Jump to content

Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 40°26′37″N 79°55′17″W / 40.44361°N 79.92139°W / 40.44361; -79.92139
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Ash Carol (talk | contribs)
232 edits
if this was previously the title for this URL, they updated it to something shorter... not called upon later so not sure if we need to alias it, shortening in case (same with CBS list)
Ash Carol (talk | contribs)
232 edits
→Shooting timeline: if the victims list doesn't mention who the non-ToL victims were then the timeline should
Line 79: Line 79:
By 9:54&nbsp;a.m., police began receiving calls from people barricaded in the building reporting the attack.<ref name="KDKA-20181027">{{cite news |last1=Sheehan |first1=Andy |last2=Schiller |first2=Meghan |title=11 Dead, Several Others Shot At Pittsburgh Synagogue |url=https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/10/27/heavy-police-presence-near-synagogue-in-squirrel-hill/ |publisher=[[KDKA-TV|KDKA]] |date=October 27, 2018 |accessdate=October 27, 2018 |quote=Police sources tell KDKA’s Andy Sheehan the gunman, Robert Bowers, walked into the building and yelled, “All Jews must die.” Sheehan’s sources also confirmed that eleven people have died. }}</ref><ref name="kesq.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.kesq.com/news/national-world/heres-how-the-shooting-at-a-pittsburgh-synagogue-unfolded/829653460|title=Here's how the shooting at a Pittsburgh synagogue unfolded|first=Steve |last=Almasy |first2=Artemis|last2=Moshtaghian|publisher=CNN|date=October 28, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref>
By 9:54&nbsp;a.m., police began receiving calls from people barricaded in the building reporting the attack.<ref name="KDKA-20181027">{{cite news |last1=Sheehan |first1=Andy |last2=Schiller |first2=Meghan |title=11 Dead, Several Others Shot At Pittsburgh Synagogue |url=https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/10/27/heavy-police-presence-near-synagogue-in-squirrel-hill/ |publisher=[[KDKA-TV|KDKA]] |date=October 27, 2018 |accessdate=October 27, 2018 |quote=Police sources tell KDKA’s Andy Sheehan the gunman, Robert Bowers, walked into the building and yelled, “All Jews must die.” Sheehan’s sources also confirmed that eleven people have died. }}</ref><ref name="kesq.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.kesq.com/news/national-world/heres-how-the-shooting-at-a-pittsburgh-synagogue-unfolded/829653460|title=Here's how the shooting at a Pittsburgh synagogue unfolded|first=Steve |last=Almasy |first2=Artemis|last2=Moshtaghian|publisher=CNN|date=October 28, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018}}</ref>


At 9:55&nbsp;a.m.,<ref name=Sales>{{cite news |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-the-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-unfolded/ |date=October 30, 2018 |first=Ben |last=Sales |title=How the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting unfolded — minute-by-minute}}</ref> the leader of New Light's services, Melvin Wax, was shot after exiting a closet, but the shooter did not notice the other 3 congregants who remained in the closet. Two other members of New Light were killed though. The New Light congregation, meeting in the basement, had a smaller than usual turnout.<ref name=People/> Dor Hadash lost one member, a physician who had left the congregation at the sound of gunshots to see if anyone had been hurt.<ref name=People/>
At 9:55&nbsp;a.m.,<ref name=Sales>{{cite news |work=[[Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-the-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-unfolded/ |date=October 30, 2018 |first=Ben |last=Sales |title=How the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting unfolded — minute-by-minute}}</ref> the leader of New Light's services, Melvin Wax, was shot after exiting a closet, but the shooter did not notice the other 3 congregants who remained in the closet. Two other members of New Light (Gottfried and Stein) were killed in the basement kitchen. The New Light congregation, meeting in the basement, had a smaller than usual turnout.<ref name=People/> Dor Hadash lost one member, Jerry Rabinowitz, a physician who had left the congregation at the sound of gunshots to see if anyone had been hurt.<ref name=People/>


At 9:57&nbsp;a.m.,<ref name=Sales/> the shooter left the basement service for New Light and headed upstairs to the larger Tree of Life service. About 13 worshippers had gathered for the Shabbat service of the Tree of Life congregation in an upstairs chapel; rabbi Jeffrey Myers helped four of them evacuate the chapel through a side door, but eight of the worshippers remained behind, of whom seven were killed and one wounded by the gunman.<ref name=People/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/tree-of-life-rabbi-jeffrey-myers_us_5bdee9f6e4b09d43e31fb791|title=Tree Of Life Rabbi Says 'Hate Speech' Fueled By Politicians Led To Synagogue Massacre |first=Dominique|last=Mosbergen|date=November 4, 2018|accessdate=November 4, 2018|work=HuffPost}}</ref>
At 9:57&nbsp;a.m.,<ref name=Sales/> the shooter left the basement service for New Light and headed upstairs to the larger Tree of Life service. About 13 worshippers had gathered for the Shabbat service of the Tree of Life congregation in an upstairs chapel; rabbi Jeffrey Myers helped four of them evacuate the chapel through a side door, but eight of the worshippers remained behind, of whom seven were killed and one wounded by the gunman.<ref name=People/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/tree-of-life-rabbi-jeffrey-myers_us_5bdee9f6e4b09d43e31fb791|title=Tree Of Life Rabbi Says 'Hate Speech' Fueled By Politicians Led To Synagogue Massacre |first=Dominique|last=Mosbergen|date=November 4, 2018|accessdate=November 4, 2018|work=HuffPost}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:49, 21 November 2018

Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
File:PSX 20181027 164107.jpg
Tree of Life synagogue
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
1km
0.6miles
LocationTree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation,
5898 Wilkins Avenue,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Coordinates40°26′37″N 79°55′17″W / 40.44361°N 79.92139°W / 40.44361; -79.92139
DateOctober 27, 2018 (2018-10-27)
9:54–11:08 a.m. (EDT)
TargetTree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation
Attack type
Mass shooting
Weapons
Deaths11
Injured7 (including suspected perpetrator)
MotiveAntisemitism, belief in the white genocide conspiracy theory
Charges
  • 29 federal criminal counts
  • 36 state criminal counts

The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting was a mass shooting that occurred at Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation[a] in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 27, 2018, while Shabbat morning services were being held. Eleven people were killed and seven were injured.

The sole suspect, 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers,[4][5] was arrested and charged with 29 federal crimes and 36 state crimes.[4][6] Using the online social network Gab,[7] Bowers posted anti-Semitic comments against the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS)[8][9] in which Dor Hadash[10] and/or Tree of Life[11] was a supporting participant. Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants, he posted on Gab shortly before the attack that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[12]

This was the deadliest attack ever on the Jewish community in the United States.[13][14]

Background

Part of a series on
Antisemitism
Definitions
Geography
Africa & Asia
Americas
Europe
Oceania
Manifestations
Antisemitic tropes
Persecution
Antisemitic publications
Antisemitism on the Internet
People
Opposition
Related topics
Category

Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation is a Conservative Jewish synagogue. The synagogue describes itself as a "traditional, progressive, and egalitarian congregation".[15] It is located in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Carnegie Mellon University and about 5 miles (8.0 km) east of downtown Pittsburgh.[15][16] The Squirrel Hill neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Jewish neighborhoods in the United States and has historically been the center of Pittsburgh's Jewish community, with 26 percent of the city's Jewish population living in the area.[17][18][19]

Originally founded as an Orthodox Jewish congregation in 1864 in downtown Pittsburgh, Tree of Life merged in 2010 with the recently founded Congregation Or L'Simcha.[20] The modern synagogue building, located at the intersection of Wilkins Avenue and Shady Avenue in Squirrel Hill, was built in 1953; it rents space to Dor Hadash,[b] a Reconstructionist congregation; and New Light, another Conservative congregation.[21][22][23] The synagogue's main sanctuary has a capacity of 1,250 people.[24]

Although Squirrel Hill has a low crime rate and is not generally regarded as racially tense, local rabbinic student Neal Rosenblum was murdered in the neighborhood in 1986 in an antisemitic hate crime.[25]

The massacre occurred just after two independent reports from Columbia University and the Anti-Defamation League saw a spike in anti-Semitic activity online, especially on the popular social networking platforms Instagram and Twitter.[26][27][28][29][30]

The immediate rise in the months of August to October was connected to the 2018 US midterm elections,[31] with a similar rise having occurred during the 2016 US election,[26] with the midterms being a "rallying point" for far-right extremists to organize efforts to spread antisemitism among the populace online.[27] The intervening years between 2016 and 2018 saw rising indicators of antisemitism in American public life, including a 57% rise in antisemitic incidents in 2017[29][28] in context of rising hate crimes against other groups including Muslims and African Americans as reported by the FBI,[29] a wave of vandalizations of hundreds of Jewish gravestones in Pennsylvania and Missouri,[27] and a multiplication by 2 of antisemitic incidents on university campuses.[30] In 2017, the widely publicized Charlottesville riots featured Nazi symbols, salutes, and the slogan "Blood and Soil" [30] amid explicit and implicitly racist and antisemitic rhetoric. Online, the reports found that a large proportion of the antisemitic material was spread through the medium of conspiracy theories concerning wealthy Jewish individuals including billionaire George Soros, with Columbia University's Jon Albright claiming that these represented the "worst sample" of all the hate speech he had seen on Instagram.[26]

Shooting timeline

At 9:45 a.m. three services were underway in the Tree of Life synagogue which housed three congregations. Tree of Life and New Light had both just begun separate Shabbat morning service in the Pervin Chapel[32] and basement. Dor Hadash was near the front holding a bris[32] before the 10:00 a.m. Torah study session.[33]

At 9:50 a.m. EDT (13:50 UTC), a gunman described as a "bearded heavy-set white male" entered the building, opened fire and was "shooting for about 20 minutes".[34] He was armed with a Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle (cited by authorities as an "assault rifle"[2]) and three Glock .357 SIG semi-automatic pistols, all four of which he fired, according to authorities.[6][16][35][13] Approximately 75 people were inside the building[32] during regularly scheduled Shabbat morning services.[36] The first two shot were the Rosenthal brothers at the main entrance, after which the shooter headed downstairs to New Light. Some hearing the shots did not initially recognize what they were: upstairs the rabbi thought it was a falling coatrack[37] and downstairs a member of New Light thought the Kiddush table for the bris had been knocked over.[38]

By 9:54 a.m., police began receiving calls from people barricaded in the building reporting the attack.[39][40]

At 9:55 a.m.,[41] the leader of New Light's services, Melvin Wax, was shot after exiting a closet, but the shooter did not notice the other 3 congregants who remained in the closet. Two other members of New Light (Gottfried and Stein) were killed in the basement kitchen. The New Light congregation, meeting in the basement, had a smaller than usual turnout.[32] Dor Hadash lost one member, Jerry Rabinowitz, a physician who had left the congregation at the sound of gunshots to see if anyone had been hurt.[32]

At 9:57 a.m.,[41] the shooter left the basement service for New Light and headed upstairs to the larger Tree of Life service. About 13 worshippers had gathered for the Shabbat service of the Tree of Life congregation in an upstairs chapel; rabbi Jeffrey Myers helped four of them evacuate the chapel through a side door, but eight of the worshippers remained behind, of whom seven were killed and one wounded by the gunman.[32][42]

At some point during the invasion, the shooter allegedly shouted "All Jews must die!"[22] with KDKA reporter Andy Sheehan citing police sources as the quote's source.[39]

At 9:59 a.m., police arrived at the synagogue.[40][43] The gunman fired on police from the entryway, apparently on his way out of the building, and police returned fire, causing the gunman to retreat into the building.[32][44]

At 10:30 a.m., tactical teams entered the building and were again fired upon by the gunman. Officers returned fire and wounded him, leading him to retreat to a room on the third floor of the synagogue.[40] In the exchange of gunfire two SWAT members were also wounded, one critically.[44]

At 11:08 a.m., the gunman crawled out of the room in which he was hiding and surrendered.[45] As he received medical care in police custody, he allegedly told a SWAT officer that he wanted all Jews to die, and that Jews were committing genocide against his people, according to a criminal complaint filed in Allegheny County.[46]

Victims

Memorials for victims outside the Tree of Life synagogue

Eleven people were killed,[47][12][48] including three on the ground level and four in the synagogue's basement.[49] Among the dead were two brothers (the Rosenthals) and a married couple (the Simons).[34][50] At least six others were injured, including four police officers.[39] Five people were transported to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, four requiring surgery, while one was treated and released by the afternoon. Another victim was transported to UPMC Mercy, while the suspected shooter was taken to Allegheny General Hospital, where three Jews were among those who treated him.[51] Those killed were:

  • Joyce Fienberg, 75
  • Rich Gottfried, 65
  • Rose Mallinger, 97
  • (Doctor) Jerry Rabinowitz, 66
  • Cecil Rosenthal, 59
  • David Rosenthal, 54
  • Bernice Simon, 84
  • Sylvan Simon, 86
  • Daniel Stein, 71
  • (Rabbi) Melvin Wax, 88
  • Irving Younger, 69

Of the four injured officers, three were shot and one was injured by glass fragments.[32]

Suspect

Robert Gregory Bowers (born September 4, 1972),[4][5][52] a 46-year-old resident of Baldwin, Pennsylvania, was arrested as the suspected shooter.[53][54][55][56] Bowers' parents divorced when he was about one year old.[57] His father reportedly committed suicide at the age of 27,[58] when Bowers was about 6 years old.[58][57][59] Bowers' mother remarried to a Florida man when Bowers was a toddler, and he lived with them in Florida until they separated a year after their marriage.[57] Upon returning to Pennsylvania, Robert and his mother lived with his mother's parents in Whitehall. His grandparents took responsibility for raising him, as his mother suffered from health problems.[57]

Bowers attended Baldwin High School in the Baldwin-Whitehall School District from August 1986 to November 1989. He then dropped out of high school and worked as a trucker.[60][61]

Neighbors described Bowers as "a ghost" and said that he rarely interacted with others.[53]

According to accounts of Bowers' coworkers of 20 years ago, and analysis of recent social media posts, what started out as staunch conservatism transitioned into white nationalism; at one point Bowers was fascinated by radio host Jim Quinn but at a later point he became a follower of "aggressive online provocateurs of the right wing’s fringe."[62]

He was heavily involved in websites such as Gab and had promoted anti-Semitic conspiracy theories online through social media.[63]

Gab has been described as "extremist friendly"[64] for neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and the alt-right.[64] Bowers' Gab profile was registered in January 2018 under the handle "onedingo", and the account's description was: "Jews are the children of Satan (John 8:44). The Lord Jesus Christ [has] come in the flesh." reflecting Christian Identity beliefs. The cover picture was a photo with the number 1488, which is used by neo-Nazis and white supremacists to evoke David Lane's "Fourteen Words" and the Nazi slogan Heil Hitler. He had published posts supporting the white genocide theory. Bowers also stated supporters of the QAnon conspiracy theory were "deluded" and being tricked.[65][66][67] He also re-posted content by other anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi, white nationalist/supremacist and Holocaust-denying users such as Patrick Little and /pol/, as well as reposting comments in support of the Southern California-based alt-right fight club Rise Above Movement (aka RAM) who were present at Charlottesville and the far-right fraternity Proud Boys (led by Vice News founder Gavin McInnes) who attended a Metropolitan Republican Party Club meeting in New York City both groups would be later convicted and arrested by the FBI in October for violence against counterprotestors[68][69][70][71] and he criticized President Donald Trump for being a "globalist, not a nationalist"[72] and for supposedly being controlled and surrounded by Jews.[73] In another post, he wrote, “There is no #MAGA as long as there is a kike infestation.”[56] Other posts attacked African Americans with racial slurs and images related to lynching, and attacked women who have relationships with black men.[74] He also used his online accounts to post conspiracy theories regarding investor and philanthropist George Soros.[75]

A month before the attack, Bowers posted photos showing the results of his target practice, and a photo of his three handguns, calling them his "glock family".[69] In the post, he identified the .357 SIG handguns as Glock 31, Glock 32, and Glock 33.[68]

Bowers also worked with alt-right associated blogger and League of the South (another organization that was present at the Charlottesville riots) member (LS) Brad Griffin (aka Hunter Wallace) on doxxing an unidentified left-wing blogger posting "that address is not the most current for him. I can get you the most recent outside of gab".[76]

In the weeks before the shooting, Bowers made anti-Semitic posts directed at the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS)[8][9] who sponsored National Refugee Shabbat[77] of October 19–20, in which Dor Hasah[10] and/or Tree of Life[11] participated. He claimed that Jews were aiding members of Central American caravans moving towards the United States border and to have referred to members of those caravans as "invaders".[7] Shortly before the attack, in an apparent reference to immigrants to the United States, he posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[12][78][56] According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, "the mention of 'optics' references a disagreement that has raged within the white nationalist movement since the Unite the Right rally in 2017 about how best to get their message across to the general public".[79]

After the shooting, Gab suspended Bowers' profile and pledged to cooperate with the criminal investigation.[65][71] Shortly after the attack, PayPal, Stripe, Joyent, and Medium pulled support for Gab, and GoDaddy, which the Gab domains were registered under, required Gab to relocate their domain name hosting to a different service in the wake of the shooting, effectively shutting Gab down in the short term.[80]

Criminal charges and proceedings

Bowers was charged by the US Department of Justice with 29 federal crimes.[4][6][81]

The federal charges include eleven counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death, eleven counts of use of a firearm to commit murder during a crime of violence, four counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in bodily injury to a public safety officer, and three counts of use and discharge of a firearm during a crime of violence.[34][81][82][83]

The crimes of violence are based upon the federal civil rights laws prohibiting hate crimes.[83]

Bowers was also charged with 36 state criminal counts, including 11 counts of criminal homicide, 6 counts of aggravated assault, 6 counts of attempted criminal homicide and 13 counts of ethnic intimidation.[4][6]

Bowers appeared in federal court in Pittsburgh on October 29, to hear the charges against him. His attorney was appointed by the court and he was remanded to the custody of the United States Marshals Service without bail pending further hearings.[84] Bowers was indicted by the federal grand jury on October 31. The charges carry a maximum penalty of death or 535 years in federal prison.[85] On November 1, Bowers entered a plea of not guilty, "as is typical at this stage of the proceedings" his public defender said.[86]

Reactions

United States

Pennsylvania governor Tom Wolf makes a statement about the shooting. Mayor of Pittsburgh Bill Peduto stands listening, seventh from right (striped tie).

President Donald Trump, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf, his running mate Braddock Mayor John Fetterman, and Pittsburgh City Councilman Corey O'Connor released statements about the incident through Twitter.[87] Trump called the shooting a wicked, anti-Semitic act of "pure evil."[87] He also opined that the shooting was preventable: "If there was an armed guard inside the temple, they would have been able to stop him".[88][89][90] He also suggested that cases such as this call for the death penalty.[90]

Cecilia Wang of the American Civil Liberties Union said that the attack, along with other recent unrest, was inspired by elements of Trump's rhetoric.[91] Vice President Mike Pence denied any such connection in an NBC News interview that night.[92][93] Over 2,000 people, including many from the local Jewish community, protested against Trump's presence, chanting "Words have meaning", and carrying signs with such slogans as "We build bridges not walls".[94]

From October 27 to 31, all American flags on public and military grounds were flown at half-staff in memory of the victims.[95]

International

Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the "horrifying anti-Semitic brutality" adding that "the whole of Israel grieves with the families of the dead."[96] Israel's education and diaspora affairs minister, Naftali Bennett, immediately left for Pittsburgh to visit the synagogue, meet with community members, and participate in the funerals of the victims,[97] and has directed the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs "to assess and prepare to assist the Pittsburgh Jewish community, 'including the need for emergency and resilience teams that immediately left Israel for psychological assistance and community rehabilitation.'"[98][99][100] Israel's cabinet stood for a moment's silence on October 28 to honor the victims of a synagogue shooting.[101]

Chief Rabbi of Israel David Lau expressed support for the victims saying that "any murder of any Jew in any part of the world for being Jewish is unforgivable".[102] He described the location as "a place with a profound Jewish flavor". Many news reports asserted that Lau refused to refer to the Conservative congregation as a "synagogue" since it is non-Orthodox, but in the interview in question, Lau asked rhetorically, "Why does it matter in what synagogue or what liturgy they were praying?!" (emphasis in the original).[103] However, prominent non-Orthodox Israeli religious leaders and scholars rejected Lau's statement.[104][105][106]

Tel Aviv Municipality lit their city hall building with the colors of the American flag in solidarity with the victims of the Pittsburgh synagogue attack.[107][108] An image of the Israeli flag next to the American flag was projected onto Jerusalem's Western Wall.[109]

Pope Francis denounced the "inhuman act of violence" in his Sunday prayers in St. Peter's Square on October 28, leading prayers for the dead and wounded, as well as their families. He asked God "to help us to extinguish the flames of hatred that develop in our societies".[110]

Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Javad Zarif offered his thoughts and prayers to the victims of the shooting and stated that "Extremism and terrorism know no race or religion, and must be condemned in all cases".[111] Hamas also offered condolences and condemned the attack.[112]

Local

Carnegie Mellon University lowered the American flag to half-staff to mourn the victims.
People gathered again at the intersection of Forbes and Murray Avenues in front of the Sixth Presbyterian Church on October 30. On the same day, President Donald Trump visited Pittsburgh in response to the shooting incident.[113]

Immediately after the shooting, the campus of Carnegie Mellon University was placed on lockdown and all university-sponsored activities were cancelled for the day.[23] At the same time residents were advised by police to remain in their homes and stay off the streets.[49]

An unusually large proportion of the Pittsburgh Jewish community from all denominations participated in local Jewish rituals related to death and mourning. Jewish tradition requires a person to guard a corpse until it is buried. Volunteer guards (shomrim) took one-hour shifts at the Pittsburgh morgue until the bodies were moved to funeral homes. The Atlantic reported that "most of the volunteers appeared to be Orthodox, but they felt strong solidarity with the liberal communities that were directly affected by the shooting."[114]

Members of the Pittsburgh Steelers attended the joint funeral service for the Rosenthal brothers on Tuesday, October 30, when NFL teams are traditionally off. The brothers, who were intellectually disabled, had a sister who is a former employee of the team.[115]

Media and organizations

Many local businesses on Murray Avenue put up posters to voice for the victims.

The New York Times published an op-ed by Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, that urged readers to fight against antisemitism and hate.[116]

A CNN editorial described the shooting as one of three hate-incited acts that took place in the United States in the same week, along with a series of mail bombing attempts and the Jeffersontown Kroger shooting.[117]

On October 28, the Empire State Building darkened its lights in honor of the victims. According to the building's Twitter account, the top of the spire was left aglow with "an orange halo shining a light on gun violence awareness".[118] The Eiffel Tower also darkened its lights in tribute to the victims of the shooting.[119] In the wake of the shooting on October 27, the University of Pittsburgh darkened its traditional Victory Lights atop of the Cathedral of Learning,[120] and on November 2, the university altered the Victory Lights so the blue beam would shine for only 11 seconds, one second for every victim who lost their life.[121]

Sports teams that observed a moment of silence for the shooting victims included the Pittsburgh Steelers at their home game against the Cleveland Browns,[122] the New Orleans Saints at the Minnesota Vikings,[123] the Pittsburgh Penguins at the Vancouver Canucks,[124] the Winnipeg Jets at the Toronto Maple Leafs,[125] the Philadelphia Eagles and the Jacksonville Jaguars playing in London,[126] and the Pittsburgh Panthers hosting Duke at Heinz Field.[127] A moment of silence was also observed before Game 4 of the World Series at Dodger Stadium on the night of October 27.[127]

The Pittsburgh Penguins wore jerseys with a patch that read "Stronger Than Hate" for their game against the New York Islanders on October 30. The team announced that following the game, the team would auction off the jerseys on behalf of the synagogue.[128] Similarly, the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team displayed a "Stronger than Hate" decal on their helmets during the November 2 game visiting the University of Virginia.[129]

Vigils and rallies

On the evening of the shooting, over 3,000 people gathered at the intersection of Murray and Forbes Avenues in Squirrel Hill for an interfaith candlelight vigil organized by students from nearby Taylor Allderdice High School.[130] Two additional vigils were also held in the neighborhood.[6]

The day after the shooting, an interfaith vigil organized by the regional Jewish Federation was held at Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall, drawing an overflow crowd estimated at 2,500.[131] The event was attended by numerous national and local dignitaries, and featured a number of speakers, including the rabbis of the three congregations which occupied the synagogue building, Islamic and Christian clergy, and civic leaders.[132] Among those in attendance were Bill Peduto, mayor of Pittsburgh; Rich Fitzgerald, Allegheny County executive; Senators Bob Casey and Pat Toomey; Governor Tom Wolf; Naftali Bennett, Israeli Minister for Education and Minister for Diaspora Affairs; Ron Dermer, Israeli ambassador to the United States; and Danny Danon, permanent representative of Israel to the United Nations. A video was streamed during the event featuring Israeli president Reuven Rivlin,[133] who offered brief remarks and led the crowd in a recitation of the Kaddish.[134][135]

In the week following the attack, Jewish and interfaith communal vigils and solidarity rallies were held across the world.[136][137] In the United States, these were attended by hundreds or thousands of people,[138] in locations including Ann Arbor, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Buffalo, Charleston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Houston, Jacksonville, Knoxville, Los Angeles, Madison, Memphis, Middletown, New Haven, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Portland, Rochester, Salt Lake City, Seattle, St. Louis, Washington, Wilkes-Barre and Woodbridge.[137][139][140][141][142][143][144][145] In Canada, they were held in Montreal, Ottawa, Halifax, Vancouver and other places. In Israel, approximately 500 Americans and Israelis lit candles on the night of October 28 at Zion Square in Jerusalem.[137] In Europe, Jewish communal vigils were held in London, Liverpool, Brighton, and Paris.[146][147]

College students at more than one hundred campuses across the country held vigils in the days following the shootings in remembrance of the victims.[148]

The American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Federations of North America called for Jews and non-Jews to attend synagogue services on the Shabbat following the attack, under the hashtag #ShowUpForShabbat. NBC News reported that thousands of people around the world attended services in local synagogues, community centers, and college campuses, including Mayor of London Sadiq Khan.[149]

Presidential visit

On October 30, President Donald Trump flew to Pittsburgh on Air Force One, accompanied by First Lady Melania Trump, daughter Ivanka Trump, son-in-law Jared Kushner, and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin. They first stopped at the synagogue, where they met with Tree of Life spiritual leader Jeffrey Myers and Israeli ambassador to the US Ron Dermer. Trump lit candles for the victims in the vestibule and then went outside to place one small stone on each of the 11 Star-of-David markers of the memorial to those killed there, stones which Trump had brought from the grounds of the White House. Then the group went to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, where Trump spoke with wounded victims, their families, law enforcement officials, and medical staff.[113]

Trump's visit was discouraged by some in the Pittsburgh community. Pittsburgh mayor Bill Peduto said that Trump should not have come, as the wounds were raw and the community was just beginning to mourn and hold funerals.[150] Peduto, with agreement from Allegheny County executive Rich Fitzgerald, also urged Trump to consider "the wills of the families" of the deceased.[151] Over 70,000 people signed an open letter stating that Trump was not welcome until he "fully denounces white nationalism".[152] Former Tree of Life president Lynette Lederman also opposed Trump's visit, saying that she felt his words were "hypocritical" and that "We have people who stand by us who believe in values, not just Jewish values, but believe in values, and those are the not the values of this president, and I do not welcome him to Pittsburgh".[153][154][155] Before Trump's visit, Tree of Life rabbi Jeffrey Myers said, "There is hate, and it isn't going away. It just seems to be getting worse. ... We've got to stop hate, and it can't just be to say we need to stop hate. We need to do, we need to act to tone down rhetoric," adding that he would welcome a visit from President Trump.[153] Aaron Bisno, the rabbi of Rodef Shalom Congregation, stated that he did not think Trump's presence was good, saying that for many people in the community Trump had become a "symbol of division".[156] During Trump's visit to the synagogue, an estimated 2,000 protesters were cordoned off a few blocks away.[157] Afterward, Rabbi Jeffrey Myers said, "The President was very warm, very consoling."[158]

Fundraising

Numerous fundraising efforts were launched to assist with medical bills and counseling for survivors of the shooting, burial of the victims, and repairs to the synagogue.[159] As of November 1, a GoFundMe campaign initiated by an Iranian graduate student in Washington, D.C., had exceeded US$1 million in donations,[160] and a new goal of US$1.2 million has also been surpassed. Muslim groups opened a LaunchGood crowdfunding campaign to help pay for the burial of the victims and survivors' medical bills, with the funds to be distributed by the Islamic Center of Pittsburgh.[161][162] As of November 1, that campaign had exceeded its goal of $150,000 with more than $225,000 in contributions.[160] The campaign announced that excess funds would be "spent on projects that help foster Muslim-Jewish collaboration, dialogue, and solidarity".[163] The Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh raised $3.65 million for victims by November 13;[164] donations to that organization will be matched by the United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh Foundation.[159][160] Fundraising for shooting victims in the Dor Hadash and New Light congregations raised nearly $23,000 combined.[165]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Template:Lang-he-n[3]
  2. ^ Template:Lang-he-n

References

  1. ^ a b "What we know about Robert Bowers, suspect in mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue". WPXI. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  2. ^ a b Robertson, Campbell; Mele, Christopher; Tsvrernise, Sabrina (October 27, 2018). "11 Killed in Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged With 29 Counts". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2018. - NOTE: please see extensive discussion about "assault rifles" at => Talk:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting#"AR-15 rifle" considered an "Assault Weapon" - or Not?
  3. ^ "Synagogue Life". Tree of Life * Or l'Simcha Congregation. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Magisterial District Judge 05-0-03 - DOCKET - Docket Number: MJ-05003-CR-0009000-2018 - Criminal Docket - Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Robert Gregory Bowers". Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. October 27, 2018. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Ailworth, Erin; Hagerty, James R. (October 28, 2018). "Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Described as Man Who Kept to Himself - Robert G. Bowers was active on social media, but few recall him in person; 'very unremarkable, normal—which is scary' says one neighbor". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e Robertson, Campbell; Mele, Christopher; Tsvrernise, Sabrina (October 27, 2018). "11 Killed in Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged With 29 Counts". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  7. ^ a b Andone, Dakin; Hanna, Jason; Sterling, Joe; Murphy, Paul P. (October 28, 2018). "Hate crime charges filed in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting that left 11 dead". CNN. Retrieved October 28, 2018. A law enforcement source told CNN that investigators believe an account on Gab, a social media platform, that espoused anti-Semitic views belonged to Bowers.
  8. ^ a b Shannon, Sant (October 27, 2018). "What's Known About Robert Bowers, The Suspect In The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting". NPR. Retrieved October 27, 2018. Bowers' post read, "Why hello there HIAS! You like to bring in hostile invaders to dwell among us?"
  9. ^ a b Vesoulis, Abby (October 27, 2018). "How Gab Became the Social Media Site Where the Pittsburgh Suspect's Anti-Semitism Thrived" [Why Gab Allowed Pittsburgh Suspect's Anti-Semitism to Thrive]. Time. Retrieved October 27, 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b Ward, Paula Reed; Lord, Rich; Navatril, Liz (October 27, 2018). "Suspect identified as Robert Bowers, 46, in Squirrel Hill synagogue shooting". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 27, 2018. Jewish Family and Community Services is listed on the HIAS website as a partner of the organization. The website indicates that JFCS and three Pittsburgh congregations were participating in the group's awareness campaign last weekend: Beth Shalom, Dor Hadash and Makom HaLev.
  11. ^ a b Weiss, Bari (October 27, 2018). "A Massacre in the Heart of Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2018. Bowers shared a link to an event called Refugee Shabbat, a national initiative organized by HIAS, of which Tree of Life was a participating synagogue.
  12. ^ a b c Levenson, Eric; Sanchez, Ray (October 27, 2018). "Mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue". CNN. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  13. ^ a b Selk, Avi; Craig, Tim; Boburg, Shawn; Ba Tran, Andrew (October 28, 2018). "'They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2018. The attack, the deadliest on Jews in U.S. history, targeted a congregation that is an anchor of Pittsburgh's large and close-knit Jewish community, a synagogue about a 25-minute drive from Bowers's home.
  14. ^ Gardner, Timothy; Mason, Jeff; Brunnstrom, David (October 27, 2018). "Trump says Pittsburgh shooting has little to do with gun laws". Reuters. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  15. ^ a b "Tree of Life * Or L'Simcha Congregation | Pittsburgh Synagogue". Tree of Life * Or L'Simcha Congregation. Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b Rosenblatt, Kalhan; Winter, Tom; Dienst, Jonathan; Williams, Pete; McCausland, Phil (October 27, 2018). "11 dead in shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue, suspect in custody". NBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  17. ^ Paul, Deanna; Selk, Avi; Wang, Amy B. (October 27, 2018). "Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves multiple people dead and wounded". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  18. ^ Smith, Peter (February 20, 2018). "Report: Pittsburgh Jewish community growing, spreading out". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  19. ^ Boxer, Matthew; Brookner, Matthew; Aronson, Janet; Saxe, Leonard (2018) [2017], The 2017 Greater Pittsburgh Jewish Community Study, Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies, pp. 1–3, retrieved October 28, 2018
  20. ^ "About Us". Tree of Life * Or L'Simcha. October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  21. ^ Olitzky, Kerry M.; Raphael, Marc Lee (1996). The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 318. ISBN 9780313288562.
  22. ^ a b Tibon, Amir; Landau, Noa; Kaplan Sommer, Allison; Maltz, Judy (October 27, 2018). "Eight Killed in Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting; Gunman Yelled 'All Jews Must Die'". Haaretz. Retrieved October 27, 2018. The perpetrator entered the Tree of Life Congregation Synagogue and yelled 'All Jews must die,' according to KDKA, a local radio station.
  23. ^ a b Mamula, Kris; Goldstein, Andrew; Ward, Paula; Navratil, Liz; Bradbury, Shelly (October 27, 2018). "Eleven dead, six wounded in massacre at Squirrel Hill synagogue" ['Multiple casualties,' some fatalities in Squirrel Hill synagogue mass shooting]. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  24. ^ Scolforo, Mark; Gillispie, Mark (October 27, 2018). "Suspect in custody in Pittsburgh synagogue attack". Associated Press. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  25. ^ Farzan, Antonia Noori (October 29, 2018). "Before synagogue mass shooting, a 1986 murder shook Pittsburgh's Jewish community". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  26. ^ a b c David Ingram (October 27, 2018). "Attacks on Jewish people rising on Instagram and Twitter, researchers say". NBC News.
  27. ^ a b c Annabelle Timsit (October 27, 2018). "The Pittsburgh shooting is the culmination of an increase in anti-Semitism in the US". Quartz.
  28. ^ a b Harriet Sherwood (October 28, 2018). "Rising antisemitism worldwide boils over at Pittsburgh synagogue". The Guardian.
  29. ^ a b c Jay Croft and Saeed Ahmed (October 28, 2018). "The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting is believed to be the deadliest attack on Jews in American history, the ADL says". CNN.
  30. ^ a b c David Crary (October 29, 2018). "Anti-Semitic incidents were on the rise even before shooting". Washington Post.
  31. ^ "Computational Propaganda, Jewish-Americans and the 2018 Midterms: The Amplification of Anti-Semitic Harassment Online". Anti-Defamation League. October 26, 2018.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h Carlson, Adam; Kantor, Wendy Grossman; Keating, Susan; Pelisek, Christine (October 30, 2018). "Worshipers in Hiding, Waiting for Death: How the Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Unfolded". People. Retrieved November 4, 2018. The New Light congregants had gathered in the basement, according to the AP. Dor Hadash was near the front of the synagogue for the bris and Tree of Life was in the the Pervin Chapel
  33. ^ "What we know about Tree of Life Synagogue". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. October 27, 2018. Dor Hadash was scheduled to hold a Torah study service at 10 a.m. Saturday. The Tree of Life congregation was scheduled to hold Shabbat services at 9:45 a.m.
  34. ^ a b c Griffiths, Brent D. (October 28, 2017). "Officials: Shooter in synagogue attack spoke of killing Jews". POLITICO. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  35. ^ Altdorfer, John; Swaney, Chriss (October 27, 2018). "Gunman targeting Jews kills 11 in Pittsburgh synagogue". Reuters. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  36. ^ Quinn, Allison; Shallwani, Pervaiz (October 27, 2018). "'Multiple Casualties' After Gunman Opens Fire at Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh". The Daily Beast. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  37. ^ Ellefsen, Lindsey (October 29, 2018). "A rabbi says he first thought gunfire was the sound of a fallen metal coat rack. Then he saw people running". CNN.
  38. ^ Liebman Dorfman, Shelli (November 8, 2018). "Local women describe their uncle's nightmare at Tree of Life". The Detroit Jewish News. Retrieved November 20, 2018. Werber's first realization of the shootings came after he heard loud crashing noises from the hallway. "He thought the Kiddush table set up for the bris had been knocked over, and he went to the doorway to see if he could help," said his niece, Retta London of Farmington Hills. "That was when he saw Cecil, one of the two brothers who had been greeters, as he lay dying on the stairs." Cecil's brother David was also killed in the attack.
  39. ^ a b c Sheehan, Andy; Schiller, Meghan (October 27, 2018). "11 Dead, Several Others Shot At Pittsburgh Synagogue". KDKA. Retrieved October 27, 2018. Police sources tell KDKA's Andy Sheehan the gunman, Robert Bowers, walked into the building and yelled, "All Jews must die." Sheehan's sources also confirmed that eleven people have died.
  40. ^ a b c Almasy, Steve; Moshtaghian, Artemis (October 28, 2018). "Here's how the shooting at a Pittsburgh synagogue unfolded". CNN. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  41. ^ a b Sales, Ben (October 30, 2018). "How the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting unfolded — minute-by-minute". Times of Israel.
  42. ^ Mosbergen, Dominique (November 4, 2018). "Tree Of Life Rabbi Says 'Hate Speech' Fueled By Politicians Led To Synagogue Massacre". HuffPost. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  43. ^ Staff (October 27, 2018). "Pittsburgh shooting: Multiple casualties at Squirrel Hill synagogue". BBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  44. ^ a b Bradbury, Shelly (October 29, 2018). "Timeline of terror: A moment-by-moment account of Squirrel Hill mass shooting" [A moment-by-moment account of the shooting: A timeline of the shooting assault at Tree of Life]. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  45. ^ "Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves 8 dead, 4 officers injured; suspect in custody". ABC 7 Chicago. October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  46. ^ Chavez, Nicole; Grinberg, Emanuella; McLaughlin, Eliott C. (October 28, 2018). "Pittsburgh synagogue gunman told SWAT he wanted all Jews to die, criminal complaint says". CNN. Retrieved October 28, 2018. While receiving medical care, he told a SWAT officer that he wanted all Jews to die, according to a criminal complaint.
    "They're committing genocide to my people," Bowers told police during the shootout, according to an FBI affidavit.
  47. ^ "Names of deceased victims in Squirrel Hill massacre released" [Officials name deceased victims from Tree of Life shooting; UPMC provides updates on survivors]. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  48. ^ "Victims In Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Identified". CBS Pittsburgh. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  49. ^ a b Mann, Tanveer (October 27, 2018). "11 dead, six injured as gunman opens fire on prayer service at US synagogue". Metro. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  50. ^ Andone, Dakin; Sidner, Sara (October 28, 2018). "These are the victims of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting". CNN. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  51. ^ "Jewish doctors, nurses helped treat accused synagogue shooter". The New York Post. October 30, 2018. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  52. ^ "Criminal Complaint (PDF)". Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018 – via DocumentCloud.
  53. ^ a b Gabriel, Trip (October 28, 2018). "Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Suspect Was 'Pretty Much a Ghost'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  54. ^ "Criminal Docket against Bowers, Robert Gregory" (PDF). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  55. ^ Turkewitz, Julie; Roose, Kevin (October 27, 2018). "Who Is Robert Bowers, the Suspect in the Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  56. ^ a b c Ward, Paula; Lord, Rich; Navratil, Liz (October 27, 2018). "29 federal charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  57. ^ a b c d Balingit, Moriah; St. Martin, Victoria; Berman, Mark (November 2, 2018). "As questions linger about Pittsburgh suspect, details emerge from his early life". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  58. ^ a b Ward, Paula Reed; Navratil, Liz; Lord, Rich (November 1, 2018). "Judge seals old criminal case file for presumed father of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  59. ^ "Man Said to Be Pittsburgh Suspect's Father Killed Himself Amid 1979 Rape Case". nytimes.com. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  60. ^ Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Nov 1, 2018"A high school dropout and trucker, Robert Bowers left few footprints — except online"[1]
  61. ^ New York Times, Oct 28, 2018, "Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Suspect Was ‘Pretty Much a Ghost’" [2]
  62. ^ "How Robert Bowers went from conservative to white nationalist". post-gazette.com. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  63. ^ "Tree of Life shooting: How the rise of conspiracy theory politics emboldens anti-Semitism". Vox. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
  64. ^ a b Roose, Kevin (October 28, 2018). "On Gab, an Extremist-Friendly Site, Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Aired His Hatred in Full". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  65. ^ a b Beckett, Lois (October 27, 2018). "Pittsburgh shooting: suspect railed against Jews and Muslims on site used by 'alt-right'". The Guardian. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  66. ^ Gormly, Kellie B.; Selk, Avi; Achenbach, Joel; Berman, Mark; Horton, Alex (October 27, 2018). "Suspect in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting charged with 29 counts in deaths of 11 people". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  67. ^ "Pittsburgh shooting: What we know so far". BBC News. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  68. ^ a b McBride, Jessica (October 27, 2018). "Robert Bowers: See Squirrel Hill Suspect's Social Media". Heavy.com. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  69. ^ a b "Anti-Semitic social media posts may hold clues in fatal Pittsburgh shooting". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Reuters. October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  70. ^ Kalmbacher, Colin (October 27, 2018). "Who is Synagogue Shooting Suspect Robert Bowers?". Law and Crime. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  71. ^ a b Lorenz, Taylor (October 27, 2018). "The Pittsburgh Suspect's Internet of Hate". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  72. ^ Kwong, Jessica (October 27, 2018). "Who is Robert Bowers? Suspect identified in the Pittsburgh Tree of Life Synagogue shooting". Newsweek. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  73. ^ Politi, Daniel (October 27, 2018). "Synagogue Shooting Suspect Robert Bowers Appears to be Anti-Semite Who Hates Trump". Slate. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  74. ^ Raymond, Adam K. "What We Know About Robert Bowers, Alleged Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooter". Intelligencer. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  75. ^ Weill, Kelly (October 27, 2018). "Pittsburgh Synagogue Suspect Robert Bowers Hated Trump—for Not Hating Jews". Daily Beast.
  76. ^ Weill, Kelly (November 2, 2018). "Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Robert Bowers Worked on Gab to Doz Left-Wing Blogger". The Daily Beast. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  77. ^ "National Refugee Shabbat". Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  78. ^ Kragie, Andrew (October 27, 2018). "The Synagogue Killings Mark a Surge of Anti-Semitism". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  79. ^ Barrouquere, Brett; Janik, Rachel (October 27, 2018). "A gunman opened fire on a synagogue in Pittsburgh, killing at least eleven people and wounding others". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved October 28, 2018. The mention of 'optics' references a disagreement that has raged within the white nationalist movement since the 'Unite the Right' rally in 2017 about how best to get their message across to the general public. Some extremists called for continued direct action, while others favored a retreat back into online spaces. This suggests the suspect was steeped in the debates of the white nationalist 'alt-right'.
  80. ^ Byford, Sam (October 28, 2018). "Gab.com goes down after GoDaddy threatens to pull domain". The Verge. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  81. ^ a b Ward, Paula Reed; Lord, Rich; Navratil, Liz (October 27, 2018). "29 federal charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers - Social posts attributed to suspect may provide clues". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  82. ^ "Statement on Filing of Federal Charges". Department of Justice. October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  83. ^ a b "Dozens of federal, state charges filed against shooting suspect Robert Bowers". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  84. ^ Swaney, Chriss (October 29, 2018). "Stony-faced, silent synagogue massacre suspect held without bond". Reuters. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  85. ^ Madani, Doha (October 31, 2018). "Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect indicted on federal hate crime charges, faces 535 years". NBC News. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  86. ^ "Pittsburgh gunman pleads not guilty to synagogue massacre charges". CBS News. November 1, 2018.
  87. ^ a b Dedaj, Paulina; Joyce, Kathleen (October 27, 2018). "Pittsburgh synagogue shooting leaves 11 dead and 6 wounded; suspect hit with multiple charges". Fox News. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  88. ^ Kelly, Caroline; Sanchez, Ray; Stark, Liz (October 27, 2018). "Trump says Pittsburgh synagogue should have had armed guards". CNN.
  89. ^ Stewart, Emily (October 27, 2018). "Trump laments Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, then suggests victims should have protected themselves". Vox.
  90. ^ a b Lexington (October 28, 2018). "A massacre in Pittsburgh illustrates America's disunity". The Economist. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  91. ^ Most Read Politics. "Critics say Trump has fostered the toxic environment for the political violence he denounces". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  92. ^ "Pittsburgh shooting: Mike Pence says no link to Trump's angry language". USA Today. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  93. ^ Sonmez, Felicia; Lee, Michelle; Kane, Paul (October 28, 2018). "Pence: Don't link political rhetoric o Pittsburgh synagogue shooting". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  94. ^ Resnick-Ault, Jessica (October 30, 2018). "Trump visits synagogue in Pittsburgh attack as protesters march". Reuters.
  95. ^ "President Trump orders all U.S. flags be flown at half-staff". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  96. ^ Bowden, John (October 27, 2018). "Netanyahu condemns 'horrifying anti-Semitic brutality' after Pittsburgh shooting". The Hill. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  97. ^ Maltz, Judy (October 27, 2018). "'Deadliest Attack on Jewish Community in U.S. History': Jewish Leaders Lament Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting". Haaretz. Retrieved October 28, 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  98. ^ O'Grady, Siobhán. "Israeli PM Netanyahu condemns 'horrendous anti-Semitic brutality' of Pittsburgh shooting". The Independent. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  99. ^ Wootliff, Raoul (October 27, 2018). "Netanyahu: 'Heartbroken and appalled' by Pittsburgh synagogue shooting". The Times of Israel. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  100. ^ "Religious Leaders, Others Express Horror at Synagogue Attack". The New York Times. October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  101. ^ "Israeli cabinet honors victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting". Reuters. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  102. ^ "Chief rabbi says it doesn't matter if Pittsburgh's Tree of Life is a synagogue". The Times of Israel. October 29, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  103. ^ Chizhik-Goldschmidt, Avital. "Israel Chief Rabbi Didn't Dismiss Progressive Synagogues. Stop Twisting Words To Sow Division". The Forward.
  104. ^ "Israel Chief Rabbi Won't Call Pittsburgh Shooting Site 'Synagogue' — Because It's Not Orthodox". The Forward. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  105. ^ Maltz, Judy (October 28, 2018). "Israel's Chief Rabbi Refuses to Call Pittsburgh Massacre Site a Synagogue Because It's non-Orthodox". Haaretz. Retrieved October 28, 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  106. ^ Eglash, Ruth (October 28, 2018). "Pittsburgh shooting was widely reported in Israel, but not all media noted it took place in a synagogue". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  107. ^ "Synagogue shooting suspect Robert Bowers: What we know about alleged Pittsburgh gunman". Sky News. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  108. ^ Julian, Hana (October 28, 2018). "Tel Aviv City Hall Lights Up in Solidarity with Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Victims". JewishPress.com. Retrieved October 28, 2018. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  109. ^ Birnbaum, Emily (October 28, 2018). "Projection on wall in Jerusalem's Old City pays tribute to Pittsburgh synagogue victims". The Hill. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  110. ^ "Pope Francis grieves for Jewish victims in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting". CBS News. Associated Press. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  111. ^ "Iran FM offers prayers for victims of terrorist shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue". Press TV. October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  112. ^ "Hamas denounces Pittsburgh shooting, claims it's a 'victim of Israeli terror'". The Times of Israel. October 30, 2018.
  113. ^ a b "Trump makes solemn visit to Pittsburgh, even as officials shun his timing". CNN. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  114. ^ Green, Emma (October 30, 2018). "The Jews of Pittsburgh Bury Their Dead". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  115. ^ "Steelers attend funeral for brothers killed in Tree of Life Synagogue shooting". ESPN. October 31, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  116. ^ Greenblatt, Jonathan. "When Hate Goes Mainstream." The New York Times. October 28, 2018. October 28, 2018.
  117. ^ Sanchez, Ray; Gray, Melissa (October 29, 2018). "72 hours in America: Three hate-filled crimes. Three hate-filled suspects". CNN. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  118. ^ Rosenberg, Matt (October 28, 2018). "Empire State Building goes dark to honor Squirrel Hill synagogue victims". TribLive. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  119. ^ Anapol, Avery (October 29, 2018). "Eiffel Tower goes dark to honor Pittsburgh shooting victims". The Hill. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  120. ^ Wilson, Mike (October 28, 2018). "Pitt darkens Victory Lights as city mourns tragedy". Cardiachill.com. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  121. ^ "Pitt and UVA Honored Synagogue Shooting Victims on Friday Night". 937theFan.radio.com. November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  122. ^ Jones, Mike (October 28, 2018). "Steelers hold moment of silence for Pittsburgh synagogue shooting victims". USA Today. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  123. ^ "Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints hold moment of silence for Pittsburgh synagogue shooting victims". Global News. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  124. ^ "Pittsburgh Penguins, Vancouver Canucks hold moment of silence for synagogue shooting victims". Global News. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  125. ^ "Toronto Maple Leafs, Winnipeg Jets hold moment of silence for Pittsburgh shooting victims". Global News. October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  126. ^ "Moment of silence held prior to the Eagles Jaguars game". National Football League. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  127. ^ a b "Pittsburgh stars, teams express support in wake of deadly synagogue shooting". ESPN. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  128. ^ Bombulie, Jonathan (October 30, 2018). "Penguins to wear jersey patches to honor Squirrel Hill shooting victims". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  129. ^ "Pittsburgh football to wear 'Pittsburgh Strong' helmet decal to honor Tree of Life victims - NCAA.com". ncaa.com. October 31, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  130. ^ Pitz, Marylynne; Smith, Peter (October 27, 2018). "Thousands gather for vigil honoring victims in Squirrel Hill shooting". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  131. ^ "In Pittsburgh's 'darkest hour,' 2,500 attend synagogue massacre memorial". CNBC. Reuters. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  132. ^ "PITTSBURGH SHOOTING: Vigil to be held in Oakland for victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting". WPXI News. October 28, 2018.
  133. ^ Vigil for Pittsburgh shooting victims. NBC News. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018 – via YouTube.
  134. ^ "The Latest: Feds seeking approval to pursue death penalty". Boston Herald. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  135. ^ "Rivlin: We can never afford to ignore anti-Semitism". Arutz Sheva. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  136. ^ "Vigils held nationwide to honor victims of Squirrel Hill synagogue shooting". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  137. ^ a b c "Vigils held around the Jewish world for Pittsburgh shooting victims". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  138. ^ "Why Pittsburgh matters - Religion News Service". Religion News Service. October 28, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  139. ^ Hilliard, John (October 28, 2018). "Emotional vigil in Boston brings people together to mourn Pittsburgh synagogue victims". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  140. ^ MacDonald, Evan (October 30, 2018). "Greater Cleveland's Jewish community denounces hatred, calls for solidarity at vigil for Pittsburgh synagogue shooting victims". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  141. ^ Hensley, Nicole (October 28, 2018). "Thousands gather at Jewish Community Center to pray, sing for Pittsburgh shooting victims". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  142. ^ Imlay, Ashley (October 29, 2018). "'Stronger together': Utah Jewish community, leaders unite after Pittsburgh shooting". Deseret News. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  143. ^ "St. Louis Jewish community holds interfaith vigil for Pittsburgh victims". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  144. ^ Lee, Peggy (October 30, 2018). "Vigil Held at Wilkes-Barre JCC for Synagogue Shooting Victims". WNEP. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  145. ^ "Support, love, candles at Knoxville vigil remembering Pittsburgh shooting". Knoxville News Sentinel. October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  146. ^ Sugarman, Daniel (October 29, 2018). "UK Jewish communal vigils to take place in response to Pittsburgh synagogue attack". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  147. ^ Donadio, Rachel. "France's Jews Look to Pittsburgh 'Across a Narrow Bridge'". The Atlantic. October 31, 2018. October 31, 2018.
  148. ^ "Jewish College Students at Dozens of Hillels on Campuses Across the Country Hold Vigils in Remembrance of Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Victims". Hillel International. October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  149. ^ Kaplan, Ezra; McCausland, Phil (November 4, 2018). "Thousands across the globe #ShowUpForShabbat to honor Squirrel Hill victims". NBC News. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  150. ^ "Trump Arrives in Pittsburgh as Many Make Clear His Visit Isn't Welcome". The New York Times. October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  151. ^ Smeltz, Adam (October 29, 2018). "Peduto to White House: Talk to shooting victims' families before presidential visit". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  152. ^ "Pittsburgh shooting: First of 11 funerals held for victims". BBC. October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  153. ^ a b "Tree of Life rabbi says nation's leaders need to 'tone down rhetoric' in fight against hate". NBC News. October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  154. ^ "Former synagogue president: Trump not welcome". CNN. October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  155. ^ Anapol, Avery (October 29, 2018). "synagogue says Trump not welcome: 'He is the purveyor of hate speech'". The Hill. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  156. ^ Jackson, Hallie (October 30, 2018). "Pittsburgh Rabbi: President Donald Trump 'Has Become A Symbol Of Division'". NBC News. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  157. ^ Selk, Avi; Swenson, Kyle (October 31, 2018). "Here's the 'small protest' Trump says he didn't see in Pittsburgh". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  158. ^ Dailey, Ruth Ann (November 4, 2018). "Rabbi, רב, teacher: Rabbi Jeffrey Myers sets an example for all of us". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  159. ^ a b Rotstein, Gary (October 29, 2018). "In the wake of tragedy, more than $1 million in donations pours in". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  160. ^ a b c Rotstein, Gary (November 1, 2018). "Iranian raises $1 million for Tree of Life, gets showered with offers of Steelers, Penguins tickets". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  161. ^ Sadeque, Samira (October 30, 2018). "U.S. Muslims Raise $190,000 for Burial of Jewish Pittsburgh Victims". Haaretz. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  162. ^ Fisher, Alyssa (October 30, 2018). "Muslims Raise More Than $180K For Pittsburgh Synagogue Victims". The Forward. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  163. ^ "Muslims Unite for Pittsburgh Synagogue". LaunchGood. 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  164. ^ Goldstein, Andrew (November 14, 2018). "Jewish Federation readying to distribute donations to Tree of Life shooting victims". Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  165. ^ Pink, Aiden (November 4, 2018). "As Tree Of Life GoFundMe Hits $1M, Other Synagogues Affected Get Left Behind". The Forward. Retrieved November 20, 2018. A crowdfunding account established by New Light co-president Stephen Cohen, which according to the GoFundMe will go directly to New Light, has only raised $19,000, while the GoFundMe for Dor Hadash has only garnered a little over $3,000.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting&oldid=870020528"