Charles University: Difference between revisions
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| name=Charles University in Prague |
| name=Charles University in Prague |
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| native_name=Univerzita Karlova v Praze |
| native_name=Univerzita Karlova v Praze |
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| latin_name=Universitas Carolina Pragensis |
| latin_name=Universitas Carolina Pragensis''<br />[[German]]: ''Karls-Universität Prag |
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| image_name= Seal of Charles University of Prague.png |
| image_name= Seal of Charles University of Prague.png |
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| motto= -- |
| motto= -- |
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| website=http://www.cuni.cz/ |
| website=http://www.cuni.cz/ |
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'''Charles University in Prague''' (also simply '''Charles University'''; [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Univerzita Karlova''; [[Latin]]: ''Universitas Carolina'') is the oldest and largest [[ |
'''Charles University in Prague''' (also simply '''Charles University'''; [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Univerzita Karlova''; [[German language|German]]: ''Karls-Universität Prag'', [[Latin]]: ''Universitas Carolina'') is the oldest and largest [[university]] in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|among the oldest universities in Europe]], being founded in the late [[1340s]] (for the exact year, see below). It is also the oldest university in German-speaking Europe, named after German Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]]. The university was bilingual with a German and a Czech section for most of its history, ending with WWII. |
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Other universities in the region were [[Jagiellonian University|Krakow]] (1364) in Poland, [[University of Vienna|Vienna]] (1365) in Austria and the [[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]] (1386) in Germany. |
Other universities in the region were [[Jagiellonian University|Krakow]] (1364) in Poland, [[University of Vienna|Vienna]] (1365) in Austria and the [[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]] (1386) in Germany. |
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(''date 1806?'') For the first time Protestants were allowed and soon after Jews. The university funded an additional Czech professorship. By [[1863]] out of 187 lecture courses 22 were held in Czech, the remainder in German. The Czechs were not satisfied. Consequently after long negotiations the Carolo-Ferdinandea was divided into a German and a Czech Charles-Ferdinand University by a law of [[1882]]. Each section was entirely independent of the other, only the aula and the library were used in common. By [[1909]] the Czech students at the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University (''Karlo-Ferdinandova univerzita'') numbered 4,300 and the students at the German Charles-Ferdinand University (''Karl-Ferdinand Universität'') numbered 1,800. The two institutions continued to operate independently until [[1939]]. |
(''date 1806?'') For the first time Protestants were allowed and soon after Jews. The university funded an additional Czech professorship. By [[1863]] out of 187 lecture courses 22 were held in Czech, the remainder in German. The Czechs were not satisfied. Consequently after long negotiations the Carolo-Ferdinandea was divided into a German and a Czech Charles-Ferdinand University by a law of [[1882]]. Each section was entirely independent of the other, only the aula and the library were used in common. By [[1909]] the Czech students at the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University (''Karlo-Ferdinandova univerzita'') numbered 4,300 and the students at the German Charles-Ferdinand University (''Karl-Ferdinand Universität'') numbered 1,800. The two institutions continued to operate independently until [[1939]]. |
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After the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]], the Czech part of the university was closed with all Czech higher-education institutions on [[November 17]], [[1939]], after the demonstrations at the burial of its student shot in an earlier [[October 28]] demonstration; |
After the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]], the Czech part of the university was closed with all Czech higher-education institutions on [[November 17]], [[1939]], after the demonstrations at the burial of its student shot in an earlier [[October 28]] demonstration; many of its students and teachers were imprisoned in [[concentration camp]]s and several student leaders executed. The German part of the institution proclaimed itself a German university. |
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After the end of the war the German students and teachers were persecuted and deported or murdered, and the German Charles University was closed by "Commandment No.112", as ordered by [[Edvard Beneš]]. |
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By Commandment No.112 Edvard Beneš ordered the German Part to be closed after the German Inhabitants of Prague and Bohemia had been mostly driven out of the Country. |
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Although the university began to recover rapidly after 1945, it did not enjoy [[academic freedom]] for long. After the communist putsch in [[1948]], the new regime started to arrange purges and repress all forms of disagreement with the official ideology, and continued to do so for the next four decades, with the most painful wave of purges during the "[[Normalization (Czechoslovakia)|normalization]]" period in the beginning of the [[1970s]]. Only in the late 1980s did the situation start to improve; students organized various activities and several peaceful demonstrations. This initiated the "[[Velvet revolution]]" in [[1989]], in which both students and faculty of the university played a large role. [[Václav Havel]] - a writer, dramatist and philosopher - was recruited from the independent academic community and appointed president in January [[1990]]. |
Although the university began to recover rapidly after 1945, it did not enjoy [[academic freedom]] for long. After the communist putsch in [[1948]], the new regime started to arrange purges and repress all forms of disagreement with the official ideology, and continued to do so for the next four decades, with the most painful wave of purges during the "[[Normalization (Czechoslovakia)|normalization]]" period in the beginning of the [[1970s]]. Only in the late 1980s did the situation start to improve; students organized various activities and several peaceful demonstrations. This initiated the "[[Velvet revolution]]" in [[1989]], in which both students and faculty of the university played a large role. [[Václav Havel]] - a writer, dramatist and philosopher - was recruited from the independent academic community and appointed president in January [[1990]]. |
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Revision as of 21:15, 29 April 2007
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Univerzita Karlova v Praze | |
| File:Seal of Charles University of Prague.png | |
| [Universitas Carolina Pragensis German: Karls-Universität Prag] Error: {{Langx}}: text has italic markup (help) | |
| Motto | -- |
|---|---|
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1347 or 1348 |
| Rector | Professor Václav Hampl |
| Students | ~42,500 |
| Location | , |
| Campus | Urban |
| Affiliations | Coimbra Group, EUA, Europaeum |
| Website | http://www.cuni.cz/ |
Charles University in Prague (also simply Charles University; Czech: Univerzita Karlova; German: Karls-Universität Prag, Latin: Universitas Carolina) is the oldest and largest university in the Czech Republic and among the oldest universities in Europe, being founded in the late 1340s (for the exact year, see below). It is also the oldest university in German-speaking Europe, named after German Emperor Charles IV. The university was bilingual with a German and a Czech section for most of its history, ending with WWII.
Other universities in the region were Krakow (1364) in Poland, Vienna (1365) in Austria and the Heidelberg (1386) in Germany.
According to the recent Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiao Tong University it was qualified as the leading university not only in the Czech Republic, but in Eastern Europe, together with the University of Szeged in Hungary in terms of quality of scientific research leading towards a Nobel Prize.
History
Most Czech sources since at least the 19th century - encyclopedias, general histories, materials of the University itself - give 1348 as the year of the founding of the university. On April 7 of that year, Charles I, the King of Bohemia (later known as Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor) issued a Golden Bull (transcription of the Latin original) granting its privileges. A minority however sees the papal bull of Pope Clement VI on January 26 of the previous year (1347) as primary, as for the foundation of any other Church institution, with the King's later bull only exempting it from secular authority; these suggest an anticlerical shift in the 19th century as an explanation for 1348 usually considered the founding year.
Based on the model of the University of Paris, the university was opened in 1349 and sanctioned by king Charles I in 1349.
Archbishop Arnost of Pardubice took an active part in the foundation by obliging the clergy to contribute. The lectures were held in the colleges, of which the oldest was named for the king the Carolinum. The university was sectioned into Czech, Bavarian, Saxon and Polish parts called nations.
In 1403 the university forbade its members to follow the teachings of Wycliff, but his doctrine continued to gain in popularity. Jan Hus had translated Wycliff's Trialogus into the Czech language. He was dean and rector of the university. The other nations of the university declared their support for the side of Pope Gregory XII. Hus knew how to make use of king Wenceslaus' opposition to Gregory. By the decree of Kutná Hora (Dekret Kutnohorský in Czech) in 1409, Hus and the Czech nation had three votes in all affairs of the university, while only a single vote was for all the other nations combined where before each nation had one vote. The result of this was the emigration of the German professors and students to the University of Leipzig in May 1409. The Prague university lost the largest part of its students and the faculty. From then on the university declined to a merely national institution with a very low status. For decades no degrees were given and only the faculty of arts remained. Emperor Sigismund, son of Charles IV, took what was left into his personal property and some progress was made, and again later under emperor Rudolph II, when he took up residence in Prague. The emperor Ferdinand I called the Jesuits to Prague and they opened an academy. Soon they took over, were expelled 1618 - 1621, but by 1622 they had a predominant influence over the emperor. An Imperial decree gave the Jesuits supreme control over the entire school system of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. The last four professors at the Carolinum now resigned and all of the Carolinum and nine colleges went to the Jesuits. The right of handing out degrees, of holding chancellorships and of appointing the secular professors was also granted to the Jesuits.
Cardinal Ernst, Count von Harrach actively opposed this union of power and prevented the drawing up of the Golden Bull for the confirmation of this grant. Cardinal Ernst funded the Collegium Adalbertinum and in 1638 emperor Ferdinand III limited the teaching monopoly enjoyed by the Jesuits. He took from them the rights, properties and archives of the Carolinum making the university once more independent under an imperial protector. During the last years of the Thirty Years' War the Charles Bridge in Prague was courageously defended by students of the Carolinum and Clementinum.
The dilapidated Carolinum was rebuilt in 1718 at the expense of the state. Since 1650 those who received any degrees took an oath to maintain the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin, renewed annually. The rebuilding and the bureaucratic reforms of universities of Austria in 1752 and 1754 deprived the university of many of its former privileges.
(date 1806?) For the first time Protestants were allowed and soon after Jews. The university funded an additional Czech professorship. By 1863 out of 187 lecture courses 22 were held in Czech, the remainder in German. The Czechs were not satisfied. Consequently after long negotiations the Carolo-Ferdinandea was divided into a German and a Czech Charles-Ferdinand University by a law of 1882. Each section was entirely independent of the other, only the aula and the library were used in common. By 1909 the Czech students at the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University (Karlo-Ferdinandova univerzita) numbered 4,300 and the students at the German Charles-Ferdinand University (Karl-Ferdinand Universität) numbered 1,800. The two institutions continued to operate independently until 1939.
After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Czech part of the university was closed with all Czech higher-education institutions on November 17, 1939, after the demonstrations at the burial of its student shot in an earlier October 28 demonstration; many of its students and teachers were imprisoned in concentration camps and several student leaders executed. The German part of the institution proclaimed itself a German university.
After the end of the war the German students and teachers were persecuted and deported or murdered, and the German Charles University was closed by "Commandment No.112", as ordered by Edvard Beneš.
Although the university began to recover rapidly after 1945, it did not enjoy academic freedom for long. After the communist putsch in 1948, the new regime started to arrange purges and repress all forms of disagreement with the official ideology, and continued to do so for the next four decades, with the most painful wave of purges during the "normalization" period in the beginning of the 1970s. Only in the late 1980s did the situation start to improve; students organized various activities and several peaceful demonstrations. This initiated the "Velvet revolution" in 1989, in which both students and faculty of the university played a large role. Václav Havel - a writer, dramatist and philosopher - was recruited from the independent academic community and appointed president in January 1990.
Organisation
Today, Charles University comprises 17 faculties:
- Catholic Theological Faculty
- Evangelical Theological Faculty
- Hussite Theological Faculty
- Faculty of Law
- 1st Faculty of Medicine
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine
- Faculty of Medicine in Plzeň
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Faculty of Arts
- Faculty of Science
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Faculty of Education
- Faculty of Social Sciences
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport
- Faculty of Humanities
Notable alumni
- Václav Bělohradský (b. 1944) philosopher
- Edvard Beneš (1884–1948), sociologist, second president of Czechoslovakia
- Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848), mathematician and philosopher
- Max Brod (1884–1968), writer
- Karel Čapek (1890–1938), writer
- Eduard Čech (1893–1960), mathematician
- Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984), biochemist, Nobel laureate
- Gerty Cori (1896–1957), biochemist, Nobel laureate
- Josef Dobrovský (1753–1829), philologist and historian
- Viktor Fischl (1912-2006), poet and diplomat
- Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967), chemist, Nobel laureate
- Bohumil Hrabal (1914–1997), writer
- Jan Hus (1369–1415), religious thinker and reformer
- Jan Janský (1873–1921), discoverer of blood types
- Franz Kafka (1883–1924), writer
- Karl I of Austria (1887–1922), last emperor of Austria and the last king of Bohemia
- Egon Erwin Kisch (1885–1948), writer and journalist
- Miroslav Holub (1923-1998), writer and immunologist
- Luboš Kohoutek (b. 1935), astronomer
- Milan Kundera (b. 1929), writer
- Jan Marek Marci (1595–1697), physician
- Lyubomir Miletich (1863-1937), Bulgarian academician
- George Placzek (1905–1955), physicist
- Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869), physiologist
- Ota Šik (1919–2004), economist
- Ferdinand Stoliczka (1838–1874), paleontologist
- Jan Stráský (b. 1940), politician
- Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), inventor, physicist
- Peter Tomka (b. 1956), International Court of Justice Judge
- Ivana Trump (b. 1949), Socialite and Entrepreneur.
- Vladislav Vančura (1891–1942), writer
- Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), psychologist
Notable professors
- Johannes Vodnianus Campanus - author, playwright
- Albert Einstein - theoretical physicist
- Jan Hus - religious thinker and reformer
- Ernst Mach - theoretical physicist
- Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk - philosopher, politician, 1st president of Czechoslovakia
- Alois Musil - orientalist
- Jan Patočka - philosopher
- Vojtěch Jarník - mathematician
Leadership
- Prof. RNDr. Václav Hampl, DrSc., took over the position of rector of Charles University on 1st February 2006 after Prof. Ing. Ivan Wilhelm, CSc.
See also
External links
- Charles University Website
- University history - DOC file with pictures