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+#REDIRECT [[Water scarcity]]
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-==Effects on climate==
-Aquifer drawdown or overdrafting and the pumping of fossil water increases the total amount of water within the hydrosphere subject to transpiration and evaporation processes, thereby causing accretion in water vapour and cloud cover, the primary absorbers of infrared radiation in the earth's atmosphere. Adding water to the system has a forcing effect on the whole earth system, an accurate estimate of which hydrogeological fact is yet to be quantified.
-==Outlook==
-[[File:Madagascar well.jpg|thumb|220px|Wind and solar power such as this installation in a village in northwest [[Madagascar]] can make a difference in safe water supply.]]
-Construction of [[wastewater treatment]] plants and reduction of groundwater overdrafting appear to be obvious solutions to the worldwide problem; however, a deeper look reveals more fundamental issues in play. Wastewater treatment is highly [[capital intensive]], restricting access to this technology in some regions; furthermore the rapid increase in population of many countries makes this a race that is difficult to win. As if those factors are not daunting enough, one must consider the enormous costs and skill sets involved to maintain wastewater treatment plants even if they are successfully developed.
-Reduction in groundwater overdrafting is usually politically very unpopular and has major economic impacts to farmers; moreover, this strategy will necessarily reduce crop output, which is something the world can ill-afford, given the population level at present.
-At more realistic levels, developing countries can strive to achieve primary wastewater treatment or secure [[septic system]]s, and carefully analyse wastewater outfall design to minimise impacts to drinking water and to ecosystems. Developed countries can not only share technology better, including cost-effective wastewater and water treatment systems but also in [[hydrological transport model]]ing. At the individual level, people in developed countries can look inward and reduce overconsumption, which further strains worldwide water consumption. Both developed and developing countries can increase protection of ecosystems, especially wetlands and riparian zones. These measures will not only conserve [[biota (ecology)|biota]], but also render more effective the natural [[water cycle]] flushing and transport that make water systems more healthy for humans.
-A range of local, low-tech solutions are being pursued by a number of companies. These efforts center around the use of solar power to distill water at temperatures slightly beneath that at which water boils. By developing the capability to purify any available water source, local business models could be built around the new technologies, accelerating their uptake.<ref>[http://www.cnbceb.com/ViewArticle.aspx?PageID=1248 Tapping A Market] CNBC European Business, October 2008</ref>
-==Conventional fossil or nuclear energy based desalination==
-[[File:Sameura dam 20050903.jpg|thumb|right|Due to record low rainfall in Summer 2005, the reservoir behind [[Sameura Dam]] runs low.  The reservoir supplies water to [[Takamatsu]], [[Shikoku Island]], Japan.]]
-As new technological innovations continue to reduce the capital cost of [[desalination]], more countries are building desalination plants as a small element in addressing their water crises.<ref>[http://www.medrc.org/new_content/industry_news/sept00/story1.htm ]{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref>
-* [[Israel]] desalinizes water for a cost of 53 cents per cubic meter <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejpress.org/article/4873 |title=EJP &#124; News &#124; France &#124; French-run water plant launched in Israel |publisher=Ejpress.org |date=2005-12-28 |accessdate=2010-08-13}}</ref>
-* [[Singapore]] desalinizes water for 49 cents per cubic meter <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0 |title=Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction |publisher=Edie.net |date=2006-05-04 |accessdate=2010-08-13}}</ref> and also treats sewage with [[reverse osmosis]] for industrial and potable use ([[NEWater]]).
-* China and India, the world's two most populous countries, are turning to desalination to provide a small part of their water needs <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10408553 |title=Drought hopes hinge on desalination - World - NZ Herald News |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz |date=2006-11-01 |accessdate=2010-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/17/stories/2007011719260300.htm |title=Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Two sites for desalination plant identified |publisher=The Hindu |date=2007-01-17 |accessdate=2010-08-13 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
-* In 2007 Pakistan announced plans to use desalination <ref>http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newNuclear/190107Pakistan_embarks_on_nuclear_desalination.shtml</ref>
-* All Australian capital cities (except [[Darwin, Northern Territory]] and [[Hobart]]) are either in the process of building desalination plants, or are already using them. In late 2011, [[Melbourne]] will begin using Australia's largest desalination plant, the [[Wonthaggi desalination plant]] to raise low reservoir levels.
-* In 2007 [[Bermuda]] signed a contract to purchase a desalination plant <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000052/005273.htm |title=Bermuda signs contract for seawater desalination plant |publisher=Caribbean Net News |date=2007-01-20 |accessdate=2010-08-13}}</ref>
-* The largest desalination plant in the [[United States]] is the one at [[Tampa Bay]], [[Florida]], which began desalinizing 25 million gallons (95000 m³) of water per day in December 2007.<ref>[http://www2.tbo.com/content/2007/dec/22/na-applause-at-last-for-desalination-plant/ Applause, At Last, For Desalination Plant], The Tampa Tribune, December 22, 2007</ref> In the United States, the cost of desalination is $3.06 for 1,000 gallons, or 81 cents per cubic meter.<ref>[http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/mar/21/desalination-gets-serious-look/ Desalination gets a serious look], Las Vegas Sun, March 21, 2008</ref> In the United States, [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[Texas]], and Florida use desalination for a very small part of their water supply.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carlsbaddesal.com/ |title=Carlsbad Desalination Project |publisher=Carlsbaddesal.com |date=2006-07-27 |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=By RANDAL C. ARCHIBOLD and KIRK JOHNSON; Randal C. Archibold reported from Yuma, Ariz., and Kirk Johnson from Denver. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0714FE3D5B0C778CDDAD0894DF404482 |title=No Longer Waiting for Rain, an Arid West Takes Action |location=Western States (US); Utah; Arizona; California; Colorado; Nevada; New Mexico; Wyoming; Montana; Colorado River; Las Vegas (Nev); Yuma (Ariz) |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=2007-04-04 |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientisttech.com/channel/tech/mg19125586.100.html |title=Technology news and new technology highlights from New Scientist - New Scientist Tech - New Scientist |publisher=New Scientist Tech |date= |accessdate=2010-08-13}}</ref>
-* After being desalinized at [[Jubail]], [[Saudi Arabia]], water is pumped {{convert|200|mi|km}} inland though a pipeline to the capital city of [[Riyadh]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1367352/desalination_is_the_solution_to_water_shortages/ Desalination is the Solution to Water Shortages], redOrbit, May 2, 2008</ref>
-A January 17, 2008, article in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' states, "World-wide, 13,080 desalination plants produce more than 12 billion gallons of water a day, according to the International Desalination Association." <ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120053698876396483.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Water, Water, Everywhere...], The Wall. St Journal, January 17, 2008</ref>
-The world's largest desalination plant is the [[Jebel Ali]] Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. It is a dual-purpose facility that uses multi-stage flash distillation and is capable of producing 300 million cubic meters of water per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data20062007/Table21.pdf |title=100 Largest Desalination Plants Planned, in Construction, or in Operation—January 1, 2005 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref>
-A typical [[aircraft carrier]] in the U.S. military uses nuclear power to desalinize {{convert|400,000|USgal|L}} of water per day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harris |first=Tom |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier2.htm |title=How Aircraft Carriers Work |publisher=Science.howstuffworks.com |date=2002-08-29 |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref>
-While desalinizing {{convert|1,000|USgal|L}} of water can cost as much as $3, the same amount of [[bottled water]] costs $7,945.<ref>[http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2644/Arid-West-Where-Water-Scarce-DESALINATION-GROWING-WATERSUPPLY-SOURCE.html The Arid West—Where Water Is Scarce - Desalination—a Growing Watersupply Source], Library Index</ref>
-However, given the energy intensive nature of desalination, with associated economic and environmental costs, desalination is generally considered a last resort after [[water conservation]]. But this is changing as prices continue to fall.
-According to [[MSNBC]], a report by Lux Research estimated that the worldwide desalinated water supply will triple between 2008 and 2020.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29735521/ A Rising Tide for New Desalinated Water Technologies], MSNBC, March. 17, 2009</ref>
-However, not everyone is convinced that desalination is or will be economically viable or environmentally sustainable for the foreseeable future. [[Debbie Cook]], the former mayor of [[Huntington Beach, California]], has been a frequent critic of desalination proposals ever since she was appointed as a member of the California Desalination Task Force. Cook claims that in addition to being energy intensive, desalination schemes are very costly—often much more costly than desalination proponents claim. In her writing on the subject, Cook points to a long list of projects that have stalled or been aborted for financial or other reasons, and suggests that water-stressed regions would do better to focus on conservation or other water supply solutions than to invest in desalination plants.<ref>[http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/ Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday’s Solution (part 1)], Water Matters, January 17, 2009</ref>
-==Solar energy based desalination==
-A novel approach to desalination is the [[Seawater Greenhouse]] which takes seawater and uses solar energy to desalinate it in conjunction with growing food crops in a specially adapted greenhouse.
-==Global experiences in managing water crisis==
-{{Essay-like|date=September 2009|section}}
-It is alleged that the likelihood of conflict rises if the rate of change within the basin exceeds the capacity of institution to absorb that change.<ref name="sciencedaily.com" /> Although water crisis is closely related to regional tensions, history showed that acute conflicts over water are far less than the record of cooperation.
-The key lies in strong institutions and cooperation. The Indus River Commission and the Indus Water Treaty survived two wars between India and Pakistan despite their hostility, proving to be a successful mechanism in resolving conflicts by providing a framework for consultation inspection and exchange of data. The Mekong Committee has also functioned since 1957 and survived the Vietnam War. In contrast, regional instability results when there is an absence of institutions to co-operate in regional collaboration, like Egypt’s plan for a high dam on the Nile. However, there is currently no global institution in place for the management and management of trans-boundary water sources, and international co-operation has happened through ad hoc collaborations between agencies, like the Mekong Committee which was formed due to an alliance between UNICEF and the US Bureau of Reclamation. Formation of strong international institutions seems to be a way forward - they fuel early intervention and management, preventing the costly dispute resolution process.
-One common feature of almost all resolved disputes is that the negotiations had a “need-based” instead of a “right–based” paradigm. Irrigable lands, population, technicalities of projects define "needs". The success of a need-based paradigm is reflected in the only water agreement ever negotiated in the Jordan River Basin, which focuses in needs not on rights of riparians. In the Indian subcontinent, irrigation requirements of Bangladesh determine water allocations of The [[Ganges River]]. A need based, regional approach focuses on satisfying individuals with their need of water, ensuring that minimum quantitative needs are being met. It removes the conflict that arises when countries view the treaty from a national interest point of view, move away from the zero-sum approach to a positive sum, integrative approach that equitably allocated the water and its benefits.
 ==See also==
-{{Portal|Water|Environment}}
-* [[1998 Klang Valley water crisis]]
-* [[Arable land]]
-* [[California Water Wars]]
-* [[Chinese water crisis]]
-* [[Consumptive water use]]
-* [[Deficit irrigation]]
-* [[Green Revolution]]
-* [[Life Saver bottle]]
-* [[Living Water International]]
-* [[Ogallala Aquifer]]
-* [[Peak water]]
-*[[Water resource policy]]
-* [[Spragg Bag]]
-* [[Sustainable development in an urban water supply network]]
-* [[Seawater Greenhouse]]
-* [[Water conflict]]
-* [[Water footprint]]
-*[[Water resource policy]]
-* [[WaterPartners International]]
-* [[Whisson Windmill]]
 ==References==
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 ==Resources==
-An International Food Policy Research Institute [http://www.springer.com/environment/global+change+-+climate+change/book/978-3-642-04614-8 book] about the intersection of water policy, globalization and food security: Ringler, C., Biswas, A., and Cline, S., eds. 2010. Global Change: Impacts on Water and Food Security. Heidelberg: Springer.
 ==External links==
-* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/ The World Bank's work and publications on water resources]
-* [http://myhydros.org/operation-hydros/global-water-crisis/dealing-with-the-global-water-crisis/ The Global Water Crisis - myHydros.org | Everything About Water]
-* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2000/world_water_crisis/default.stm BBC News World Water Crisis Maps]
-* [http://www.haitiwater.org International Action: Fighting the Water Crisis in Haiti]
-* [http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=25 World Water Council: Water Crisis]
-* [http://www.ifpri.org/book-1043/ourwork/program/food-and-water-security-under-global-change Food and Water Security under Global Change] and [http://www.ifpri.org/book-6330/ourwork/researcharea/water-policy Water Policy] at the [http://www.ifpri.org/ [[International Food Policy Research Institute]] ([[IFPRI]]).
-* [http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/toxics/water-pollution China water crisis - Greenpeace China]
-* [http://clpmag.org/content/contentpages/2008/eastafrica.php Water Wars: Multimedia coverage of East Africa's water crisis from CLPMag.org]
-* [http://www.thrall.org/special/water.html Water Crisis Information Guide - From Middletown Thrall Library. Subjects include: Drinking Water, Government Information, International Challenges and Efforts, Global Water Issues, Oceanography, Sea Levels, Desalination, Water Scarcity, Pollution and Contaminants, Conservation and Recycling, News and Special Reports, and library catalog subject headings for further research.]
-* [http://crsprogramquality.org/pubs/peacebuilding/waterconflict.pdf Water and Conflict: Incorporating Peacebuilding into Water Development]
-* [http://watercrisis.in Raipur Water Crisis Website For World]
-* [http://water.org]
-* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htIR1p48gOE Water Wars: A Global Crisis - interview with Dr. Richard Schuhmann]
-{{Population}}
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-[[Category:Environmental issues with water]]
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-[[Category:Water supply]]
-[[Category:Water treatment]]
-[[Category:Globalization issues]]
-[[Category:Global natural environment]]
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-[[ar:أزمة المياه]]
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