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The cat o' nine tails, commonly known as the cat, is a type of multi-tailed whip or flail. It originated as an implement for physical punishment, notably in the Royal Navy and British Army, and as a judicial punishment in Britain and some other countries.

Etymology

The term first appeared in 1681^[1] in reports of a London murder. The term came into wider circulation in 1695 after it mentioned a character in William Congreve's play Love for Love,^[2] although the design is much older. It was probably so-called about its "claws", which inflict parallel wounds. There are equivalent terms in many languages, usually strictly translating, and also some analogous terms referring to a similar instrument's number of tails (cord or leather), such as the Dutch zevenstaart (seven tail[s]), negenstaart (nine tail[s]), the Spanish gato de nueve colas or the Italian gatto a nove code.^{[citation needed]}

Description

The cat is made up of nine knotted thongs of cotton cord, about 75 centimetres (2+1⁄2 ft) long, designed to lacerate the skin and cause intense pain.

It traditionally has nine thongs as a result of how rope is plaited. Thinner rope is made from three strands of yarn plaited together, and thicker rope from three strands of thinner rope plaited together. To make a cat o' nine tails, a rope is unraveled into three small ropes, each of which is unraveled again.

The 19th-century British naval cat was made out of a piece of rope, thicker than a man's wrist (about 6 centimetres or 2+1⁄2 inches), 1.5 metres (5 ft) in length. The first ninety centimetres (3 ft) were stiff and solid, and the remaining sixty centimetres (2 ft) unraveled into hard twisted, and knotted ends.^[3]

Variations

Variations exist, either named cat (of x tails) or not, such as the whip used on adult Egyptian prisoners which had a cord on a cudgel branching into seven tails, each with six knots, used only on adult men, with boys being subject to caninguntil Egypt banned the use of the device in 2001.^[4]

Sometimes the term "cat" is misused to describe various other punitive flogging devices with multiple tails in any number, even one made from 80 twigs (so rather a limp birch) to flog a drunk or other offender instead of 80 lashes normally applicable under shariah law. The closed cat, one without tails, was called a starter.

Historical punishments

Naval types and use

The naval cat weighed about 370 grams (13 oz) and was composed of a handle connected to nine thinner pieces of line, with each line knotted several times along its length.^[5] Formal floggings — those ordered by the captain or court martial — were administered ceremonially on deck, the crew being summoned to "witness punishment" and the prisoner being brought forward by marines with fixed bayonets.^[5]

In the British Navy, the boatswain's mate stood two steps from the offender, combing out the tails of the cat due to the thinner parts of the cat sticking to each other. He would then swing it over his head, make a step forward, and bending his body to give more force to the blow, deliver the stroke at the full sweep of his arm.^[3] During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the naval cat's handle was made of rope about 60 cm (2 ft) long and about 3 cm (1 in) in diameter and was traditionally covered with red baize cloth. The tails were made of cord about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) in diameter and typically 60 cm (2 ft).^{[citation needed]}

Drunkenness could be punished by a dozen lashes, which could be administered on the authority of the ship's captain. Greater punishments were generally administered following a formal court martial, with Royal Navy record reflecting some standard penalties of two hundred lashes for desertion, three hundred for mutiny, and up to five hundred for theft.^{[citation needed]} One blow was sufficient to take off the skin and to draw blood wherever the knots fell. Three dozen was a common punishment. Three hundred lashes were frequently given.^[6] The offense of sodomy generally drew the death penalty, though one eighteenth-century court martial awarded a punishment of one thousand lashes – an equivalent sentence as it would likely be fatal.^[7]

A new cat was made for each flogging by a boatswain's mate and kept in a red baize bag until use. If several dozen lashes were awarded, each could be administered by a fresh boatswain's mate — some ship's captains would include a left-handed bosun's mate in their crews, so that one could be included to assure extra painful crisscrossing of the wounds. One dozen was usually awarded as a highly sensitizing prelude to running the gauntlet.^{[citation needed]}

For summary punishment of Royal Navy boys, a lighter model was made, known as boy's cat or boy's pussy, that had only five tails of smooth whipcord.^[8] If formally convicted by a court-martial, however, even boys would suffer the punishment of the adult cat. While adult sailors received their lashes on the back, they were administered to boys on the bare posterior, usually while "kissing the gunner's daughter" (publicly bending over a gun barrel), just as boys' lighter "daily" chastisement was usually over their (often naked) rear-end (mainly with a cane—this could be applied to the hand, but captains generally refused such impractical disablement—or a rope's end). Bare-bottom discipline was a tradition of the English upper and middle classes, who frequented public schools,^[9] so midshipmen (trainee officers, usually from 'good families', getting a cheaper equivalent education by enlisting) were not spared. Still, it is reported that the 'infantile' embarrassment of prolonged, public bare-bottom punishment was believed essential for optimal deterrence; cocky miscreants might brave the pain of the adult cat in the macho spirit of "taking it like a man" or even as a "badge of honour".

On board training ships, where most of the crew were boys, the cat was never introduced, but their bare bottoms risked, as in other naval establishments on land, "the sting of the birch", another favourite in public schools.

Flogging round the fleet

The severest form of flogging was a flogging round the fleet. The number of lashes was divided by the number of ships in port and the offender was rowed between ships for each ship's company to witness the punishment.^[10] Penalties of hundreds of lashes were imposed for the gravest offenses, including sedition and mutiny. The prisoner was rowed around the fleet in an open boat and received a number of his lashes at each ship in turn, for as long as the surgeon allowed. Sentences often took months or years to complete, depending on how much a man was expected to bear at a time. Normally 250–500 lashes would kill a man, as infections would spread.^[11] After the flogging was completed, the sailor's lacerated back was frequently rinsed with brine or seawater, which was thought to serve as a crude antiseptic (although it is now known that seawater contains significant microbial components). Although the purpose was to control infection, it caused the sailor to endure additional pain and gave rise to the expression "rubbing salt into his wounds", which came to mean vindictively or gratuitously increasing punishment or injury already imposed.^[12]

British Army

The British Army had a similar multiple whip, though much lighter in construction, made of a drumstick with attached strings. The flogger was usually a drummer rather than a strong bosun's mate. Flogging with the cat o' nine tails fell into disuse around 1870.

Whereas the British naval cat rarely cut (contrary to graphic films) but rather irritated the skin, the falls (tresses) of the British Army cat were lighter (around 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in)) and the string was in fact codline – a very dense material akin to tarred string. Although the total whip would weigh only a fraction of a naval rope cat, the thin, dense codline tresses were far more likely to cut the skin. However, one lash in the navy was considered equivalent in severity to several in the army; and although the lashes were numbered by dozens instead of hundreds, twelve stripes afloat were fully equal to a hundred on shore. This was partly owing to the make and material of the cat, and also to the mode of flogging.^[3]

A soldier who was flogged in 1832, with a cat precisely similar to that used in the King’s fleet, said: “I felt an astounding sensation between the shoulders, under my neck, which went to my toe-nails in one direction, and my finger-nails in another, and stung me to the heart as if a knife had gone through my body. He came on a second time a few inches lower, and then I thought the former stroke was sweet and agreeable compared with that one. I felt my flesh quiver in every nerve, from the scalp of my head to my toe nails. The time between each stroke seemed so long as to be agonising, and yet the next came too soon. The pain in my lungs was more severe, I thought, than on my back. I felt as if I would burst in the internal parts of my body. I put my tongue between my teeth, held it there, and bit it almost in two pieces. What with the blood from my tongue, and my lips, which I had also bitten, and the blood from my lungs, or some other internal part, ruptured by the writhing agony, I was almost choked and became black in the face. Only fifty had been inflicted, and the time since they began was like a long period of life. I felt as if I had lived all the time of my real life in pain and torture, and that the time when existence had pleasure in it was a dream, long, long gone by.” ^[13]

It was also used elsewhere in the empire, notably at the penal colonies in Australia, and also in Canada (a dominion in 1867) where it was used until 1881. An 1812 drawing^[14] shows a drummer apparently lashing the buttocks of a naked soldier who is tied with spread legs on an A-frame made from sergeants' half pikes. In many places, soldiers were generally flogged and stripped to the waist.

Prison usage

The cat o' nine tails was also used on adult convicts in prisons; a 1951 memorandum^[15] (possibly confirming earlier practice) ordered all UK male prisons to use only cats o' nine tails (and birches) from a national stock at Wandsworth prison, where they were to be 'thoroughly' tested before being supplied in triplicate to a prison whenever a flogging was pending for use as prison discipline. In the 20th century, this use was confined to very serious cases involving violence against a prison officer, and each flogging had to be confirmed by the central government.

Penal colonies in Australia

Especially harsh floggings were given with it in secondary penal colonies of early colonial Australia, particularly at such places as Norfolk Island (apparently this had 9 leather thongs, each with a lead weight, meant as the ultimate deterrent for hardened life-convicts), Port Arthur and Moreton Bay (now Brisbane).^{[citation needed]}

Modern uses and types

Judicial corporal punishment was removed from the statute book in Great Britain in 1948. The cat was still being used in Australia in 1957 and is still in use in a few Commonwealth countries, although the cane is used in more countries.

Judicial corporal punishment has been abolished or declared unconstitutional since 1997 in Jamaica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, South Africa, Zambia, Uganda (in 2001) and Fiji (in 2002).

However, some former colonies in the Caribbean have reinstated flogging with the cat. Antigua and Barbuda reinstated it in 1990, followed by the Bahamas in 1991 (where, however, it was subsequently banned by law)^[16] and Barbados in 1993 (only to be formally declared inhumane and thus unconstitutional by the Barbados Supreme Court).

Trinidad and Tobago never banned the "cat". Under the Corporal Punishment (Offenders over Sixteen) Act 1953, use of the "cat" was limited to male offenders over the age of 16. The age limit was raised in 2000 to 18.

The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has been accused of torture and "cruel, inhuman and degrading" treatment of prisoners, and in 2005 was ordered by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to pay US$50,000 for "moral damages" to a prisoner who had received 15 strokes of the "cat" plus expenses for his medical and psychological care; it is unclear whether the Court's decisions were implemented. Trinidad and Tobago did not acknowledge the Court's jurisdiction, since it had denounced the American Convention on Human Rights several years before the Court started hearing this case.^[17]

References

^ Martin, Randall (March 2006). "'The cat' Gets its Nine tails". Notes and Queries. 53 (1): 31–34. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjj118.
^ William Congreve's love for love and first mention of cat o nine tails see page 32 and the fourth dialogue down spoken by Ben.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cooper, William (1869). Flagellation and the Flagellants: A History of the Rod in all Countries from the earliest Period to the present Time. London: John Camden Hotten. p. 369, 370.^{[unreliable source?]}
^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Egypt: 2001, U.S. State Department.
^ ^a ^b Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793-1815. Naval Institute Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781591146124.
^ Masefield, John (1905). Sea Life in Nelson's Time. Methuen & Co.
^ Rodger, N. A. M. (1986). The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 227. ISBN 0870219871.
^ "Whipping to win: measured violence, delegated sovereignty and the privatised domination of non- human life", Law and the Question of the Animal, Routledge, pp. 126–142, 11 February 2013, retrieved 27 April 2023
^ Humphries, Stephen (1981). Hooligans or Rebels?: An oral history of working-class childhood and youth 1889–1939. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-12982-0.
^ Broadside. Crime and Punishment
^ Flogging Round the Fleet^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Barry, Pickthall (2016). A history of sailing in 100 objects. London: Adlard Coles Nautical. ISBN 9781472918857. OCLC 933722160.
^ Masefield, John (1905). Sea Life in Nelson's Time. Methuen & Co.
^ Fort Henry, Canada.
^ "Memorandum to prisons re: Birches and Cats-o'-nine tails", PRO HO 323/13, National Archives.
^ Bahamas Penal Code Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Case of Caesar v. Trinidad and Tobago, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment of 11 March 2005.

External links

Royal Museums Greenwich collection results -Pictures of cat o'nine tails of the UK Royal Navy

[1] Martin, Randall (March 2006). "'The cat' Gets its Nine tails". Notes and Queries. 53 (1): 31–34. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjj118.

[2] William Congreve's love for love and first mention of cat o nine tails see page 32 and the fourth dialogue down spoken by Ben.

[cooper-3] Cooper, William (1869). Flagellation and the Flagellants: A History of the Rod in all Countries from the earliest Period to the present Time. London: John Camden Hotten. p. 369, 370.^{[unreliable source?]}

[4] Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Egypt: 2001, U.S. State Department.

[Lavery218-5] Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793-1815. Naval Institute Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781591146124.

[6] Masefield, John (1905). Sea Life in Nelson's Time. Methuen & Co.

[7] Rodger, N. A. M. (1986). The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 227. ISBN 0870219871.

[8] "Whipping to win: measured violence, delegated sovereignty and the privatised domination of non- human life", Law and the Question of the Animal, Routledge, pp. 126–142, 11 February 2013, retrieved 27 April 2023

[9] Humphries, Stephen (1981). Hooligans or Rebels?: An oral history of working-class childhood and youth 1889–1939. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-12982-0.

[10] Broadside. Crime and Punishment

[11] Flogging Round the Fleet^{[permanent dead link]}

[12] Barry, Pickthall (2016). A history of sailing in 100 objects. London: Adlard Coles Nautical. ISBN 9781472918857. OCLC 933722160.

[13] Masefield, John (1905). Sea Life in Nelson's Time. Methuen & Co.

[14] Fort Henry, Canada.

[15] "Memorandum to prisons re: Birches and Cats-o'-nine tails", PRO HO 323/13, National Archives.

[16] Bahamas Penal Code Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.

[17] Case of Caesar v. Trinidad and Tobago, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment of 11 March 2005.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 {{tone|date=April 2023}}
 {{corporal punishment}}
-The '''cat o' nine tails''', commonly shortened to '''the cat''', is a type of multi-tailed [[whip]] or [[flail]]. It originated as an implement for [[physical punishment]], notably in the [[Royal Navy]] and [[British Army]], and as a [[Judicial corporal punishment|judicial punishment]] in Britain and some other countries.
+The '''cat o' nine tails''', commonly known as '''the cat''', is a type of multi-tailed [[whip]] or [[flail]]. It originated as an implement for [[physical punishment]], notably in the [[Royal Navy]] and [[British Army]], and as a [[Judicial corporal punishment|judicial punishment]] in Britain and some other countries.
 [[File:Nineteenth-century U.S. Navy cat o' nine tails.jpg|thumb|Nineteenth-century cat o' nine tails, {{convert|38+1/4|in|cm|order=flip}} long, composed of nine lengths (approximately {{convert|18|in|cm|disp=or|order=flip}}) of tarred, braided hemp with ends lashed.]]
 [[File:Cat o' nine.JPG|thumb|300px|A leather cat o' nine tails pictured with a [[U.S. dollar bill]] for size comparison. A U.S. dollar bill is about {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} long, so the total length would be about {{convert|75|cm|ft|frac=4}}.]]
 ==Etymology==
-The term first appears in 1681<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=Randall|title='The cat' Gets its Nine tails|journal=Notes and Queries|date=March 2006|volume=53|issue=1|pages=31–34|doi=10.1093/notesj/gjj118}}</ref> in reports of a London murder. The term came into wider circulation in 1695 after its mention by a character in [[William Congreve]]'s play ''[[Love for Love]]'',<ref>[http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/noa/pdf/27636_Rest_U03_Congreve.pdf William Congreve's love for love and first mention of cat o nine tails see page 32 and the fourth dialogue down spoken by Ben].</ref> although the design is much older. It was probably so-called in reference to its "[[claw]]s", which inflict parallel wounds. There are equivalent terms in many languages, usually strictly translating, and also some analogous terms referring to a similar instrument's number of tails (cord or leather), such as the Dutch ''zevenstaart'' (seven tail[s]), ''negenstaart'' (nine tail[s]), the Spanish ''gato de nueve colas'' or the Italian ''gatto a nove code''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}
+The term first appeared in 1681<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=Randall|title='The cat' Gets its Nine tails|journal=Notes and Queries|date=March 2006|volume=53|issue=1|pages=31–34|doi=10.1093/notesj/gjj118}}</ref> in reports of a London murder. The term came into wider circulation in 1695 after it mentioned a character in [[William Congreve]]'s play ''[[Love for Love]]'',<ref>[http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/noa/pdf/27636_Rest_U03_Congreve.pdf William Congreve's love for love and first mention of cat o nine tails see page 32 and the fourth dialogue down spoken by Ben].</ref> although the design is much older. It was probably so-called about its "[[claw]]s", which inflict parallel wounds. There are equivalent terms in many languages, usually strictly translating, and also some analogous terms referring to a similar instrument's number of tails (cord or leather), such as the Dutch ''zevenstaart'' (seven tail[s]), ''negenstaart'' (nine tail[s]), the Spanish ''gato de nueve colas'' or the Italian ''gatto a nove code''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}
 ==Description==
 The cat is made up of nine [[knot]]ted [[leather|thong]]s of [[cotton]] [[Rope|cord]], about {{convert|2+1/2|ft|cm|round=5|order=flip}} long, designed to lacerate the skin and cause intense pain.
-It traditionally has nine thongs as a result of the manner in which rope is [[Braid|plaited]]. Thinner rope is made from three strands of [[yarn]] plaited together, and thicker rope from three strands of thinner rope plaited together. To make a cat o' nine tails, a rope is unraveled into three small ropes, each of which is unraveled again.
+It traditionally has nine thongs as a result of how rope is [[Braid|plaited]]. Thinner rope is made from three strands of [[yarn]] plaited together, and thicker rope from three strands of thinner rope plaited together. To make a cat o' nine tails, a rope is unraveled into three small ropes, each of which is unraveled again.
-The 19th-century British naval cat was made out of a piece of rope, thicker than a man's wrist (about {{convert|2+1/2|in|cm|0|disp=or|order=flip}}), {{convert|5|ft|m|order=flip}} in length. The first {{convert|3|ft|cm|-1|spell=in|order=flip}} were stiff and solid, and the remaining {{convert|2|ft|cm|spell=in|-1|order=flip}} unraveled into hard twisted and knotted ends.<ref name="cooper">{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=William |title=Flagellation and the Flagellants: A History of the Rod in all Countries from the earliest Period to the present Time |year=1869 |publisher=John Camden Hotten |location= London |page=369, 370}}{{unreliable source|date=May 2023}}</ref>
+The 19th-century British naval cat was made out of a piece of rope, thicker than a man's wrist (about {{convert|2+1/2|in|cm|0|disp=or|order=flip}}), {{convert|5|ft|m|order=flip}} in length. The first {{convert|3|ft|cm|-1|spell=in|order=flip}} were stiff and solid, and the remaining {{convert|2|ft|cm|spell=in|-1|order=flip}} unraveled into hard twisted, and knotted ends.<ref name="cooper">{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=William |title=Flagellation and the Flagellants: A History of the Rod in all Countries from the earliest Period to the present Time |year=1869 |publisher=John Camden Hotten |location= London |page=369, 370}}{{unreliable source|date=May 2023}}</ref>
 ===Variations===
-Variations exist, either named cat (of x tails) or not, such as the whip used on adult [[Egypt]]ian prisoners which had a cord on a cudgel branching into seven tails, each with six knots, used only on adult men, with boys being subject to [[caning]], until Egypt banned the use of the device in 2001.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/nea/8248.htm Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Egypt: 2001], U.S. State Department.</ref>
+Variations exist, either named cat (of x tails) or not, such as the whip used on adult [[Egypt]]ian prisoners which had a cord on a cudgel branching into seven tails, each with six knots, used only on adult men, with boys being subject to [[caning]]<nowiki/>until Egypt banned the use of the device in 2001.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/nea/8248.htm Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Egypt: 2001], U.S. State Department.</ref>
-Sometimes the term "cat" is used incorrectly to describe various other punitive [[flogging]] devices with multiple tails in any number, even one made from 80&nbsp;twigs (so rather a limp [[birching|birch]]) to flog a drunk or other offender instead of 80&nbsp;lashes normally applicable under [[shariah]] law. The closed cat, one without tails, was called a starter.
+Sometimes the term "cat" is misused to describe various other punitive [[flogging]] devices with multiple tails in any number, even one made from 80&nbsp;twigs (so rather a limp [[birching|birch]]) to flog a drunk or other offender instead of 80&nbsp;lashes normally applicable under [[shariah]] law. The closed cat, one without tails, was called a starter.
 ==Historical punishments==
 ===Naval types and use===
-The naval cat weighed about {{convert|370|g|oz|0}} and was composed of a handle connected to nine thinner pieces of line, with each line knotted several times along its length.<ref name=Lavery218>{{cite book |title =Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793-1815 |url =https://archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave |url-access =registration | first =Brian | last =Lavery  | year =1989 | publisher =Naval Institute Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave/page/218 218]| isbn =9781591146124}}</ref> Formal floggings — those ordered by captain or [[court martial]] — were administered ceremonially on deck, the crew being summoned to "witness punishment" and the prisoner being brought forward by marines with fixed [[bayonet]]s.<ref name=Lavery218/>
+The naval cat weighed about {{convert|370|g|oz|0}} and was composed of a handle connected to nine thinner pieces of line, with each line knotted several times along its length.<ref name=Lavery218>{{cite book |title =Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793-1815 |url =https://archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave |url-access =registration | first =Brian | last =Lavery  | year =1989 | publisher =Naval Institute Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave/page/218 218]| isbn =9781591146124}}</ref> Formal floggings — those ordered by the captain or [[court martial]] — were administered ceremonially on deck, the crew being summoned to "witness punishment" and the prisoner being brought forward by marines with fixed [[bayonet]]s.<ref name=Lavery218/>
-In the British navy, the [[boatswain|boatswain's mate]] stood two steps from the offender, combing out the tails of the cat due to the thinner parts of the cat sticking to each other. He would then swing it over his head, make a step forward and, bending his body to give more force to the blow, deliver the stroke at the full sweep of his arm.<ref name="cooper" /> During the period of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the naval cat's handle was made of rope about {{convert|60|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}} long and about {{convert|1|in|cm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in diameter, and was traditionally covered with red [[baize]] cloth. The tails were made of cord about {{convert|1/4|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in diameter and typically {{convert|60|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}
+In the British Navy, the [[boatswain|boatswain's mate]] stood two steps from the offender, combing out the tails of the cat due to the thinner parts of the cat sticking to each other. He would then swing it over his head, make a step forward, and bending his body to give more force to the blow, deliver the stroke at the full sweep of his arm.<ref name="cooper" /> During the period of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the naval cat's handle was made of rope about {{convert|60|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}} long and about {{convert|1|in|cm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in diameter and was traditionally covered with red [[baize]] cloth. The tails were made of cord about {{convert|1/4|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in diameter and typically {{convert|60|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}
 [[File:A sailor is stripped to the waist, tied to a ladder and bein Wellcome V0041675.jpg|thumb|Sailor being flogged with a cat-o'-nine-tails while four sailors are waiting for their turn to flog him.]]
-Drunkenness could be punished by a dozen lashes, which could be administered on the authority of the ship's captain. Greater punishments were generally administered following a formal [[court martial]], with Royal Navy records{{which|date=August 2023}} reflecting some standard penalties of two hundred lashes for desertion, three hundred for mutiny, and up to five hundred for theft.{{cn|date=August 2023}} One blow was sufficient to take off the skin, and to draw blood wherever the knots fell. Three dozen was a common punishment. Three hundred lashes were frequently given.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masefield |first1=John |title=Sea Life in Nelson's Time |date=1905 |publisher=Methuen & Co}}</ref> The offence of [[sodomy]] generally drew the death penalty, though one eighteenth century court martial awarded a punishment of one thousand lashes{{snd}}an equivalent sentence as it would likely be fatal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rodger|first=N. A. M.|title=The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy|year=1986|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|page=227|isbn=0870219871}}</ref>
+Drunkenness could be punished by a dozen lashes, which could be administered on the authority of the ship's captain. Greater punishments were generally administered following a formal [[court martial]], with Royal Navy record reflecting some standard penalties of two hundred lashes for desertion, three hundred for mutiny, and up to five hundred for theft.{{cn|date=August 2023}} One blow was sufficient to take off the skin and to draw blood wherever the knots fell. Three dozen was a common punishment. Three hundred lashes were frequently given.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masefield |first1=John |title=Sea Life in Nelson's Time |date=1905 |publisher=Methuen & Co}}</ref> The offense of [[sodomy]] generally drew the death penalty, though one eighteenth-century court martial awarded a punishment of one thousand lashes{{snd}}an equivalent sentence as it would likely be fatal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rodger|first=N. A. M.|title=The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy|year=1986|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|page=227|isbn=0870219871}}</ref>
 A new cat was made for each flogging by a [[boatswain]]'s mate and kept in a red baize bag until use. If several dozen lashes were awarded, each could be administered by a fresh boatswain's mate — some ship's captains would include a left-handed bosun's mate in their crews, so that one could be included to assure extra painful crisscrossing of the wounds. One dozen was usually awarded as a highly sensitizing prelude to [[running the gauntlet]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}
-For summary punishment of Royal Navy [[Boy seaman#Royal Navy|''boys'']], a lighter model was made, known as boy's cat or boy's pussy, that had only five tails of smooth whip cord.<ref>{{Citation |title=Whipping to win: measured violence, delegated sovereignty and the privatised domination of non- human life |date=11 February 2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203071366-14 |work=Law and the Question of the Animal |pages=126–142 |access-date=27 April 2023 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> If formally convicted by a court martial, however, even boys would suffer the punishment of the adult cat. While adult sailors received their lashes on the back, they were administered to boys on the bare posterior, usually while "kissing the gunner's daughter" (publicly bending over a gun barrel), just as boys' lighter "daily" chastisement was usually over their (often naked) rear-end (mainly with a cane—this could be applied to the hand, but captains generally refused such impractical disablement—or a rope's end). Bare-bottom discipline was a tradition of the English upper and middle classes, who frequented public schools,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Humphries|first=Stephen|title=[[Hooligans or Rebels?|Hooligans or Rebels?: An oral history of working-class childhood and youth 1889–1939]]|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|year=1981|isbn=978-0-631-12982-0}}</ref> so [[midshipmen]] (trainee officers, usually from 'good families', getting a cheaper equivalent education by enlisting) were not spared. Still, it is reported that the 'infantile' embarrassment of prolonged, public bare-bottom punishment was believed essential for optimal deterrence; cocky miscreants might brave the pain of the adult cat in the macho spirit of "taking it like a man" or even as a "badge of honour".
+For summary punishment of Royal Navy [[Boy seaman#Royal Navy|''boys'']], a lighter model was made, known as boy's cat or boy's pussy, that had only five tails of smooth whipcord.<ref>{{Citation |title=Whipping to win: measured violence, delegated sovereignty and the privatised domination of non- human life |date=11 February 2013 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203071366-14 |work=Law and the Question of the Animal |pages=126–142 |access-date=27 April 2023 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> If formally convicted by a court-martial, however, even boys would suffer the punishment of the adult cat. While adult sailors received their lashes on the back, they were administered to boys on the bare posterior, usually while "kissing the gunner's daughter" (publicly bending over a gun barrel), just as boys' lighter "daily" chastisement was usually over their (often naked) rear-end (mainly with a cane—this could be applied to the hand, but captains generally refused such impractical disablement—or a rope's end). Bare-bottom discipline was a tradition of the English upper and middle classes, who frequented public schools,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Humphries|first=Stephen|title=[[Hooligans or Rebels?|Hooligans or Rebels?: An oral history of working-class childhood and youth 1889–1939]]|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|year=1981|isbn=978-0-631-12982-0}}</ref> so [[midshipmen]] (trainee officers, usually from 'good families', getting a cheaper equivalent education by enlisting) were not spared. Still, it is reported that the 'infantile' embarrassment of prolonged, public bare-bottom punishment was believed essential for optimal deterrence; cocky miscreants might brave the pain of the adult cat in the macho spirit of "taking it like a man" or even as a "badge of honour".
 On board [[training ship]]s, where most of the crew were boys, the cat was never introduced, but their bare bottoms risked, as in other naval establishments on land, "the sting of the [[birching|birch]]", another favourite in public schools.
 ====Flogging round the fleet====
-"The severest form of flogging was a flogging round the fleet. The number of lashes was divided by the number of ships in port and the offender was rowed between ships for each ship's company to witness the punishment."<ref>[http://www.nelsonsnavy.co.uk/broadside8.html Broadside. Crime and Punishment<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Penalties of hundreds of lashes were imposed for the gravest offences, including [[sedition]] and [[mutiny]]. The prisoner was rowed around the fleet in an open boat and received a number of his lashes at each ship in turn, for as long as the surgeon allowed. Sentences often took months or years to complete, depending on how much a man was expected to bear at a time. Normally 250–500 lashes would kill a man, as infections would spread.<ref>[http://www.nmm.ac.uk/searchbin/searchs.pl?exhibit=it0313d&axis=1194612893&flash=&dev= Flogging Round the Fleet<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After the flogging was completed, the sailor's lacerated back was frequently rinsed with [[brine]] or [[seawater]], which was thought to serve as a crude [[antiseptic]] (although it is now known that [[Seawater#Microbial components|seawater contains significant microbial components]]). Although the purpose was to control infection, it caused the sailor to endure additional pain, and gave rise to the expression "rubbing salt into his wounds", which came to mean vindictively or gratuitously increasing a punishment or injury already imposed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A history of sailing in 100 objects |last=Barry |first=Pickthall |isbn=9781472918857 |location=London |oclc=933722160 |publisher= Adlard Coles Nautical |year=2016}}</ref>
+The severest form of flogging was a flogging round the fleet. The number of lashes was divided by the number of ships in port and the offender was rowed between ships for each ship's company to witness the punishment.<ref>[http://www.nelsonsnavy.co.uk/broadside8.html Broadside. Crime and Punishment<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Penalties of hundreds of lashes were imposed for the gravest offenses, including [[sedition]] and [[mutiny]]. The prisoner was rowed around the fleet in an open boat and received a number of his lashes at each ship in turn, for as long as the surgeon allowed. Sentences often took months or years to complete, depending on how much a man was expected to bear at a time. Normally 250–500 lashes would kill a man, as infections would spread.<ref>[http://www.nmm.ac.uk/searchbin/searchs.pl?exhibit=it0313d&axis=1194612893&flash=&dev= Flogging Round the Fleet<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After the flogging was completed, the sailor's lacerated back was frequently rinsed with [[brine]] or [[seawater]], which was thought to serve as a crude [[antiseptic]] (although it is now known that [[Seawater#Microbial components|seawater contains significant microbial components]]). Although the purpose was to control infection, it caused the sailor to endure additional pain and gave rise to the expression "rubbing salt into his wounds", which came to mean vindictively or gratuitously increasing punishment or injury already imposed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A history of sailing in 100 objects |last=Barry |first=Pickthall |isbn=9781472918857 |location=London |oclc=933722160 |publisher= Adlard Coles Nautical |year=2016}}</ref>
 ===British Army===
 The [[British Army]] had a similar multiple whip, though much lighter in construction, made of a drumstick with attached strings. The flogger was usually a [[drummer]] rather than a strong bosun's mate. Flogging with the cat o' nine tails fell into disuse around 1870.
-Whereas the British naval cat rarely cut (contrary to graphic films) but rather abraded the skin, the falls (tresses) of the British Army cat were lighter (around {{convert|1/8|in|mm|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}) and the string was in fact codline{{snd}}a very dense material akin to tarred string. Although the total whip would weigh only a fraction of a naval rope cat, the thin, dense codline tresses were far more likely to cut the skin. However, one lash in the navy was considered equivalent in severity to several in the army; and although the lashes were numbered by dozens instead of hundreds, twelve stripes afloat were fully equal to a hundred on shore. This was partly owing to the make and material of the cat, and also to the mode of flogging.<ref name="cooper" />
+Whereas the British naval cat rarely cut (contrary to graphic films) but rather irritated the skin, the falls (tresses) of the British Army cat were lighter (around {{convert|1/8|in|mm|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}) and the string was in fact codline{{snd}}a very dense material akin to tarred string. Although the total whip would weigh only a fraction of a naval rope cat, the thin, dense codline tresses were far more likely to cut the skin. However, one lash in the navy was considered equivalent in severity to several in the army; and although the lashes were numbered by dozens instead of hundreds, twelve stripes afloat were fully equal to a hundred on shore. This was partly owing to the make and material of the cat, and also to the mode of flogging.<ref name="cooper" />
 A soldier who was flogged in 1832, with a cat precisely similar to that used in the King’s fleet, said:
-“I felt an astounding sensation between the shoulders, under my neck, which went to my toe-nails in one direction, and my finger-nails in another, and stung me to the heart, as if a knife had gone through my body.... He came on a second time a few inches lower, and then I thought the former stroke was sweet and agreeable compared with that one.... I felt my flesh quiver in every nerve, from the scalp of my head to my toe-nails. The time between each stroke seemed so long as to be agonising, and yet the next came too soon.... The pain in my lungs was more severe, I thought, than on my back. I felt as if I would burst in the internal parts of my body.... I put my tongue between my teeth, held it there, and bit it almost in two pieces. What with the blood from my tongue, and my lips, which I had also bitten, and the blood from my lungs, or some other internal part, ruptured by the writhing agony, I was almost choked, and became black in the face.... Only fifty had been inflicted, and the time since they began was like a long period of life; I felt as if I had lived all the time of my real life in pain and torture, and that the time when existence had pleasure in it was a dream, long, long gone by.” <ref>{{cite book |last1=Masefield |first1=John |title=Sea Life in Nelson's Time |date=1905 |publisher=Methuen & Co}}</ref>
+“I felt an astounding sensation between the shoulders, under my neck, which went to my toe-nails in one direction, and my finger-nails in another, and stung me to the heart as if a knife had gone through my body. He came on a second time a few inches lower, and then I thought the former stroke was sweet and agreeable compared with that one. I felt my flesh quiver in every nerve, from the scalp of my head to my toe nails. The time between each stroke seemed so long as to be agonising, and yet the next came too soon. The pain in my lungs was more severe, I thought, than on my back. I felt as if I would burst in the internal parts of my body. I put my tongue between my teeth, held it there, and bit it almost in two pieces. What with the blood from my tongue, and my lips, which I had also bitten, and the blood from my lungs, or some other internal part, ruptured by the writhing agony, I was almost choked and became black in the face. Only fifty had been inflicted, and the time since they began was like a long period of life. I felt as if I had lived all the time of my real life in pain and torture, and that the time when existence had pleasure in it was a dream, long, long gone by.” <ref>{{cite book |last1=Masefield |first1=John |title=Sea Life in Nelson's Time |date=1905 |publisher=Methuen & Co}}</ref>
-It was also used elsewhere in the empire, notably at the penal colonies in [[Australia]], and also in [[Canada]] (a dominion in 1867) where it was used until 1881. An 1812 drawing<ref>[http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/fort_henry/BackWay/punishment.html Fort Henry, Canada.]</ref> shows a drummer apparently lashing the buttocks of a naked soldier who is tied with spread legs on an A-frame made from sergeants' half pikes. In many places, soldiers were generally flogged stripped to the waist.
+It was also used elsewhere in the empire, notably at the penal colonies in [[Australia]], and also in [[Canada]] (a dominion in 1867) where it was used until 1881. An 1812 drawing<ref>[http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/fort_henry/BackWay/punishment.html Fort Henry, Canada.]</ref> shows a drummer apparently lashing the buttocks of a naked soldier who is tied with spread legs on an A-frame made from sergeants' half pikes. In many places, soldiers were generally flogged and stripped to the waist.
 ===Prison usage===
-The cat o' nine tails was also used on adult [[convict]]s in prisons; a 1951 memorandum<ref>[https://www.corpun.com/ukprr1.htm "Memorandum to prisons re: Birches and Cats-o'-nine tails"], PRO HO 323/13, National Archives.</ref> (possibly confirming earlier practice) ordered all UK male prisons to use only cats o' nine tails (and birches) from a national stock at [[Wandsworth]] prison, where they were to be 'thoroughly' tested before being supplied in triplicate to a prison whenever a flogging was pending for use as prison discipline. In the 20th century, this use was confined to very serious cases involving violence against a prison officer, and each flogging had to be confirmed by central government.
+The cat o' nine tails was also used on adult [[convict]]s in prisons; a 1951 memorandum<ref>[https://www.corpun.com/ukprr1.htm "Memorandum to prisons re: Birches and Cats-o'-nine tails"], PRO HO 323/13, National Archives.</ref> (possibly confirming earlier practice) ordered all UK male prisons to use only cats o' nine tails (and birches) from a national stock at [[Wandsworth]] prison, where they were to be 'thoroughly' tested before being supplied in triplicate to a prison whenever a flogging was pending for use as prison discipline. In the 20th century, this use was confined to very serious cases involving violence against a prison officer, and each flogging had to be confirmed by the central government.
 ===Penal colonies in Australia===