Sanjak of Üsküp
 | This article contains close paraphrasing of non-free copyrighted sources. (January 2021) |
| Sanjak of Skopje Üsküp Sancağı Скопски санџак/Skopski sandžak Sanxhaku i Shkupit Üsküp Sancağı | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire | |||||||||
| 1463–1913 | |||||||||
.svg) Flag
.svg) Coat of arms
| |||||||||
.svg) | |||||||||
| Capital | Skopje | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1463 | ||||||||
• Treaty of London (1913) | 30 May 1913 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | North Macedonia | ||||||||
The Sanjak of Üsküp was one of the sanjaks in the Ottoman Empire, with Üsküb (modern-day Skopje) as its administrative centre.
Origins
[edit]Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political troubles. It served as Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992, and Samuel of Bulgaria ruled it from 976[1] until 1004 when its governor Roman surrendered it to Byzantine Emperor Basil the Bulgar Slayer in 1004 in exchange for the titles of patrician and strategos.[2] It became a centre of a new Byzantine province called Bulgaria.[3] Skopje (Üsküb) had previously been the capital also of the short lived Serbian Empire between 1346 and 1371.
Üsküb became part of Ottoman Empire after it was captured from the District of Branković on January 6, 1392.[4][5] The first Ottoman governor of Skopje was Pasha Yiğit Bey, who conquered Skopje for the Ottoman Empire.[6] The next one was Isak-Beg who was sent to lead military actions in Serbia in spring of 1439, and was replaced by his son Isa-Beg Isaković in the position of sanjakbeg of the Sanjak of Skopje.[7]
The sanjak was initially formed as the so-called krajište (Skopsko Krajište; lit. borderland of Skopje) that was transformed into a full sanjak in the mid-16th century.[8]
History
[edit]The Sanjak of Üsküp had often been given to beylerbeys as arpalik.[9] Up to the 19th century, the sanjak was part of the Eyalet of Rumelia.
Uprisings against the Ottoman government occurred in the sanjak in 1572, 1584, 1585 and 1595.[10] During the Great Turkish War, Austrian general Silvio Piccolomini burnt down Skopje in 1689.
In 1868 the Sanjak of Skopje together with the Sanjak of Prizren, Sanjak of Dibra and Sanjak of Niš became part of the newly established Prizren Vilayet.[11] When Kosovo Vilayet was established in 1877, the Prizren Vilayet (without several nahiyas annexed by the Serbia) and its Sanjak of Skopje became part of Kosovo Vilayet, with Skopje as its seat.
According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza (sub-district) of Usküp had a total population of 70.170, consisting of 40.256 Muslims, 22.497 Bulgarians, 6.655 Greeks, 724 Jews and 38 Latins.[12]
During the First Balkan War in 1912 and the beginning of 1913, the Sandzak of Skopje was liberated by the Kingdom of Serbia. On the basis of the Treaty of London signed during the London Conference in 1913, its territory became a part of Serbia.
Demographics
[edit]According to the 1881–1882 and the 1905–1906 census of the Ottoman Empire, the population of the Sanjak of Üsküp is distributed, as follows:[14]
| Ethnoconfessional group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Census of 1881-1882 | % | Census of 1905-1906 | % | |
| Orthodox Bulgarians (Exarchists) | 147,847 | 54.3 | 144,545 | 53.9 |
| Muslims | 115,858 | 42.5 | 113,603 | 42.3 |
| Orthodox Greeks (Patriarchists) | 7,248 | 2.7 | 8,606 | 3.2 |
| Jews | 1,234 | 0.5 | 1,198 | 0.4 |
| Roman Catholics | 46 | 0.0 | 605 | 0.2 |
| Protestants | 97 | 0.0 | 173 | 0.0 |
| Armenians | 1 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 |
| Total | 272,331 | 100.0 | 268,729 | 100.0 |
Furthermore, according to the Ottoman salname for 1903, the population is distributed, as follows:[15]
- Bulgarians - 126,701
- Muslims - 94,006
- Greeks - 5,123
- Serbs - 4,843
- Others - N/A
List of governors
[edit]The earliest governors, of the so-called Skopje krajište:
- Pasha Yiğit Bey: (1392–1414)
- Ishak Bey: (1414–1439)
- Nesuh Bey: (1439–1454)
- Isa-Beg Ishaković: (1454–1463)
Sanjakbeys:
- Mustafa Pasha Kara Mehmed-zade: (July 1755–?)
- Osman Pasha: (September 1844 – August 1845)
- Mehmed Selim Pasha Eneste Haseki: (August 1845 – March 1848)
- Hafiz Mehmed Pasha the Cherkessian: (March 1848 – May 1850)
- Ismail Pasha Paisli: (May 1850 – April 1851)
- Mustafa Tosun Pasha: (April 1851 – October 1853)
- Ali Riza Mehmed Pasha: (November 1853 – February 1854)
- Akif Pasha: (1857–?)
- Mahzar Osman Pasha Arnavut: (September 1858 – August 1859)
- Rustem Pasha Ebubekir: August 1859 – March 1860
- Alyanak Mustafa Pasha: (March 1860—July 1863)
- Mahmud Faiz Pasha: (July 1863 – January 1864)
- ?
- İsmail Hakkı Paşa Şehsüvarzade Leskovikli: (November 1865 – July 1869)
- ?
- Hafuz Pasha: (fl. 1876–1900)
References
[edit]- ^ "Medieval Kale". Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ (Skylitzes-Cedr. II, 455, 13)
- ^ Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th–12th Centuries, Alexandru Madgearu, BRILL, 2013, ISBN 9004252495
- ^ "Archeological exavations "Skopsko Kale"". skopskokale.com.mk. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
The handwriting of the triod of the Khludov collection in the Moscow Historical Museum no. 162, completed on 6 January 1392, on the day of the Ottoman conquest of Skopje.
- ^ Сима Ћирковић; Раде Михальчић (1999). Лексикон српског средњег века. Knowledge. p. 645. ISBN 9788683233014. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
Такав санџак-бег, као скопски (од 1392), имао је знатно шира овлашћења: надзирао је суседне трибутарне господаре и имао је право да сам организује и предводи мање освајачке по- ходе.
- ^ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1993), Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. VIII, Netherlands: E.J. Brill and Luzac and Co., p. 876
- ^ Godišnjak (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo, SFR Yugoslavia: Društvo Istoričara Bosne i Hercegovine: 46. 1953.
To se najbolje vidi iz sadržine vijesti na osnovu koje znamo za njihovu prisutnost u Bosni 1438 godine, a još bolje iz činjenice da se u proljeće sljedeće godine ovdje pojavio novi skopski sandžakbeg Isa-beg, sin dotadašnjeg skopskog sandžaka Ishak bega koji je bio upućen na akcije u Srbiji
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Evliya Çelebi (1967). Hazim Šabanović (ed.). Putopis - Kulturno nasljeđe (in Serbo-Croatian). Svjetlost. p. 279.
29. Skopski sandžak nije osnovan odmah poslije zauzimanja Skoplja, nego je od 1392. pa sve do pada Srbije (1459.) i Bosne (1463.) Skoplje bilo sjedište krajišnika koji su upravljali cijelim turskim područjem od Skoplja do Vrhbosne. Osnivanjem smederevskog i drugih sandžaka u Srbiji i bosanskog sandžaka to je krajište znatno smanjeno i izgubilo značaj koji je dotle imalo. Sredinom XVI. v. ono je postalo središnja oblast zasebnog skopskog sandžaka.
- ^ Ljubiša Doklestić (1964). Kroz historiju Makedonije: izabrani izvori. Školska knj. p. 65. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
...[Skoplje] je sjediste sandzak-bega posebnog [sandzaka] u ru- melijskom ejáletu, ali je taj sandzak mnogo puta davan mir-i miranima od dva tuga [kao arpaluk].
- ^ Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. pp. 659–. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2.
- ^ Grandits, Hannes; Nathalie Clayer; Robert Pichler (2010). Conflicting Loyalties in the Balkans The Great Powers, the Ottoman Empire and Nation-building. Gardners Books. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-84885-477-2. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
In 1868 the vilayet of Prizren was created with the sancaks of Prizren, Dibra, Skopje and Niš; it only existed till 1877
- ^ Kemal Karpat (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics, The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 140-141
- ^ a b Karpat, K.H. (1985). Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 144–145, 166–167.
- ^ Karpat, K.H. (1985). Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 142–143, 166–167.
- ^ Ahbab, Yakup (2015). "Administrative and Socio-Economic Structure of the Skopje Sanjak (1876-1911) / Üsküp Sancağı'nın idari ve sosyo/ekonomik yapısı (1876-1911)" (PDF) (in Turkish). p. 77.
Literature
[edit]- Ağanoğlu, Yıldırım (2000). Salnâme-i Vilâyet-i Kosova: Yedinci defa olarak vilâyet matbaasında tab olunmuştur: 1896 (hicri 1314) Kosova vilâyet-i salnâmesi (Üsküp, Priştine, Prizren, İpek, Yenipazar, Taşlıca). İstanbul: Rumeli Türkleri Kültür ve Dayanışma Derneği.
External links
[edit]
- States and territories established in 1463
- States and territories disestablished in 1913
- Sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire in Europe
- History of Skopje
- Ottoman period in the history of Kosovo
- Kosovo vilayet
- Ottoman period in the history of North Macedonia
- Ottoman Serbia
- 1463 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
- 1913 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire