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'''Jägala concentration camp''' was a [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] near the village of [[Jägala]], [[Estonia]]. It was established in 1942 and was commanded by [[Aleksander Laak]], an [[Estonians|Estonian]].<ref name="historycommission">[http://www.mnemosyne.ee/hc.ee/pdf/conclusions_en_1941-1944.pdf Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Phase II - The German Occupation of Estonia, 1941 - 1944]</ref>
'''Jägala concentration camp''' was a [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] near the village of [[Jägala]], [[Estonia]]. It was established in 1942 and was commanded by [[Aleksander Laak]], an [[Estonians|Estonian]].<ref name="historycommission">[http://www.mnemosyne.ee/hc.ee/pdf/conclusions_en_1941-1944.pdf Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Phase II - The German Occupation of Estonia, 1941 - 1944]</ref>


Based upon an old army barracks at Jägala, the site was turned into a camp with the addition of some barbed wire fencing. Jägala was officially a "labour education camp" or "Arbeits und Erziehungslager" for forced forestry and field workers.<ref>Weiss-Wendt, p237</ref> The camp housed [[Jews]] deported to Estonia from other countries,<ref name="weiss" /> including [[Lithuania]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]. About 3,000 Jews who were not selected for work at their arrival at [[Raasiku]] railway station were taken driectly from the station and shot at the near-by [[Kalevi-Liiva]] extermination site.<ref name="historycommission"/>
The camp was a processing camp for [[Jews]] deported to Estonia from other countries,<ref name="weiss" /> including
[[Lithuania]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]. About 3,000 arrived Jews not selected for work were shot in the near-by [[Kalevi-Liiva]] extermination site.<ref name="historycommission"/>


The camp never held more than 200 prisoners and had a short life span of several months.<ref name="weiss" /> In November 1942 it was reported that the camp held 53 men and 150 women.<ref>Weiss-Wendt, p237</ref> Most of the prisoners were progressively transported to Tallinn Central Prison starting with about half of the prisoners moved in December 1942 and many more in June and July.<ref>Weiss-Wendt, p237</ref> By August 1943 the camp was closed when most of the remaining inmates were shot.<ref name="historycommission"/> Several diseased prisoners were shot at the Jägala camp while about 15 hospitalised prisoners were sent to Kalevi-Liiva to be executed, Laak also killed three women, one of them his sex slave; the camp was then dismantled by September 1943<ref>Weiss-Wendt, p238</ref>.
The camp never held more than 200 prisoners.<ref name="weiss" /> It was liquidated in the spring of 1943. Most of the inmates were shot.<ref name="historycommission"/>


The estimates for the number of killed at Jägala concentration camp vary. [[Holocaust trials in Soviet Estonia|Soviet investigators]] concluded that 2,000-3,000 were killed in Jägala and [[Kalevi-Liiva]] taken together, but the number 5,000 (as determined by the [[Extraordinary State Commission]] in 1944) was written into the verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kul.ee/index.php?path=40&DocID=215|title=Ülevaade juutide tapmisest Eesti territooriumil asunud laagrites|last=Hiio|first=Toomas|coauthors=Meelis Maripuu|publisher=[[Estonian Ministry of Culture]]|language=Estonian|accessdate=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ekspress">{{cite news|url=http://www.ekspress.ee/news/paevauudised/valisuudised/juudid-pidasid-kalevi-liiva-koonduslaagri-komandandi-ule-omakohut.d?id=27679795|title=Juudid pidasid Kalevi-Liiva koonduslaagri komandandi üle omakohut|date=29 July 2008|work=[[Eesti Ekspress]]}}</ref>
The estimates for the number of killed at Jägala concentration camp vary. [[Holocaust trials in Soviet Estonia|Soviet investigators]] concluded that 2,000-3,000 were killed in Jägala and [[Kalevi-Liiva]] taken together, but the number 5,000 (as determined by the [[Extraordinary State Commission]] in 1944) was written into the verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kul.ee/index.php?path=40&DocID=215|title=Ülevaade juutide tapmisest Eesti territooriumil asunud laagrites|last=Hiio|first=Toomas|coauthors=Meelis Maripuu|publisher=[[Estonian Ministry of Culture]]|language=Estonian|accessdate=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ekspress">{{cite news|url=http://www.ekspress.ee/news/paevauudised/valisuudised/juudid-pidasid-kalevi-liiva-koonduslaagri-komandandi-ule-omakohut.d?id=27679795|title=Juudid pidasid Kalevi-Liiva koonduslaagri komandandi üle omakohut|date=29 July 2008|work=[[Eesti Ekspress]]}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:24, 10 September 2010

Jägala concentration camp was a Nazi concentration camp near the village of Jägala, Estonia. It was established in 1942 and was commanded by Aleksander Laak, an Estonian.[1]

Based upon an old army barracks at Jägala, the site was turned into a camp with the addition of some barbed wire fencing. Jägala was officially a "labour education camp" or "Arbeits und Erziehungslager" for forced forestry and field workers.[2] The camp housed Jews deported to Estonia from other countries,[3] including Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Germany and Poland. About 3,000 Jews who were not selected for work at their arrival at Raasiku railway station were taken driectly from the station and shot at the near-by Kalevi-Liiva extermination site.[1]

The camp never held more than 200 prisoners and had a short life span of several months.[3] In November 1942 it was reported that the camp held 53 men and 150 women.[4] Most of the prisoners were progressively transported to Tallinn Central Prison starting with about half of the prisoners moved in December 1942 and many more in June and July.[5] By August 1943 the camp was closed when most of the remaining inmates were shot.[1] Several diseased prisoners were shot at the Jägala camp while about 15 hospitalised prisoners were sent to Kalevi-Liiva to be executed, Laak also killed three women, one of them his sex slave; the camp was then dismantled by September 1943[6].

The estimates for the number of killed at Jägala concentration camp vary. Soviet investigators concluded that 2,000-3,000 were killed in Jägala and Kalevi-Liiva taken together, but the number 5,000 (as determined by the Extraordinary State Commission in 1944) was written into the verdict.[7][8]

In modern sources, the number 10,000 occurs.[1][9][10] Michael Elkins and Jonathan Freedland give the figure of victims as up to 100,000.[11][12] David Fraser, Hershel Edelheit, and Abraham J. Edelheit[13][14] have given the figure 125,000; Warren Kinsella places the number at 300,000.[15] However, Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity and estimates of scholars place the number of total Jewish victims in Estonia during 1941-1944 around 8,500.[3][16] According to Anton Weiss-Wendt, the total number of people murdered by Nazis in Estonia during the occupation was 31,028.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Phase II - The German Occupation of Estonia, 1941 - 1944 Cite error: The named reference "historycommission" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ Weiss-Wendt, p237
  3. ^ a b c d Weiss-Wendt, Anton (2009-06-30). Murder Without Hatred: Estonians and the Holocaust (Religion, Theology, and the Holocaust). Syracuse University Press. p. 351. ISBN 978-0815632283.
  4. ^ Weiss-Wendt, p237
  5. ^ Weiss-Wendt, p237
  6. ^ Weiss-Wendt, p238
  7. ^ Hiio, Toomas. "Ülevaade juutide tapmisest Eesti territooriumil asunud laagrites" (in Estonian). Estonian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 13 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Juudid pidasid Kalevi-Liiva koonduslaagri komandandi üle omakohut". Eesti Ekspress. 29 July 2008.
  9. ^ Kaasik, Peeter (2010-05-28). "Holocaust in Estonia". Estonica. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  10. ^ "Komisjon: 20.000 juudi hukkamine Eestis pole tõendatud". Virumaa Nädalaleht (in Estonian). 2004-09-20. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  11. ^ Elkins, Michael (1981). Forged in fury. Piatkus. p. 13. ISBN 9780861880980.
  12. ^ Freedland, Jonathan (26 July 2008). "Revenge". The Guardian.
  13. ^ Fraser, David (2005). Law after Auschwitz: towards a jurisprudence of the Holocaust. Carolina Academic Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780890892435.
  14. ^ Edelheit, Hershel; Edelheit, Abraham J. (1995). Israel and the Jewish world, 1948-1993: a chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 111. ISBN 9780313292750.
  15. ^ Kinsella, Warren (1994). Web of hate: inside Canada's far right network. HarperCollins. p. 180. ISBN 9780002550741.
  16. ^ e.g. Wolfgang Benz Handbuch des Antisemitismus: Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Volume 1. 2008. S 111.


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