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===Palestine===
===Palestine===
Salama was born in the village [[Qula]] in 1913 during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]] over [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} He was one of the leaders of the armed Arab groups who fought against the British and the Jewish community, known at the [[Yishuv]], in [[Mandatory Palestine]]. He participated in the violent 1933 Jaffa demonstrations during the [[1933 Palestine riots]], and became a leader of the [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}
Salama was born in the village [[Qula]] in 1913 during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]] over [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} He was one leader of armed Arab groups who fought for the independence of [[Mandatory Palestine]] against British authorities and Zionism. He participated in the violent 1933 Jaffa demonstrations during the [[1933 Palestine riots]], and became a leader of the [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}


At the beginning of the Revolt in early May 1936 he was assigned to command the Lydda - al-Ramla - Jaffa area.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} He planned and led a number of successful military operations against the British mandatory forces and the Yishuv. These operations included blowing up railway tracks and electrical power poles, severing lines of communication, and burning Yishuv orchards. In 1938 Salama was wounded when he blew up a train on the Lydda-Haifa line.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Salama fought under [[nom de guerre]] ''Abu Ali''.<ref name="RubinSchwanitz2014p153">{{cite book|author1=Barry Rubin|author2=Wolfgang G. Schwanitz|title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHe9AgAAQBAJ|date=25 February 2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14090-3|page=153}}</ref>
At the beginning of the Revolt in early May 1936 he was assigned to command the Lydda - al-Ramla - Jaffa area.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} He planned and led a number of successful military operations against the British mandatory forces and the Yishuv. These operations included blowing up railway tracks and electrical power poles, severing lines of communication, and burning Yishuv orchards. In 1938 Salama was wounded when he blew up a train on the Lydda-Haifa line.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Salama fought under [[nom de guerre]] ''Abu Ali''.<ref name="RubinSchwanitz2014p153">{{cite book|author1=Barry Rubin|author2=Wolfgang G. Schwanitz|title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHe9AgAAQBAJ|date=25 February 2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14090-3|page=153}}</ref>

Revision as of 03:38, 22 June 2017

For the Palestinian militant who was killed in 1979, see Ali Hassan Salameh.
Hasan Salama
حسن سلامة
Hasan Salama, 1939
Born1913 (1913)
Qula, Ottoman Empire
Died2 June 1948 (1948-06-03)
Ras al-Ein
Allegiance
Service / branchArmy of the Holy War
Years of service1936-1948
Battles / wars1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine
Anglo-Iraqi War
Operation ATLAS
1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
RelationsAli Hassan Salameh (son)

Hasan Salama or Hassan Salameh (Template:Lang-ar, Ḥasan Salāmah) (1913–1948) was a commander of the Palestinian Holy War Army (Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas, Arabic: جيش الجهاد المقدس) in the 1948 Palestine War along with Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni.

Biography

Palestine

Salama was born in the village Qula in 1913 during the Ottoman rule over Palestine.[citation needed] He was one leader of armed Arab groups who fought for the independence of Mandatory Palestine against British authorities and Zionism. He participated in the violent 1933 Jaffa demonstrations during the 1933 Palestine riots, and became a leader of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine.[citation needed]

At the beginning of the Revolt in early May 1936 he was assigned to command the Lydda - al-Ramla - Jaffa area.[citation needed] He planned and led a number of successful military operations against the British mandatory forces and the Yishuv. These operations included blowing up railway tracks and electrical power poles, severing lines of communication, and burning Yishuv orchards. In 1938 Salama was wounded when he blew up a train on the Lydda-Haifa line.[citation needed] Salama fought under nom de guerre Abu Ali.[1]

Kingdom of Iraq

After the Arab revolt in Palestine Salama traveled to Lebanon and Syria and joined the Mufti of Jerusalem Hajj Amin al-Husseini to Kingdom of Iraq. In Iraq Salama took a tank commander's course at the Military College. Salama supported Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, and led a group of 165 Palestinian fighters. He participated in the Rashid Ali coup of 1941 and, during the subsequent Anglo-Iraqi War.[citation needed]

World War II & Operation Atlas

Salama followed the grand mufti al-Husseini to Nazi Germany and became his senior aid and a virtual covert operative of the Germans."[2] Salama went through commando course before going to the sabotage school.[3] Salama was as a member of a special commando unit of the German foreign intelligence organization Amt VI in Operation ATLAS: during the night of October 6, 1944 Salama and four other commandos (three German Templars and nne Palestinian Arab) parachuted from a German Heinkel HeS 3 airplane into Mandatory Palestine over the Jericho region in Wadi Qelt. Their equipment reportedly included explosives, submachine guns, and dynamite, radio equipment, 5,000 Pound sterling. They had some capsules of poison intended to liquidate locals believed to be collaborating with the Mandatory Authorities[4] One of the Germans and Salama evaded capture, and he took refuge in Qula, where a physician treated his injured foot.[5] The mission was intended to supply local Palestinian Arab resistance groups with resources and arms, and to direct sabotage activity.

1947–1948 Palestine War

Salama with rifle in hand and on horseback during the revolt in Mandatory Palestine, 1939

In 1947 Salameh re-emerged as the second-in-command of the Army of the Holy War, a force of Palestinian Arab irregulars in the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine that was associated with Grand Mufti al-Husseini.[6] The force has been described as Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni's "personal" army.[7] Salame had retrieved Nazi arms from the Egyptian desert, that had been hidden there during WWII, and used them to attack in December 8, 1947 Hatikva Quarter in Tel Aviv.[8] There are reports that Salama used ex-Nazi advisors in his fight in Palestine.[9] At the meeting held in Damascus on 5 February 1948, to organize the Palestinian Field Commands, Salama was allocated the Lydda district.[10] Salama commanded the forces in Jaffa, the coastal plain, al-Ramla and Lydda.

Salama was a member of the Palestine Arab Party.

Salama was killed by the IDF in the battle of Ras al-Ein on 2 June 1948.[11] He was the father of Ali Hassan Salameh, chief of Black September and the man chiefly responsible of the Munich massacre at the 1972 Olympics.[12]

References

  1. ^ Barry Rubin; Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (25 February 2014). Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Yale University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-300-14090-3.
  2. ^ Kai Bird (20 May 2014). The Good Spy: The Life and Death of Robert Ames. Crown/Archetype. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-0-307-88977-5.
  3. ^ Barry Rubin; Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (25 February 2014). Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Yale University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-300-14090-3.
  4. ^ Christian Destremau, Le Moyen-Orient pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Perrin, 2011.
  5. ^ Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine by Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cuppers, tran. by Krista Smith, (Enigma Books, published in association with the United States Holocaust Museum, NY; 2010), pp. 200, 201
  6. ^ Albert Habib Hourani, Philip S. Khoury and Mary C. Wilson (2004-03-04). The Modern Middle East: A Reader. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 537. ISBN 978-1-86064-963-9.
  7. ^ Ilan Pappé (1994-08-15). The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947-51. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-85043-819-9.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference RubinSchwanitz2014p199 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Barry Rubin; Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (25 February 2014). Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Yale University Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-300-14090-3.
  10. ^ Haim Levenberg (1993-09-01). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945-1948. London: Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 0-7146-3439-5.
  11. ^ "Alphabetical & Chronological listing of Palestinian Personalities". Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs.
  12. ^ The hunt for Black September
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