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Electricity, water and sewerage services to general public were first commissioned in 1925, with the establishment of ''The City Endowment Board''.<ref name="Mahmood"/><ref name="aponline.gov.in">{{cite web|title=Modern Period|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_modern.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|year=2002|accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref> Rainwater harvesting, water and sewerage services are regulated by the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (HMWSSB) whereas electricity is regulated through [[Central Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="HMDA1"/> Fire services are provided by the [[Andhra Pradesh Fire Services]] department, headed by a director general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/Publicservices_citizen.html|title=Citizen Charter|publisher=Andhra Pradesh fire and emergency services department|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> The institution was established by the AP Fire Services act of 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/Regulations_Fireact.html|title=ANDHRA PRADESH ACTS, ORDINANANCES AND REGULATIONS Etc..|publisher=Andhra Pradesh fire and emergency services department|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> As of March 2012, there were 13 fire stations in Hyderabad and the annual budget for the service was {{INR}} 185 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fire-stations-inadequate/241927-60-114.html|title=Fire stations inadequate|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=26 March 2012|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>
Electricity, water and sewerage services to general public were first commissioned in 1925, with the establishment of ''The City Endowment Board''.<ref name="Mahmood"/><ref name="aponline.gov.in">{{cite web|title=Modern Period|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_modern.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|year=2002|accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref> Rainwater harvesting, water and sewerage services are regulated by the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (HMWSSB) whereas electricity is regulated through [[Central Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="HMDA1"/> Fire services are provided by the [[Andhra Pradesh Fire Services]] department, headed by a director general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/Publicservices_citizen.html|title=Citizen Charter|publisher=Andhra Pradesh fire and emergency services department|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> The institution was established by the AP Fire Services act of 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/Regulations_Fireact.html|title=ANDHRA PRADESH ACTS, ORDINANANCES AND REGULATIONS Etc..|publisher=Andhra Pradesh fire and emergency services department|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> As of March 2012, there were 13 fire stations in Hyderabad and the annual budget for the service was {{INR}} 185 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fire-stations-inadequate/241927-60-114.html|title=Fire stations inadequate|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=26 March 2012|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>


The [[Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board]] (APPCB) is a regulatory and screening authority of pollution in Hyderabad. The rapid rate of urbanization with increased economic activities has encouraged migration and industries in Hyderabad, which led to an increase of [[air pollution]], [[industrial waste]], [[sound pollution]] and [[water pollution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Co-Benefits Analysis of Air Pollution and GHG Emissions for Hyderabad, India|url=http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/people/sguttiku/ue/reports/2008-03-IES-Co-Benefits-Hyderabad.pdf|publisher=cgrer.uiowa.edu|date=March 200|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> The city is among the 16 most polluted cities of India.{{cn}} transportation vehicles are the main source of [[air pollution]] in the city. Every year there are around 1 million vehicles registrations in the city that increase air and sound pollution. The estimated deaths from [[Particulates|particulate matter]] are about 1700-3000 persons per year in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=50 research scholars to study pollution|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/50-research-scholars-to-study-pollution/217031-60-121.html|publisher=ibnlive.in.com|date=3 January 2012|accessdate=18 April 2012}}
The [[Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board]] (APPCB) is a regulatory and screening authority of pollution in Hyderabad. The rapid rate of urbanization with increased economic activities has encouraged migration and industries in Hyderabad, which led to an increase of [[air pollution]], [[industrial waste]], [[sound pollution]] and [[water pollution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Co-Benefits Analysis of Air Pollution and GHG Emissions for Hyderabad, India|url=http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/people/sguttiku/ue/reports/2008-03-IES-Co-Benefits-Hyderabad.pdf|publisher=cgrer.uiowa.edu|date=March 200|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> The city is among the 16 most polluted cities of India.{{cn|date=April 2012}} transportation vehicles are the main source of [[air pollution]] in the city. Every year there are around 1 million vehicles registrations in the city that increase air and sound pollution. The estimated deaths from [[Particulates|particulate matter]] are about 1700-3000 persons per year in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=50 research scholars to study pollution|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/50-research-scholars-to-study-pollution/217031-60-121.html|publisher=ibnlive.in.com|date=3 January 2012|accessdate=18 April 2012}}
*{{cite web|title=Be a Pal and stop polluting|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/lifestyle/go-earthy/be-pal-and-stop-polluting-085|publisher=deccanchronicle.com|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=18 April 2012}}
*{{cite web|title=Be a Pal and stop polluting|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/lifestyle/go-earthy/be-pal-and-stop-polluting-085|publisher=deccanchronicle.com|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=18 April 2012}}
*{{cite web|title=Use of multi-objective air pollution monitoring sites and online air pollution monitoring system for total health risk assessment in Hyderabad, India|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705838|publisher=ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|date=2 August 2005|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> The ground water in Hyderabad has total [[Hard water|water hardness]] up to 1000 ppm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ground water in city unfit for use|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/ground-water-city-unfit-use-198|publisher=deccanchronicle.com|date=30 August 2011|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> APPCB and local authorities have designed and implemented multiple actions to control pollution in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Polluting pharma cos face closure|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-21/hyderabad/30650420_1_pollution-control-board-sponge-iron-units-effluents|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=21 January 2012|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>
*{{cite web|title=Use of multi-objective air pollution monitoring sites and online air pollution monitoring system for total health risk assessment in Hyderabad, India|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705838|publisher=ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|date=2 August 2005|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> The ground water in Hyderabad has total [[Hard water|water hardness]] up to 1000 ppm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ground water in city unfit for use|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/ground-water-city-unfit-use-198|publisher=deccanchronicle.com|date=30 August 2011|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> APPCB and local authorities have designed and implemented multiple actions to control pollution in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Polluting pharma cos face closure|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-21/hyderabad/30650420_1_pollution-control-board-sponge-iron-units-effluents|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=21 January 2012|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:48, 20 April 2012

For other uses of "Hyderabad", see Hyderabad (disambiguation).

Template:Infobox Indian jurisdiction Hyderabad (/ˈhaɪdərəbæd/ ⓘ) is the capital of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is known by the sobriquet City of Pearls.[1] The city is one of the largest metros in India with an area of 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi)[2] having a population of 6,809,970 in the city and 7,749,334 in the metropolitan area, making it the fourth most populous city and the sixth-most populous urban agglomeration in the country.[3]

Hyderabad was established in 1591 AD on the banks of the Musi River on the northern tip of the Deccan Plateau by Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah.[4] The twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad come under the ambit of a single municipal unit, the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.[5]

Hyderabad was once a global center of the diamond and pearls trade.[6] The city has emerged as a major global center for the information technology (IT) industry,[7] as well as Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, due to which it is known as the "Genome Valley of India".[8][9] The Telugu film industry, known as Tollywood, is located in the city.[10]

As of March 2012, Hyderabad is the "Best Heritage City of India",[11] and home to many historical sites, including the UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage site of Chowmahalla Palace.[12] The city is a regular tourist hotspot and carries many places of interest.[13] Situated on the crossroads of North and South India, Hyderabad has been noted for its unique culture, art and architecture.[14]

Etymology

There are theories and myths regarding the origins and etymology of Hyderabad's name. One of the myths says that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah fell in love with and married a local nautch girl known as Bhagmathi or Bhagyavathi. When Bhagmathi adopted the title of Hyder Begum, Qutb Shah renamed the city as Hyderabad.[15] Another theory says Hyderabad was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Hyder.[16]

History

Main article: History of Hyderabad, India

Early history

Although Hyderabad was established less than 500 years ago, archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date back to 500 BC.[17] The region of Hyderabad and surrounding was known as Golkonda (English: The Shepherd's Hill),[18] which was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 731 AD to 966 AD.[19] Following the dissolution of Chalukyas into four empires in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty (1000–1310).[20] The Kakatiya dynasty's headquarters was at Warangal.[21]

Medieval history

The Golkonda fort is the oldest existing structure in Hyderabad.[22]

When Sultan Alauddin Khilji of Delhi took over Warangal, Hyderabad region came under the Khilji dynasty (1310–1321). Alauddin Khilji carried with him to Delhi the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which was mined from the Kollur Mines in Golkonda.[23] Afterwards Muhammad bin Tughluq annexed Delhi, which brought Warangal under the direct rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347. Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah a governor of Muhammad bin Tughluq revolted against the Sultanate and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan with Gulbarga as its capital. The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518 AD, becoming the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.[21]

In 1518 AD, Sultan Quli a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty.[21] Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the fifth sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591 AD,[24] to relieve a water shortage the dynasty experienced at its old headquarters in Golkonda.[25] He then constructed the Charminar, Purana pul and Mecca Masjid.[26]

In 1687 AD, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of Golconda fort.[27] It was then renamed Deccan Suba and, during this short period of rule, the capital was shifted from Golkonda to Aurangabad.[27][28]

Nizam period

In 1712, the sixth of Aurangzeb's successor, Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as the Viceroy of the Deccan with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk (Regulator of the Realm) Fateh Jung. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, gained autonomy by defeating a rival official to establish control over the Deccan Suba and named it Hyderabad Deccan. They remained with the title Nizam ul-Mulk which was once bestowed to Asaf Jah I by Aurangzeb. The dynasty was called Asaf Jahi dynasty and the rulers were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi dynasty, which came to an end on 17 September 1948, a year after India's independence from the British Raj.[27][28]

During the period of Nizam rule, Hyderabad State became the richest,[29] and the senior-most salute state among the Indian princely States.[citation needed] It was spread over 223,000 km2 (86,000 sq mi) in the Deccan, ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Its ruler was conferred the title of His Exalted Highness and "Faithful Ally of the British Government" by the United Kingdom,[30] becoming the only Indian prince to be given these both statuses.[31] The rule of the Nizams brought cultural and economic growth for Hyderabad city. One example of the wealth of Nizam rule is the Jewels of the Nizams, which is an international tourist attraction displayed in Salar Jung Museum. In 1948 Hyderabad had an estimated population of 1.7 crore, and it generated an estimated annual revenue of £90,029,000.[30] The state had its own currency known as the Hyderabadi rupee, until 1951.[32] The pace at which the last Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in 1937.[31] As per the Forbes All-Time Wealthiest List of 2008, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan is the fifth richest man ever, with an estimated worth of US$210.8 billion (adjusted with the present value of the US dollar).[32]

The Nizams set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty including hospitals and schools, colleges, universities that imparted education in Urdu.[32] Inspired by the Indian Civil Service, the Nizams established the Hyderabad Civil Service and built large reservoirs. Survey work on the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was initiated during this time, though the actual work was completed by the Government of India in 1969.[33][34]

Post-independence

Main article: Operation Polo
Falaknuma Palace

Following India's independence from the British Empire in 1947, the Asaf Jahi Nizam declared his intention to remain independent.[35] In 1948, the Hyderabad State Congress began agitating against the Nizam, with the support of Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India. On 17 September 1948, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad state through Operation Polo and the Nizam joined India by signing the Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh ("Princely Governor") of Hyderabad State.[36]

A peasant uprising or Telangana uprising was a communist-led peasant rebellion against the feudal lords of the Telangana region and later against the princely state of Hyderabad between 1946 and 1951.[37]

The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India and Hyderabad city continued to be its capital. In 1955, B. R. Ambedkar, the then Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, expressed that the city should be designated as the second capital of India after Delhi. He expressed:

"Hyderabad has all the amenities which Delhi has and it is a far better city than Delhi. It has all the grandeur which Delhi has. Buildings are going cheap and they are really beautiful buildings, far superior to those in Delhi. The only thing that is wanting is a Parliament House which the Government of India can easily build."[38]

On 1 November 1956, the states of India were reorganised on linguistic grounds. Hyderabad State was split on linguistic lines to become the parts of three newly carved states. Nine Telugu and Urdu speaking districts of Hyderabad State, also known as Telangana, were merged with the Telugu speaking Andhra State to create the state of Andhra Pradesh with Hyderabad city as its capital.[39] There are several movements to invalidate the merger of Telangana and Andhra; major being in 1969, 1972 and now. The Telangana movement gained momentum over decades becoming a widespread political demand of creating a new state from the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh.[40] As of 2011, the movement continues with Hyderabad being major center of strikes and agitations.[41]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Hyderabad
Hussain Sagar lake

Hyderabad is spread over an area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi),[2] and situated on the tip of Deccan Plateau in the Northwest part of Andhra Pradesh. It has an average elevation of about 536 metres (1,607 ft) above sea level. Most of the area has a sloping terrain and some areas are hilly.[42]

The part of the city which was first established is now known as the Old City. The extended New City on the north bank of the river has many government buildings and other landmarks. Both parts of the city are connected with many bridges across the Musi River, of which Purana pul is the oldest.[43] Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar are dams built over the Musi River.[44]

Climate

Average temperature and precipitation in Hyderabad

Hyderabad has a combination of a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) that borders on a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSh).[45] The city has a moderate climate in the period of September to February, with a small amount of variation. The monsoon is spread over a period of three months from June to August.[46]

The mean maximum temperature ranges between 34 °C (93 °F) and 40 °C (104 °F) in May. After the withdrawal of the monsoon, the maximum temperature rises slightly due to increased insulation. The mean minimum temperature is 9 °C (48 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F) in December and January, but it rises to 22 °C (72 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F) in May. The minimum temperature falls rapidly after October, and less than 10 °C (50 °F) has been recorded on individual days. The climate is mild from November to February. The summer months of April and May are hot, and the city frequently records temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). The period from July to September is warm and humid. Temperatures in the evenings and mornings are generally cooler because of the city's moderate elevation. Hyderabad receives around 1,019 millimetres (40.1 in) of rain every year, most of it concentrated in the monsoon months. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 241.5 millimetres on 24 August 2000 . The maximum (day) temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, while the minimum recorded temperature was 8 °C (46 °F) on 8 January 1946.[47]

Climate data for Hyderabad (1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.9
(96.6) 		39.1
(102.4) 		42.2
(108.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		44.5
(112.1) 		45.5
(113.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.7
(98.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		45.5
(113.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.6
(83.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.8
(101.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		32.0
(89.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		27.0
(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		20.0
(67.9)
Record low °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.1
(43.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 9.2
(0.36) 		10.2
(0.40) 		12.3
(0.48) 		27.2
(1.07) 		34.5
(1.36) 		113.8
(4.48) 		162.0
(6.38) 		203.9
(8.03) 		148.5
(5.85) 		113.9
(4.48) 		19.1
(0.75) 		5.0
(0.20) 		859.6
(33.84)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) 1.1 1 1.4 3.7 4.2 10.9 15.4 16.3 12.3 7.6 2.5 0.5 76.9
Average rainy days 0.6 0.6 0.9 2.0 2.5 6.8 9.5 11.3 8.4 5.6 1.3 0.3 49.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 41 33 29 30 31 52 65 70 67 59 49 44 48
Average dew point °C (°F) 12
(54) 		12
(54) 		13
(55) 		15
(59) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		17
(63) 		15
(59) 		13
(55) 		16
(61)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 265.6 272.8 276.0 279.0 180.0 136.4 133.3 162.0 226.3 243.0 251.1 2,698.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.8 9.4 8.8 9.2 9.0 6.0 4.4 4.3 5.4 7.3 8.1 8.1 7.4
Average ultraviolet index 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 8 11
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[48][49][50] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[51][52]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[53] Weather Atlas[54]

Demographics

Template:India census population

Urban agglomeration in Hyderabad

The city of Hyderabad which covers an are of 621 square kilometres (240 sq mi),[55] has a population of 6,809,970 of which 3,500,802 are male and 3,309,168 are female. The sex ratio of Hyderabad city is 945 female per 1000 males,[56] slightly higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.[57] The city's population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi).[58] Hyderabad city's average literacy rate is 82.96%, (male 85.96% and female 79.79%), relatively higher than the national average of 74.04%.[59] There are 373,794 boys and 352,022 girls with the ratio of 942 girls per 1000 boys.[56] Hyderabad city is governed by Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation that comes under the Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration, which has a population of 7,749,334 with 3,985,240 males and 3,764,094 are females.[56] A proposal to expand the area covered by the city to make it 721 square kilometres (278 sq mi) by merging the surrounding gram panchayats and around 30 villages is to take effect soon.[55]

Residents of Hyderabad are called Hyderabadi, Andhra Pradesh State people comprise the majority of Hyderabad's population, followed by Marathi and Arab communities. The minority communities of Hyderabad are Kannadi (including Nawayathi), Marwari, Bengali, Tamil, Malayali, Gujrati, Iranian, Punjabi, Uttar Pradesh, Pathan and Turkish. Among the foreign-origin communities Yemeni Arabs forms the majority with African Arabs, Iranian, Pathani and Turkish as minorities, which declined since after inception of Hyderabad State into Indian Union.[60]

Telugu and Urdu are the official languages of Hyderabad, while English is commonly used.[61][62] Telugu in Hyderabad has a varied dialect called the Telangana dialect,[63] and the Urdu spoken in the city is called Deccani Urdu.[64] A significant population of the city speaks different languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada and Tamil.[65]

Though Hindus form the majority of the population, Muslims have substantial presence across the city and are predominant in and around Old City. The other religious communities are Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi. Iconic temples, mosques and churches are housed in the city.[66] Earlier to the formation of Greater Hyderabad in 2007, the Hyderabad city religious statistics of 2001 were, Hindus (55.4%), Muslims (41.17%), Christians (2.13%), Sikhs (0.03%), Buddhists (0.04%), Jains (0.04%) and remaining others.[67]

According to the 2001 census, there are 1,631 slums across the Hyderabad, housing 1,951,201 people. The literacy rate in the slums is 60-80% and the female literacy rate varies from 52-73%. One third of the city's slums have individual basic service connections, and 90% slums have proper water supply lines. There are 405 Government schools, 267 Government sponsored schools and 175 Private schools, with 528 community halls across the slums of Hyderabad.[68]

Administration

Main articles: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation and Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
The Andhra Pradesh high court in Hyderabad.

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) is in charge of the civic administration and infrastructure of the city.[69] It was formed in April 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with twelve municipalities of neighbouring two districts. GHMC covers an area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi), spread over the three districts—Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak. The GHMC is divided into five zones and eighteen circles that contain 150 municipal wards. Each ward is headed by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect The City Mayor who is the titular head of GHMC. The executive powers of the GHMC lie with the Municipal Commissioner appointed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The State Election Commission (SEC) monitors the municipal elections that are held in the city once in every five years. The first election of the GHMC were held in December 2009. The Indian National Congress alliance with Majlis Ittehadul Muslimeen formed the majority, with the terms of sharing mayor post equally between the two parties.[70][71][72]

The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) was formed in 2008 as an umbrella authority by merging multiple local development bodies. It manages the development activities of the GHMC area and its suburbs. It controls the administration of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB), the Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation and the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC). The enlarged jurisdiction of HMDA extends to 54 mandals located in five districts with a total area of 7,100 km2 (2,700 sq mi).[73]

The Hyderabad City Police, established in 1847, is the law and order enforcement agency.[74] Hyderabad Police Commissionerate jurisdiction is divided into five police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner.[75] The Hyderabad Traffic Police is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who is answerable to the Hyderabad City Police Commissioner.[76] The area under the jurisdiction of Hyderabad City Police is smaller than the GHMC area, thus the suburbs of the city falls under the jurisdiction of Cyberabad Police Commissionerate. As of 2012, The Greater Hyderabad Police Commissionerate is a proposed plan of Andhra Pradesh Government which would be formed by merging Hyderabad Police Commissionerate and Cyberabad Police Commissionerate. There will be four zones, each headed by Police commissioner, who will be reporting to the chief commissioner.[77]

Hyderabad houses the offices of the local governing bodies, along with the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Assembly, the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat, the Andhra Pradesh High Court. Under the jurisdiction of High Court comes the lower city civil court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court.[78] Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation area contains 24 state Legislative Assembly constituencies which come under five Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India) constituncies.[79][80]

Utility services

The city produces around 4,500 metric tonnes of solid waste everyday, which is transported from three collection units located in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the garbage dumping site of Jawaharnagar.[81] The "Integrated Solid Waste Management" project was started in 2010 by GHMC to manage the waste disposal in the city. The project started with a sum of ₹ 434 crore, funded by the state government.[82]

Electricity, water and sewerage services to general public were first commissioned in 1925, with the establishment of The City Endowment Board.[33][83] Rainwater harvesting, water and sewerage services are regulated by the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) whereas electricity is regulated through Central Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh.[73] Fire services are provided by the Andhra Pradesh Fire Services department, headed by a director general.[84] The institution was established by the AP Fire Services act of 1999.[85] As of March 2012, there were 13 fire stations in Hyderabad and the annual budget for the service was ₹ 185 crore.[86]

The Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) is a regulatory and screening authority of pollution in Hyderabad. The rapid rate of urbanization with increased economic activities has encouraged migration and industries in Hyderabad, which led to an increase of air pollution, industrial waste, sound pollution and water pollution.[87] The city is among the 16 most polluted cities of India.[citation needed] transportation vehicles are the main source of air pollution in the city. Every year there are around 1 million vehicles registrations in the city that increase air and sound pollution. The estimated deaths from particulate matter are about 1700-3000 persons per year in Hyderabad.[88] The ground water in Hyderabad has total water hardness up to 1000 ppm.[89] APPCB and local authorities have designed and implemented multiple actions to control pollution in the city.[90]

Economy

Main pages: Industries in Hyderabad, India and Biopharmaceutical industry of Hyderabad, India
See also: List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad and Software industry in Andhra Pradesh
Laad Bazaar, located near the Charminar.
i-Labs Centre and i-Labs OVAL at HITEC City

Hyderabad is the administrative, financial and econimical capital of Andhra Pradesh. The city is the largest contributor to the state's GDP, state tax and other revenues.[91] The World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business in 2009.[92] As of 2011, the city generates the revenue of ₹ 70,000 crores and One-third of the states revenue tax.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). The per capita income of Hyderabad was up to ₹ 44,300 crores in the year 2011,[93] and the nominal GDP was US$ 60 billion in 2010.[94] Hyderabad and its suburbs houses the maximum number of special economic zones in India.[93] The central prime location of Hyderabad had made it a hub for national and international road, rail and air transport, which is essential requirement for growing economy.[93] The main economic sectors of Hyderabad are, Traditional manufacturing, Knowledges Sector and Tourism.[95] The city is one of India's prominent Information Technology hubs, generating ₹36,000 crore from its software exports.[96] Starting in the 1990s, the economic pattern of the city changed from a primarily service hub to a more diversified spectrum.[97] Service industry is the major contributor, with urban workforce constituting 90% of the total workforce.[94] The largest employers of Hyderabad are the Governments of Andhra Pradesh and India with 113,098 and 85,155 employees, respectively.[98]

Tourism industry forms an important part of Hyderabad's economy. In March 2012, The Indian Union Tourism Ministry declared Hyderabad as the first ever "Best Heritage City" of India.[11] The Tourism related fairs are held regularly in the city.[99] In 2010, the city was listed among the Gamma+ World City by GaWC,[100] and in 2011 it was ranked nineteenth in the world by The New York Times in The list of 41 Places to Go in 2011.[101] As of 2011, the tourism budget was around ₹ 52 crores.[102]

Hyderabad is known as the City of Pearls, due to presence of industry engaged in pearls trade, and until 18th century the city was the only global trade center of large diamonds.[1][6] Many traditional and historical bazaars are located in and around the city.[103][104] The Laad Bazaar and nearby markets has shops that sell pearls, diamonds and other traditional ware and cultural antiques.[103][105] The retail industry in Hyderabad is on the rise,[106] and multiple business districts are spread across the city. Many national and international companies have set up retail business across the city.[107] A number of mega malls have come up and more are being built.[108]

Hyderabad had emerged as a Pharmaceutical and biotechnology hub of the world due to which it is known as India's pharmaceutical capital,[109] and Genome Valley of India.[8] In 2008–09, Hyderabad's biopharmaceuticals exports reached US$3.1 billion.[110] The establishment of public sector in life science and the Genome Valley, 'Fab City' and the 'Nano Technology park' established extensive infrastructure in bio-technology and these attributes attracted regional companies and MNC's to set up head offices, warehouses, research and development centres in the city.[111]

In 2011 Business Today, ranked Hyderabad as the fourth best city to live in India.[112] the city witnessed a high growth in the real estate business, which led to the decline of vegetable supply in the city in the period around 2010.[113] In 2007-08, the city's prime residential areas of Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills reached the highest growth percentage in India. The Economic Times evaluated Banjara Hills to be worth US$20.7 billion.[114] The Andhra Pradesh government is building a business district at the suburbs of the city at the heart of which will be the 450-metre (1,480 ft) tall APIIC Tower.[115] Leveraging on the trend, major property developers have set up base in the city.[116]

Hyderabad is among the global centres of information technology for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City).[117][118] The city's IT sector includes the IT-enabled services, business process outsourcing and entertainment industries.[118] During 2008-09, Hyderabad's IT exports reached US$4.7 billion,[110] and 22% of the NASSCOM's total membership is from Hyderabad.[93] The development of a township with related technological infrastructure called HITEC City prompted global and particularly US-based companies to establish their operations in Hyderabad.[117] The city is home to more than 1300 IT firms and houses the Indian headquarters of Microsoft, Google,[7] CA Technologies, Amazon and Facebook.[118][119] The Microsoft campus in Hyderabad is the largest research and development facility outside the US.[7] The campus of CA Technologies's is the largest R&D facility of the company.[120] Major areas where such campuses have been set up are Madhapur,[121] Kondapur,[122] Gachibowli,[123] and Uppal.[124]

Education

Main article: Education in Hyderabad, India
See also: List of institutions based in Hyderabad, India
Osmania University, college of Arts.[125]

Schools in Hyderabad are affiliated to either CBSE, SSC[126] or ICSE, run by government aid or private (local governing bodies, individuals, missionaries or other agencies). In schools the medium of instruction is mostly English, Hindi, Urdu[127] or Telugu. Children have to study for ten years in schools, followed by two years in junior college, where they have to choose discipline for three–four years graduation programme. Admissions to professional colleges in Hyderbad is through Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAMCET). Majority of the colleges are categorised and affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University or Osmania University.[128]

The city houses two deemed universities, six state universities and three central universities, which are the University of Hyderabad,[129] Maulana Azad National Urdu University and English and Foreign Languages University.[130]

Among international business schools, Indian School of Business (ISB) ranked 12 in global MBA ranking by the Financial Times of London in 2010.[131] Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE) is recognised as a Centre of Excellence by the ICSSR.[132] The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI) is another notable business school deemed to be university.[133]

The city is home to many of India's premier technical and engineering schools, including the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIIT) and the Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT)[134] which was set up with the technical and financial collaboration with the Government of Japan,[135] as well as the Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) since 2008.[136] The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) is a major centre of medical science and bio-medical education in Hyderabad.[137] The premier professional fashion designing institutions in the city are Raffles Millennium International-Hyderabad, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan & Leigh College.[138]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Hyderabad, India

Air

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

In 1935, Hyderabad's Hakimpet air base was linked with international flight services.[83] As of 2010, The Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at Shamshabad has been judged among the world's top airports in the category of serving 5–15 million passengers, according to Airports Council International,[139] and the world's fifth best airport, according to Skytrax.[140] The airport has one of the longest runway (4260 metres) in India,[141] and caters to high passenger and cargo volumes. In January 2011, it became India's first airport to transport more than 30,000 tonnes (66,000,000 lb) of temperature-controlled pharmaceutical products.[142] It is the primary base for SpiceJet's fleet of Bombardier Dash 8s.[143] GMR Hyderabad International Airport Limited, which operates the airport, has been awarded the Center for Asia Pacific Aviation award in the category of Best Airport Environmental Performance of the Year 2009.[144]

The airport is connected to the city by three major roads.[145] The 11.6-kilometre (7.2 mi) Hyderabad Elevated Expressway provides dedicated high-speed travel to the airport. As of 2011, it is the longest expressway in India.[146] The Nehru Outer Ring Road serves as a controlled-access expressway between Gachibowli and Shamshabad.[145] Metered taxis and buses are available as transports to the airport.[147]

Rail

MMTS train

Railways were first introduced in the city in 1870,[148] and major extensions began after the opening of Secunderabad–Wadi line in 1874.[149] The city's Secunderabad Railway Station is the headquarters of the South Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways and it is the largest railway station in Hyderabad. The other major railway stations are Hyderabad Deccan Station, Kachiguda Railway Station and Begumpet Railway Station.[150]

Hyderabad's light rail transportation system is known as the MultiModal Transport System (MMTS). The patronage increased from 11,000 passengers a day to over 150,000 passengers.[151] MMTS Phase 2 is expected to complete by 2012 to handle 300,000 passengers a day.[152]

Hyderabad Metro, the city's under-construction rapid transit system, is expected to operate three lines by 2014.[153]

Road

The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation

Three National Highways pass through the city—NH-7, NH-9 and NH-202.[154] The HMDA developed multiple projects such as Inner Ring Road, Outer Ring Road, interchanges, overpasses and underpasses to ease the traffic congestion of the city.[146]

The bus service, started in 1932,[83] is now known as The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC). It is the most frequently used means of public transport within the city and operates a fleet of 22,183 buses within city and rest of India.[155] According to the Guinness World Records published in 2005, APSRTC operates the world's largest fleet of buses, estimated to be carrying 13 million passengers a day.[156] Inter City Bus Terminal is a ₹1 billion ongoing project at Miyapur and when ready in 2012, will be Asia's largest bus station, with 200 bus bays.[157] Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station, located at center of the city,[158] is the main bus station of the city with 74 platforms for 89 buses, carrying 80,000–120,000 passengers in a day.[159]

In the early 1930s, taxi services were initiated in Hyderabad.[160] Today the city has a wide taxi service system. Company-operated taxis are metered and those operated by private organisations have fixed fares. The yellow-coloured auto rickshaws are metered and are the most widely available transport service in the city.[161]

Culture

See also: Muslim culture of Hyderabad
Makkah Masjid in 1885 AD
Nizamia General Hospital, Asif Jahi Architecture
A Qutb shahi style of architecture, an incomplete tomb from Qutb Shahi Tombs
A Bidriware of 18th century, displayed at Musée du Louvre

Distinct linguistic and cultural traditions of North and South India meet and mingle in the city of Hyderabad. This blending was the result of the geographic location of the city, and the variety of historical dynasties that ruled the city across different periods—its inception by the Qutub Shahi dynasty in 1591 AD, the occupation by the Mughal Empire and its decline, and the patronage under the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Hyderabadis, as residents of the city are known, have developed a distinctive culture which is a mixture of Hindu and Muslim traditions. A typical Hyderabadi could be either a Telugu or a Urdu speaking person.[162]

The traditional Hyderabadi garb is Sherwani and Kurta Paijama for men,[163] Khara Dupatta and Salwar kameez for women.[164] Burqa and Hijab is commonly practised among the Muslim women in public,[165] and these are some of the cultural attributes of the city.[165] Most of the youth wear western clothing.[166] Public carnivals celebrated in Hyderabad include the Ganesh Chaturthi,[167] Bonalu,[168] Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.[169]

Hyderabad city as the former capital of Hyderabad State had received the royal patronage for arts, literature and architecture by the former rulers, also attracting men of letters and arts from different parts of the world to get settled in the city. Such multi-ethnic settlements popularized multi cultural events such as Mushairas, literary and stage drama.[170] Besides the popularity of Western and other Indian popular musics such as the filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city based Marfa Music which had become an integral part of every event.[171][172] The Osmania University and University of Hyderabad offers Masters and Doctoral (Ph.D.) level programs in classical languages, modern languages, dance, theatre Arts, painting, fine art and communication.[173][174] The Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam are well-known auditoria for theatre and performing arts in the city.[175] The modern Hyderabad International Convention Centre (HICC), also known as HITEX, constructed with the cost of ₹3 billion has become well known venue address internationally.[176] The Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, is an annual event which showcases the city's literary and cultural aspects.[177] The first ever International Congress of Mathematicians was organized in the city.[178] Other cultural festivals include "International Children's Film Festival" and promoting regional Indian literature.[179] The State Central Library, Hyderabad (former name Asifia Kutubkhana) since 1891 is a leading library of Andhra Pradesh.[180] Some of the nationally and internationally acclaimed cultural representatives from the city are Sarojini Naidu, Amjad Hyderabadi, M F Hussain,[181] Talat Aziz, Harsha Bhogle, Sharmila Tagore, Vithal Rao, Shaik Dawood Khan, Janardhan Mitta and Rashid Ali.

A distinct Indo-Islamic architecture style with local contribution is reflected in Hyderabad buildings, making it the first and "Best Heritage City of India" as of March 2012.[11] The Qutb Shahi architecture since 15th century, manifested itself in colossal arches found in Charminar, Mecca Masjid and Charkaman. Qutub Shahi's built with massive granite walls using granite and lime mortar as the chief ingredients. Later from 17th century Asif Jahi architecture emerged with palatial style outweighed secular construction, Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam VII, is called as the maker of modern Hyderabad. The buildings constructed during his reign are impressive and represent a rich variety of architecture. The structures such as the Osmania University, Osmania General Hospital and High Court are designed and constructed in the styles of medieval and the Mughal architecture. The Nizam's, applied the European styles in some of the constructions such as Falaknuma and King Kothi Palaces.[171][182] The city houses many famous historical sites constructed during Qutb Shahi and Asif Jahi period, including the Golconda, Chowmahalla Palace, Purani Haveli, Andhra Pradesh Legislature and others. The city has many important museums including, the Salar Jung Museum which houses "world largest one man collection".[183] the Nizam Museum, AP State Archaeology Museum and City Museum.[184]

Deccani style painting originated in the 16th century in and around Hyderabad, contains a insightful native style with the blend of foreign techniques and had a similarity of neighboring Vijayanagara paintings. The highly use of luminous, gold and white colours are generally found in Deccani paintings. Due to the Islamic influence in the sultanate the Deccani paintings are mostly of nature with the background of floral and fauna, and the major use of regional landscape are reflected commonly with regional culture, some of the Deccani paintings present the historical events of the region.[185][186]

A Fine art metal handicraft Bidri ware (the skill's and techniques which came form Middle East to India during 14th century), was popularized in Hyderabad during Asif Jahi region in 18th century. Today the production of Bidriware in Hyderabad and neighboring Bidar accounts highest in India. The Bidri ware is an Geographical Indication (GI) awarded craft of India.[187] The Kalamkari, a Fine art of Handicraft ( Originated in Machilipatnam 3000 year ago is a Handicraft of Andhra Pradesh) is also popular in the city.[188]

Film-making in Hyderabad was started in early 1917 by Lotus film Co during the Nizams era.[189] The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood,[190] the second largest in India after Bollywood.[191] Since 2005, parallel to Tollywood and Bollywood the city base Hyderabad lingo movies initiated by "Hyderabad Deccan Film Club" had gained popularity in the region.[192] Since 2007, the city has hosted the Hyderabad International Film Festival (HIFF).[193] The Prasad IMAX Theaters houses the world's largest IMAX-3D,[194] In the year 2005, the Guinness World Records declared, The Ramoji Film City located in Hyderabad since 1996, as the world's largest film studio.[195]

Cuisine

Main article: Hyderabadi cuisine

Hyderabadi cuisine is prominent since the Nizams.[196] Hyderabadi's are large repertoire of spices, rice, wheat and meat food dishes, the Hyderabadi Biryani and Hyderabadi Haleem, with a blend of Mughalai and Arabic cuisine,[197] had become some of the iconic dishes of India.[198] Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughals and partially by French,[196] Arabic, Turkish and Irani food along with the influence of native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines where rice, wheat, spices and meat are widely used to great effect bringing in a unique taste to the Hyderabadi dishes.[197][199] The other popular unique native food dishes include Nahari, Kulche, Chakna, Baghara baingan and in desserts Qubani ka meetha, Double ka meetha and Kaddu Ki Kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).[199][200] Other popular cuisines among expatriates and other residents are south Indian, Italian, Mexican, Chinese and Continental.[200][201] Modern day's Coffee bars and pubs are also popular among the youth in the city.[202]

Media

Main article: Media in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

Among the early newspapers in Hyderabad was The Deccan Times establish in the early 1780s.[203] Now the city has three main print media that publish newspapers and magazines in Telugu, Urdu, and English. The major Telugu dailies are Eenadu, Sakshi and Andhra Jyothy. The major English dailies are The Times of India, The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle.[204] and the Urdu dailies of the city include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad.

In 1919 the British cantonment of Secunderabad established the communication station in the Hyderabad State and in 1924 an unknown spark station was operated from same region. Deccan Radio was the first general broadcasting radio station of Hyderabad to go on air on February 3, 1935.[205] The radio industry expanded with a number of private and government owned FM channels being introduced. Notable FM radio channels that broadcast in the city include AIR, Radio Mirchi FM (98.3 MHz), Radio City FM (91.1 MHz) and Big FM (92.7 MHz).[206]

Hyderabad witnessed the first satellite television relay in 1974 with the launch of state-owned Doordarshan Kendra Hyderabad, which initially telecast through ATS-6 Satellite in collaboration with NASA. The DD Kendra Hyderabad was officially inaugurated on 23 October 1977.[207] Hyderabad is covered by many optical fibre cables.[208]

Sports

See also: List of stadiums in Hyderabad
Indian Air Force HAL Dhruv helicopters performing during the 2007 Military World Games
Modern G.M.C. Balayogi Stadium, with world class infrastructure.[209]

Cricket and football (soccer) are the most popular sports in Hyderabad.[210] The city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 Hyderabad Open, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 BWF World Championships,[211][212] and IBSF World Snooker Championship (2009).[213]

The Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and the latest Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium with a capacity of 55,000 are associated with cricket and serves as a home ground of Hyderabad Cricket Association which hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup and 1996 Cricket World Cup.[214] The Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex and the G.M.C. Balayogi Stadium at Gachibowli are associated for hockey and football.[215]

Deccan Chargers, a franchise in the Indian Premier League (IPL),[216] won the 2009 IPL competition held in South Africa.[217] In the Indian Cricket League, the city is represented by the Hyderabad Heroes.[218] In the Premier Hockey League, Hyderabad is represented by the Hyderabad Sultans, who won the inaugural championship in 2005.[219] In 2011, with the establishment of the Elite Football League of India, Hyderabad is represented by the Hyderabad Skykings.[220]

The city houses many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and British, the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club known for its horse racing[221] conducts the Deccan derby, a popular annual event of this club.[222] The Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organises popular events like the Deccan 1/4 Mile Drag, TSD Rallies and 4x4 Off road.[223] The Hyderabad Golf Club is a eighteen-hole golf course.[224]

Famous sports persons of international stature from Hyderabad include cricketers Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub, Noel David, football players Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin, Shabbir Ali (football),[225] Tennis player Sania Mirza,[226] badminton players S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, Jwala Gutta, Chetan Anand, hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi, Mukesh Kumar and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan.[227]


Sister cities

City Geographical location Nation Reference
Brisbane Queensland  Australia
Ipswich Queensland  Australia
Dubai Dubai  United Arab Emirates [228]
Miyoshi Hiroshima  Japan [229]
Riverside California  United States [230]
Indianapolis Indiana  United States [231]
San Diego California  United States [232]

See also

References

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