iraqi media interviewed her father, Amin Sido, and said he was critical of Rudaw's coverage.<ref name="Zewa 6 August" >{{cite news | title = أمين سيدو والد المختطفة فوزية يتحدث عن قصة ظهورها على قناة روداو. | url = https://zewanews.com/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D8%B9%D9%86/ | access-date = 13 October 2024 | work = Zewa News - وكالة زيوا الاخبارية |language=ar}}</ref>

=== Airstrike ===
{{see also| Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip | AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip | targeted killing by Israel }}

[[The Jerusalem Post]] said that in Gaza she was living with her two young children "at the home of her former husband’s family" (referring to the Palestinian who died in Syria).<ref name="JPost 12" >{{Cite web | date = 2024-09-03 | title = Kidnapped Yazidi woman stuck in Gaza for years yearns to be set free | url = https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-817572 | access-date = 2024-10-04 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] | language=en }}</ref>

Steve Maman, a Canadian Jewish businessman and head of [[The Liberation of Christian and Yazidi Children of Iraq]],<ref name="VOA 42" /><ref name="JPost 12" /> known for his efforts to rescue Yazidis from ISIS, told ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' in September 2024 that Fawzia Amin Sido escaped her captors in late 2023 after a "Hamas fighter" holding her was killed in an Israeli airstrike amid the [[Gaza-Israel conflict |ongoing conflict in Gaza]].<ref name="JPost 12" >{{Cite web | date = 2024-09-03 | title = Kidnapped Yazidi woman stuck in Gaza for years yearns to be set free | url = https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-817572 | access-date = 2024-10-04 | website = [[The Jerusalem Post]] | language=en }}</ref>

=== Children ===

Major news reports published when Fawzia left the Gaza Strip did not mention what happened to her children or whether they survived the airstrike on the family's house.<ref name="VOA 42" /><ref name="JPost 12" /> Despite the length of the Hamas statement published by BBC Arabic, it did not mention where Sido's children were or whether they are still alive.<ref name="BBC ar statement" >{{Cite web| date = 2024-10-04 | title = Israel says 'Yazidi captive returned to Iraq after 10 years in captivity in Gaza', Hamas tells BBC 'Israeli story is fabricated' | trans-title = إسرائيل تقول إن "أسيرة إيزيدية عادت إلى العراق بعد الأسر في غزة عشر سنوات"، وحماس تقول لبي بي سي إن "الرواية الإسرائيلية مُلفقة" | url = https://www.bbc.com/arabic/articles/cy80veddd0xo | access-date = 2024-10-13 | website = [[BBC News Arabic]] | language=ar }}</ref>

== Rescue operation ==

In August 2024, an advisor to the Prime Minister of Iraq said that there were Yazidi women and children in both Iraq and Turkey and he was trying to rescue them.<ref name="Latin Kurdish 3 August">{{cite news | author1=Nalîn Hesen |title=Dr. Khalef Şingali: Yezidi women in Hol Camp do not dare to reveal themselves (Dr. Xelef Şingalî: Jinên Êzidî yên li Kampa Holê newêrin xwe eşkere bikin) | url = https://manage.rudaw.net/kurmanci/kurdistan/030820246 | access-date = 13 October 2024 |work=manage.rudaw.net | date = 3 August 2024 }} Quote in [[Kurdish language |Kurdish]]: ''"Şêwirmendê Serokwezîrê Îraqê yê Kar û Barên Êzidiyan herwiha amaje pê kir ku li Xeze û Tirkiyeyê jî jin û zarokên Êzidî hene û ew ji bo rizgarkirina wan hewl didin."'' (Machine translation: ''"The adviser to the Iraqi Prime Minister on Yazidi affairs also pointed out that there are Yazidi women and children in Gaza and Turkey and they are trying to save them."'')</ref>{{better source| reason = same information is probably available in English or Arabic |date=October 2024}}

After Fawzia was interviewed by [[Rudaw Media Network |Rudaw News]], Maman{{Who|date=October 2024}} facilitated communication between her family and Israeli authorities, urging swift{{Ambiguous|date=October 2024}} action from the [[National Security Council (Israel) |Israeli National Security Council]] to orchestrate Sido's rescue and reunite her with her family. Utilizing his network, he arranged for a safe haven for Sido near [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) positions,<ref name="JPost 12" />{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2024| reason = There are a few conflicting versions of the "IDF rescue" story, we should add more of the relevant parts of Iraqi / U.S.American / Gazan versions here in chronological order. }} just two kilometers away from the [[Kerem Shalom border crossing]].<ref name="VOA 42" />

The rescue process was prolonged and repeatedly rescheduled due to the challenges posed by the [[Iraq–Israel relations |diplomatic rift between Israel and Iraq]] and a 2022 Iraqi law that criminalizes any ties with Israel.<ref name="VOA 42" /> [[Le Monde]] credited the [[Israeli Army]].<ref name="Le Monde decade" >{{Cite news | date= 2024-10-03 | title = Israel army rescued Yazidi woman from Gaza after decade in captivity | url= https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/10/03/israel-army-rescued-yazidi-woman-from-gaza-after-decade-in-captivity_6728130_4.html | access-date = 2024-10-13 | publisher = [[Le Monde]] | language=en | agency = [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] }}</ref>

On 3 October 2024, reports confirmed Sido's release from Gaza. Israeli intelligence said that they had uncovered her situation, and had engaged with U.S. authorities for further assistance.<ref name="NYT 02" /> An IDF report indicated that the operation involved coordination between the IDF's [[Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories |COGAT]], the [[Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem |US Embassy in Jerusalem]], and other members of the international community.<ref name="toi 22" /> Sido eventually allowed to enter Israel through the [[Kerem Shalom border crossing]],<ref name="toi 22" /> where she received essential food and medical care, before being escorted by US officials to [[Jordan]] via the [[Allenby border crossing]].<ref name="NYT 02" /> Saydo arrived in [[Baghdad]] on the morning of October 2, and was escorted by Iraqi intelligence officers to [[Mosul]],<ref name="VOA 42" /> where she reunited with her mother and the rest of her surviving family.<ref name="NYT 02" /><ref name="CBS escape" />

After her rescue, Brig. Gen. Elad Goren, who oversees Israeli humanitarian efforts in Gaza, remarked that Sido appeared to be "more or less" physically well but was "not in a good mental situation" after years of abuse.<ref name="NYT 02" /> A similar report was provided by Silwan Sinjaree, an official from the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)|Iraqi Foreign Ministry]].<ref name="BBC 32" />

Fawzia's return to her parents and siblings was announced separately by Israel and Iraq.<ref name="toi 22" >{{Cite news | date = 2024-10-03 | title = Israel rescues Yazidi woman from Gaza after her kidnapping by ISIS at age 11 | url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-rescues-yazidi-woman-from-gaza-after-kidnapping-by-isis-at-age-11/ | work = [[The Times of Israel]] }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Yazidi genocide]] ([[Nadia Murad]])
* [[Syrian opposition]] ([[Free Syrian Army]], [[Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis]])
* [[Women in the Israel–Hamas war]], [[Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict |children]]
* [[Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis]] ([[Avera Mengistu]])
* [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]]
* [[Slavery in 21st-century jihadism]]
* [[Slavery in Palestine]]
* [[Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi]]
* [[May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes]]
* [[Gaza genocide]], [[Gaza Strip famine]]
* [[Women in Iraq]], [[Women in Palestine]]
* [[List of kidnappings]]
{{end div col}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references ></references>

[[Category:21st century in slavery]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in Iraq]]
[[Category:Foreign involvement in the Israel–Hamas war]]
[[Category:History of slavery in the Muslim world]]
[[Category:Hostage taking in the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Human trafficking in Asia]]
[[Category:International child abduction]]
[[Category:Iraqi Kurdish women]]
[[Category:Iraqi Yazidis]]
[[Category:Iraqi victims of crime]]
[[Category:Iraq–Israel relations]]
[[Category:Iraq–State of Palestine relations]]
[[Category:Kidnapped Iraqi people]]
[[Category:Kidnapped children]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in the Palestinian territories]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Iraq]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Syria]]
[[Category:People from Nineveh Governorate]]
[[Category:People of the Israel–Hamas war]]
[[Category:Persecution of Yazidis by ISIL]]
[[Category:Rape in Iraq]]
[[Category:Sexual violence during the War in Iraq (2013–2017)]]
[[Category:Slave concubines]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Iraq]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Syria]]
[[Category:Violence against women in the State of Palestine]]
[[Category:Yazidi women]]
[[Category:Child prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in wars]]
[[Category:Sexual violence in the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:21st-century Iraqi women]]

Revision as of 20:04, 20 October 2024


Fawzia Amin Sido
فەوزییە ئەمین سیدۆ
Fewziya Emîn Seydo
Disappearedkidnapped in 2014
StatusReunited with parents 2024
Other namesIraqi Arabic: فوزية أمين سيدو
CitizenshipIraq
Children2 (whereabouts unknown)
FatherAmin Sido[1]
Family2 sisters and 5 brothers [2]

Fawzia Amin Sido (Kurdish: Fewziya Emîn Seydo[3] فەوزییە ئەمین سیدۆ [a] Iraqi Arabic: فوزية أمين سيدو [10][11] b. 1999[12] or 2003[1]) is a Yazidi woman from northern Iraq who was captured by the Islamic State (ISIS) as a 10-year-old child during the Yazidi genocide in 2014.[b] She was held in captivity for a decade and subjected to continuous physical and sexual abuse.

Initially she was forcibly married to a Palestinian ISIS militant in Syria, who sexually and physically abused her, resulting in having two children, before age 15. After the ISIS militant was killed, his family asked her to travel with the two children to the Gaza Strip, they arrived in 2020.[15] In 2023 the family's home was hit by an airstrike, and she fled to a shelter elsewhere in the Gaza Strip.[16] The IDF said that the strike killed a "Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS" who was holding her captive.[17]

Sido leaving the Gaza Strip was complicated by Iraq not having diplomatic relations with Israel.[15] She was eventually allowed to enter Israel, then escorted to Jordan by US officials, and ultimately reunited with her family in Sinjar, Iraq. Media report indicates that the United States, Israeli, Iraqi, and Jordanian governments collaborated in her evacuation from the Gaza Strip.

Background

ISIS

ideology

ISIS was a theocratic proto-state,[18] or quasi-state,[19] and a Salafi jihadist group.[20][21][22][23][24][25] The organization's ideology has been described as a hybrid of Qutbism,[26][27][28][29][30][31] Takfirism,[26][32][33][34][35][21][29][36][37] Salafism,[20][24][38] Salafi jihadism,[20][21][22][23][39][35][40][41][42][24] Wahhabism,[43][20][21][22][35][39][40][41][23] and Sunni Islamist fundamentalism.[22][23][39][42][44][45]

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

Main article: ISIS

The group is referred to by a variety of names, which are sometimes defined differently but often used interchangeably.[46] Israeli sources usually refer to them as ISIS.[47][48][49][50] Western sources often call them ISIL or "Islamic State" (the name the group use for themselves).[46] In the Arabic-speaking world they are called Daesh (Arabic:داعش), which is also used by some Kurdish speakers, the language of the Yazidis. Hamas – like other Arab and Islamic governments – usually refer to them derisively as followers of a "deviant ideology".[51]

state

ISIS refer to themselves as state but they are recognised as such by no other states. At the peak of their power the so-called Islamic State controlled territory containing 9 million people, and 50,000 Twitter accounts that they used to recruit new members worldwide.[52] They are sometimes described as a "cult".[52]

provinces

ISIS and their descendant "provinces" violently attacked anyone and anything that did not fit this, including many Sunni Muslims,[52] but they particularly focused on local minorities: Shia Muslims, Christians, Yazidis, and cultural heritage sites.[53][54][55][better source needed]

Yazidi genocide

ISIS violently persecuted Shia Muslims and several groups that other Muslims usually respect as people of the book. Most Muslims include Christians and Jews as people of the book. Some interpretations also include Zoroastrianism.[56][57][58] Yazidis practice Yazidism, a monotheistic religion with roots in pre-Zoroastrian Iranic faith.[59][60][61][62][63]

ISIS committed genocide against the Yazidis. The Yazidi genocide has been recognized by the United Nations.[64] ISIS militants killed of up to 10,000 Yazidis. The violence also displaced over 400,000 Yazidis.[verification needed][64] More than 6,000 Yazid women and children were sold as chattel slaves by ISIS.[64] In various Yazidi villages, men and boys over 14 were separated from women and girls, with the men being executed and the women abducted as "spoils of war". Older women were also killed.[65] Some escaped Yazidi girls and women later reported being sold or given as "gifts" into sexual slavery to ISIS members.[66]

French nationals who were involved were prosecuted in France.[67]

The Yazidi women who returned were quickly accepted by their communities, who knew that they had not gone willingly.[68][69] Some Yazidi communities developed purification rituals for returned women.[65] But the Yazidi community did not accept children who were born from genocidal rapes committed by ISIS fighters.[68][69] Despite often being the victims of ISIS, widows and children of ISIS fighters faced difficulty seeking asylum, even if they were already citizens of other countries.[70][71][72] Some of them were recruited as minors,[73] or coerced by parents or husbands.[74] Countries were reluctant to repatriate parents (usually widowed mothers) with ambiguous loyalty to ISIS, and as a result young children were stranded in detention camps in Syria for many years.[72][70]

Accusations about Hamas and ISIS

"Hamas is ISIS" was first asserted by Benjamin Netanyahu near the end of the 2014 Gaza War.[48] The comparison was criticized and mocked by some Israeli journalists.[49][48] Neyanyahu followed this by saying, “Hamas is ISIS and ISIS is Hamas”, in a 2014 speech at the United Nations.[75]

Since the 2014 Gaza War, comparisons to ISIS became Netanyahu’s primary strategy for de-legitimizing Hamas.[47]

Egypt accused Hamas of assisting ISIS in the Sinai, but in public the two groups had a violently hostile relationship (see below).[76][77]

Israeli Major General Yoav “Polly” Mordechai accused Gaza of helping ISIS by providing medical care to people wounded in the Sinai conflict.[47] Medical ethics and international law supports providing treatment for all wounded, including irregular combatants.[78]

In 2016, the Head of the Department of Political Science at Hebron University,[79] said it was "dangerous" to conflate Hamas and ISIS.[75]

In the first days of the Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip in 2023, The Jerusalem Post quoted Benjamin Netanyahu saying, “They are savages. Hamas is ISIS”, the article then highlighted some alleged similarities in the groups' influences identified by Dr. Harel Chorev (from the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Tel Aviv University).[50] Chorev compared ISIS's Yazidi slaves to the hostages Hamas and their allies took,[50] and wanted to exchange for as many Palestinian prisoners of war as possible,[80][81] while keeping some hostages to use as human shields to deter Israeli strikes on Hamas leaders.[82]

But international military experts,[83] and mainstream international media,[84] pointed out major differences, particularly relating to nationalism, Shia Islam, Christianity, democracy, and destruction of cultural heritage.[83] ISIS want a purely theocratic system of government without any element of democracy, and ISIS violently attack Christians, whereas Hamas participated in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and the Hamas-led electoral list that won the election included a Palestinian Christian running for the Christian reserved seat in Gaza City.[85][86]

Talal Abu Zarifa, a leader from the DFLP, a secular faction allied to Hamas, said Israel was using the comparison to "justify its annihilation of Palestinian people and bloodshed".[87]

Hamas–ISIS conflict

See also: Sinai insurgency § In the Gaza Strip, and Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip

Hamas have a history of violently suppressing Islamic extremists in the Gaza Strip. They have particularly clashed with supporters of Al-Qaeda and ISIS, and groups who conducted attacks against Palestinian Christians or other targets in the Gaza Strip.[88] In 2009, Hamas security forces eliminated a small group of Al-Qaeda sympathisers who established the Islamic Emirate of Rafah.[89][90][91][92][93][94][95]

ISIS arose in the rubble of the 2003 United States-led invasion of Iraq and the Syrian civil war (2011, ongoing), then later spread to the Sinai Peninsula and elsewhere.[96] Hamas in Gaza clashed directly with the Sinai Province, but Hamas were also connected to groups on multiple sides of the conflict with ISIS in Syria.

ISIS first discreetly issued threats to Hamas in 2015,[97] in the same video message they also threatened Hamas' two rivals Israel and Fatah.[98][better source needed]

Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip

In 2015 Hamas began a propaganda campaign to combat extremist ideologies in the Gaza Strip, At the time they denied it was targeted at ISIS or any other specific group.[99] Mosques in the strip preached to promote a "centrist ideology".[99]

In 2017, an ISIS suicide bomber at Rafah Border Crossing killed a Hamas government border guard (Nidal al-Jaafari, 28) and injured serval others.[76][100] Before anyone had claimed responsibility, Hamas described the bomber as an outlaw and “a person of deviant ideology”, Hamas' terminology for Islamic extremists.[100] Other factions also condemned the bomber.[101]

Hamas arrested dozens of Salafi militants in the Gaza Strip.[77]

In early January 2018, Palestinians from the Gaza Strip who had joined ISIS Sinai Province, captured and killed a man who they claimed was connected to the Qassam Brigades.[102] The killers made a video of the murder and released it as a "declaration of war" against Hamas.[103][77] The speaker in the video is referred to as Abu Kazem al-Maqdisi.[77]

By 2023 the Egyptian branch of ISIS appeared to be completely dormant.[96]

Early life and captivity

Politics of Syrian opposition
Symbols
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Administrative divisions
Political parties
Foreign relations

Fawzia Amin Sido was abducted by ISIS on 3 August 2014,[104] a month before her 11th birthday.[15] On the first day of the attack,[105] when ISIS overran the Sinjar District in Iraq.[64] Two of her brothers were also captured, but her brothers were released 8 months later.[1] Since her kidnapping, her family has had little communication with her.[106]

By early 2015,[15] Sido was transferred to Raqqa, Syria, where she was forcibly married with a 24-year-old Palestinian ISIS militant.[106][15] She later recounted in an interview that "He told me that I had to sleep with him. On the third day, he went to a pharmacy and brought a drug that numbs part of the body. He gave me the drug and I cried".[15] She faced continuous sexual and physical abuse from her husband, becoming pregnant and giving birth to two children at a young age.[106][15] The husband became increasingly abusive, particularly after taking a second wife.[15]

Hamas claim the first man she was married to was fighting for the anti-Assad and anti-ISIS Syrian opposition forces, not ISIS.[107][108][109]

By the end of 2018, after U.S.-led Kurdish forces expelled ISIS from Syria, 15-year-old Saydo lost contact with her Palestinian captor, who fled to Idlib,[15] which had been captured from Assad government forces by non-ISIS Sunni Islamists in 2015. In early 2019, she briefly reunited with him before he was reported dead.[15]

Tavel to the Gaza Strip

After the ISIS militant who bought her was killed, Sido traveled to live with his family in Gaza,[106] fearing rejection from her community in Iraq due to the circumstances of her children's conception.[15][68][69] She and her children undertook a four-year[verification needed] journey through Turkey and Egypt,[106] eventually arriving in the Gaza Strip around 2020.[106][15] Once there, she faced significant hardship at the hands of her husband's family. Isolated from her own family, community, and native language, she experienced profound distress while caring for her two young children in her new environment.[106]

On 3 October 2024, the Director General of Yazidi Survivors Affairs at the Iraqi Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs told Rudaw Media Network, "Fawzia was with an ISIS militant from the Gaza Strip, and his mother took her with her to the Strip 4 years ago after her son was killed".[110] Washington, State Department spokesman Matthew Miller said she was "kidnapped by ISIS in Iraq, sold and forced to marry a Hamas fighter in Gaza, moved to Gaza against her will".[14] The Voice of America interview said that she has chosen to go to Gaza because she worried that she or her children would be rejected by her parents and community.[14]

Living in the Gaza Strip

Relationship with the family in Gaza

Most sources said Sido was 21 when she left the Gaza Strip, but the media office in Gaza claimed she was 25.[108]

Rudaw TV's Arabic service reported that, after moving to the Gaza Strip, Sido married the younger brother of the Palestinian militant who died in Syria.[10]

The IDF claimed that Sido had been held captive by a "Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS".[17] Despite ISIS and Hamas having incompatible ideologies and a hostile relationship. Fox News claimed she was "forced to marry an alleged Hamas fighter" after arriving in Gaza.[111]

Suicide attempts and detention

In an interview with The Jerusalem Post, Fawzia reported enduring severe abuse from both her husband's family and Hamas authorities, leading to multiple suicide attempts and a month of forced hospitalization.[106]

Some report that the Gaza Strip had an unusually high suicide rate, particularly among young people around the time she arrived.[112] In 2020 the Hamas government and the locally based non-government human rights group Al Mezan Center for Human Rights disagreed on the exact numbers, Al Mezan reported a "surge" while Hamas claimed there was a slight decrease.[113] According to Amira Hass, an Israeli journalist for Haaretz based in the occupied West Bank, some of the attempted suicides in the Gaza Strip were allegedly "political", including some reports of attempted self-immolation.[114][115]

Interrogation by authorities in Gaza

CNN reported Fawzia as saying, “Hamas constantly harassed me due to my Yazidi background and contact with my family, even going so far as to format my phone [erase its contents] during their investigations. After a year, they moved me to a guest house”.[107]

Reasons for leaving

Hamas claimed she left voluntarily.[12][116] Gaza's government media office released a statement on 4 October 2024 that contradicted most elements of the Israeli version of events.[109]

BBC Arabic quoted a long statement from Gaza's government press office in which Hamas contradicted most elements of the IDF story. They said that she was 25 years old and she had not been a captive (Template:Lang-ar "the female prisoner of war" or "the female hostage").[13] Hamas claimed she was living in Gaza willingly and only wanted to leave because of the war.[108] The United States State Department spokesperson said Sido had been "safely evacuated", not "rescued".[117]

In a conversation with The Jerusalem Post, Sido expressed the gravity of her circumstances, "My situation is very bad. The situation here is grave in many ways. I need to find a way to get out of here as fast as possible. I want to get back to my family".[106] She reported enduring severe abuse from both her husband's family and Hamas authorities, lead to her multiple suicide attempts and forced hospitalization.[106] Despite feeling marginally safer in her current location, she conveyed her despair, questioning the purpose of sharing her story, stating, "Is there any benefit in me talking to you about my life, or is it just tiring me out? Because many have asked me and I told them everything, but unfortunately to no avail".[106]

Contact with the media

See also: Rudaw Media Network

Using a cell phone[when?] Sido recorded a TikTok video detailing her plight, which received attention from Rudaw News, a Kurmanji-speaking media outlet, who subsequently assisted in locating her estranged family in Iraqi Kurdistan.[106]

She was interviewed by Kurdish language media in Iraq in August 2023, being the beginning of the escalation of the Israel–Palestine conflict in October 2023.[3] Fawzia was interviewed by presenter Nasser Ali on Rudaw TV with her face almost completely covered by a dark Niqāb.[1] Other Iraqi media interviewed her father, Amin Sido, and said he was critical of Rudaw's coverage.[1]

Airstrike

See also: Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip, AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip, and targeted killing by Israel

The Jerusalem Post said that in Gaza she was living with her two young children "at the home of her former husband’s family" (referring to the Palestinian who died in Syria).[106]

Steve Maman, a Canadian Jewish businessman and head of The Liberation of Christian and Yazidi Children of Iraq,[15][106] known for his efforts to rescue Yazidis from ISIS, told The Jerusalem Post in September 2024 that Fawzia Amin Sido escaped her captors in late 2023 after a "Hamas fighter" holding her was killed in an Israeli airstrike amid the ongoing conflict in Gaza.[106]

Children

Major news reports published when Fawzia left the Gaza Strip did not mention what happened to her children or whether they survived the airstrike on the family's house.[15][106] Despite the length of the Hamas statement published by BBC Arabic, it did not mention where Sido's children were or whether they are still alive.[13]

Rescue operation

In August 2024, an advisor to the Prime Minister of Iraq said that there were Yazidi women and children in both Iraq and Turkey and he was trying to rescue them.[118][better source needed]

After Fawzia was interviewed by Rudaw News, Maman[who?] facilitated communication between her family and Israeli authorities, urging swift[ambiguous] action from the Israeli National Security Council to orchestrate Sido's rescue and reunite her with her family. Utilizing his network, he arranged for a safe haven for Sido near Israel Defense Forces (IDF) positions,[106][unreliable source?] just two kilometers away from the Kerem Shalom border crossing.[15]

The rescue process was prolonged and repeatedly rescheduled due to the challenges posed by the diplomatic rift between Israel and Iraq and a 2022 Iraqi law that criminalizes any ties with Israel.[15] Le Monde credited the Israeli Army.[14]

On 3 October 2024, reports confirmed Sido's release from Gaza. Israeli intelligence said that they had uncovered her situation, and had engaged with U.S. authorities for further assistance.[64] An IDF report indicated that the operation involved coordination between the IDF's COGAT, the US Embassy in Jerusalem, and other members of the international community.[119] Sido eventually allowed to enter Israel through the Kerem Shalom border crossing,[119] where she received essential food and medical care, before being escorted by US officials to Jordan via the Allenby border crossing.[64] Saydo arrived in Baghdad on the morning of October 2, and was escorted by Iraqi intelligence officers to Mosul,[15] where she reunited with her mother and the rest of her surviving family.[64][16]

After her rescue, Brig. Gen. Elad Goren, who oversees Israeli humanitarian efforts in Gaza, remarked that Sido appeared to be "more or less" physically well but was "not in a good mental situation" after years of abuse.[64] A similar report was provided by Silwan Sinjaree, an official from the Iraqi Foreign Ministry.[66]

Fawzia's return to her parents and siblings was announced separately by Israel and Iraq.[119]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Kurdish language media has spelled her surname several ways: سیدۆ [4][5][6] or سەیدۆ [2] or سەیدیۆ [7][8][9]
  2. ^ Gaza's government media office said she was 3 or 4 years older,[13] Washington, State Department spokesman Matthew Miller said she was 11,[14] Voice of America said she was not yet 11.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "أمين سيدو والد المختطفة فوزية يتحدث عن قصة ظهورها على قناة روداو". Zewa News - وكالة زيوا الاخبارية (in Arabic). Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b "A Kurdish woman kidnapped by ISIS has been rescued in Gaza" [ژنێکی کوردی ئێزدی کە لەلایەن داعشەوە رفێندرابوو لە غەززە رزگار کرا]. manage.rudaw.net (in Kurdish). Rudaw Kurdish. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Min çawa Fewziya Emîn Seydo li Xezeyê dît?". manage.rudaw.net. RÛDAW. 5 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  4. ^ "Israeli army: Yezidi woman rescued from Gaza and sent back to Iraq" [سوپای ئیسرائیل: ژنێکی ئێزدی لە غەززە رزگارکرا و نێردرایەوە عێراق]. manage.rudaw.net (in Kurdish). Rudaw Media Network. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  5. ^ "AVA tells the "sad" story of the rescue of a Kurdish girl in Gaza - AVA News" [ئاڤا چیرۆکی "دڵتەزێنی" ڕزگارکردنی کچێکی کوردی ئێزدی لە غەززە دەگێڕێتەوە]. AVA News (in Central Kurdish). www.ava.news. AVA News. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  6. ^ "Israeli army: Yezidi woman rescued from Gaza and sent back to Iraq" [سوپای ئیسرائیل: ژنێکی ئێزدی لە غەززە ڕزگارکرا و نێردرایەوە ئێراق]. Kurdipedia.org. Kurdipedia کوردیپێدیا. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  7. ^ "ئەمەریکا لە پرۆسەیەکی دیپلۆماسی ئاڵۆزدا ژنێکی ئێزیدی لە غەززە ڕزگاردەکات" [United States rescues Yazidi woman in Gaza in complicated diplomatic process]. Voice of America (in Kurdish). 3 October 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  8. ^ "A Yazidi woman rescued in Gaza in a complicated diplomatic process; Read his story" [ە پڕۆسەیەکی دیپلۆماسی ئاڵۆزدا ژنێکی ئێزیدی لە غەززە ڕزگاركرا؛ چیرۆكه‌كه‌ی بخوێنه‌ره‌وه‌]. Xendan. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  9. ^ "The United States rescues a Yazidi woman from Gaza in a complicated diplomatic process" [ئەمەریکا لە پرۆسەیەکی دیپلۆماسی ئاڵۆزدا ژنێکی ئێزیدی لە غەززە ڕزگاردەکات]. www.zamenpress.com. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Freeing a Kurdish Yazidi girl in Gaza who was kidnapped by ISIS 10 years ago" تحرير فتاة كوردية إيزدية في غزة اختطفها داعش قبل 10 سنوات. www.rudaw.net (in Arabic). Iraq: Rudaw Media Network. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2024. Quote: Template:Lang-ar
  11. ^ Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Arabic) https://mofa.gov.iq/2024/50444/
  12. ^ a b "Hamas counters abduction claim, says Yazidi woman's Gaza departure was voluntary". The Business Standard. 6 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  13. ^ a b c "Israel says 'Yazidi captive returned to Iraq after 10 years in captivity in Gaza', Hamas tells BBC 'Israeli story is fabricated'" [إسرائيل تقول إن "أسيرة إيزيدية عادت إلى العراق بعد الأسر في غزة عشر سنوات"، وحماس تقول لبي بي سي إن "الرواية الإسرائيلية مُلفقة"]. BBC News Arabic (in Arabic). 4 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d "Israel army rescued Yazidi woman from Gaza after decade in captivity". Le Monde. AFP. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Yazidi sex slave rescued from Gaza in rare, internationally collaborative mission". Voice of America. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  16. ^ a b Stocker, Joanne (3 October 2024). "Yazidi woman kidnapped by ISIS in Iraq escapes from Gaza a decade later, officials say - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  17. ^ a b "The IDF led by COGAT, in collaboration with the U.S. Embassy in Israel, rescued a young Yazidi woman held by a Hamas terrorist affiliated with ISIS in the Gaza Strip". www.idf.il. Israel Defense Forces. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  18. ^ "proto-state"
  19. ^ "quasi-state"
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  21. ^ a b c d e f Bunzel, Cole (March 2015). "From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State" (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World. 19. Washington, D.C.: Center for Middle East Policy (Brookings Institution): 1–48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Wood, Graeme (March 2015). "What ISIS Really Wants". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Crooke, Alastair (30 March 2017) [27 August 2014]. "You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014.
  24. ^ a b c d Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). "The Ideologues". Homegrown: ISIS in America (1st ed.). London; New York City: I. B. Tauris. pp. 111–148. ISBN 978-1-78831-485-5.
  25. ^ Hassan, Hassan (24 January 2015). "The secret world of Isis training camps – ruled by sacred texts and the sword". The Guardian.
  26. ^ a b Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, Muhammad Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21. Boston; Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
  27. ^
  28. ^ Manne, Robert (2017). Mind of the Islamic state: ISIS and the ideology of the caliphate. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Prometheus Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-63388-371-0. ... several scholars have termed the ideology that provided the foundation of the Islamic State 'Qutbism'.
  29. ^ a b Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, Muhammad Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21. Boston; Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
  30. ^ * Manne, Robert (7 November 2016). "Sayyid Qutb: Father of Salafi Jihadism, Forerunner of the Islamic State". ABC Religion & Ethics. Australia: ABC Online. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018.
  31. ^ Manne, Robert (2017). Mind of the Islamic state: ISIS and the ideology of the caliphate. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Prometheus Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-63388-371-0. ... several scholars have termed the ideology that provided the foundation of the Islamic State 'Qutbism'.
  32. ^ Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). "Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective". Arab Law Quarterly. 31 (4). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers: 305–335. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024. ISSN 1573-0255.
  33. ^ Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, Muhammad Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21. Boston; Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
  34. ^ Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). "Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective". Arab Law Quarterly. 31 (4). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers: 305–335. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024. ISSN 1573-0255.
  35. ^ a b c Bunzel, Cole (March 2015). "From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State" (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World. 19. Washington, D.C.: Center for Middle East Policy (Brookings Institution): 1–48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  36. ^ Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). "Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective". Arab Law Quarterly. 31 (4). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers: 305–335. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024. ISSN 1573-0255.
  37. ^ Bunzel, Cole (March 2015). "From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State" (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World. 19. Washington, D.C.: Center for Middle East Policy (Brookings Institution): 1–48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
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  40. ^ a b Wood, Graeme (March 2015). "What ISIS Really Wants". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  41. ^ a b Crooke, Alastair (30 March 2017) [27 August 2014]. "You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014.
  42. ^ a b Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). "The Ideologues". Homegrown: ISIS in America (1st ed.). London; New York City: I. B. Tauris. pp. 111–148. ISBN 978-1-78831-485-5.
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  56. ^ Darrow 2003
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  58. ^ (verse 22:17)
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  105. ^ "Yazidis fear returning to their homeland, 10 years after massacre". 2 August 2024.
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  108. ^ a b c "Hamas refutes Israeli claim of rescuing Yazidi woman". The New Arab. 6 October 2024.
  109. ^ a b "Gaza government denies Israeli account of kidnapping of Kurdish Yazidi girl" [حكومة غزة تنفي الرواية الاسرائيلية بشأن اختطاف الفتاة الكوردية الإيزدية]. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Cite error: The named reference "Rudaw Arabic 04-10-2024" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  110. ^ Nehru Mohammed (3 October 2024). "Freeing a Kurdish Yazidi girl in Gaza who was kidnapped by ISIS 10 years ago". www.rudawarabia.net (in Arabic). Rudaw Media Network. Retrieved 11 October 2024. Quote from the Director General of Yazidi Survivors Affairs at the Iraqi Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Arabic: "فوزية كانت برفقة أحد مسلحي داعش من أهالي قطاع غزة، وقد نقلتها والدته معها إلى القطاع قبل 4 سنوات بعد مقتل ابنها". English: "Fawzia was with an ISIS militant from the Gaza Strip, and his mother took her with her to the Strip 4 years ago after her son was killed".
  111. ^ "Yazidi woman held hostage for 10 years in Gaza rescued in Israel, US operation". Fox News. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
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  117. ^ Azhari, Timour (4 October 2024). "Yazidi woman freed from Gaza in US-led operation after decade in captivity". Reuters.
  118. ^ Nalîn Hesen (3 August 2024). "Dr. Khalef Şingali: Yezidi women in Hol Camp do not dare to reveal themselves (Dr. Xelef Şingalî: Jinên Êzidî yên li Kampa Holê newêrin xwe eşkere bikin)". manage.rudaw.net. Retrieved 13 October 2024. Quote in Kurdish: "Şêwirmendê Serokwezîrê Îraqê yê Kar û Barên Êzidiyan herwiha amaje pê kir ku li Xeze û Tirkiyeyê jî jin û zarokên Êzidî hene û ew ji bo rizgarkirina wan hewl didin." (Machine translation: "The adviser to the Iraqi Prime Minister on Yazidi affairs also pointed out that there are Yazidi women and children in Gaza and Turkey and they are trying to save them.")
  119. ^ a b c "Israel rescues Yazidi woman from Gaza after her kidnapping by ISIS at age 11". The Times of Israel. 3 October 2024.
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