Jump to content

Supermodel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is the current revision of this page, as edited by PenultimateStride (talk | contribs) at 12:57, 19 October 2024. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.

(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This article is about the profession. For other uses, see Supermodel (disambiguation).

Gisele Bündchen was the world's highest-paid supermodel between 2002 and 2016.[1][2]

A supermodel is a highly paid fashion model who has a worldwide reputation and background in haute couture and commercial modeling. The term became popular in the 1990s.[3] Supermodels usually work for prominent fashion designers and clothing brands. They may have multimillion-dollar contracts, endorsements, and campaigns. Supermodels have branded themselves as household names and worldwide recognition is associated with their modeling careers.[4][5][6][7] They have been on the covers of leading fashion magazines. Claudia Schiffer stated in 2007 that, "In order to become a supermodel one must be on all the covers all over the world at the same time so that people can recognise the girls."[8][9]

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

An early use of the term supermodel appeared in 1891, in an interview with artist Henry Stacy Marks for The Strand Magazine, in which Marks told journalist Harry How, "A good many models are addicted to drink, and, after sitting a while, will suddenly go to sleep. Then I have had what I call the 'super' model. You know the sort of man; he goes in for theatrical effect ..."[10] On 6 October 1942, a writer named Judith Cass had used the term super model for her article in the Chicago Tribune, which headlined "Super Models Are Signed for Fashion Show".[11] Later in 1943, an agent named Clyde Matthew Dessner used the term in a "how-to" book about modeling, entitled So You Want to Be a Model!, in which Dessner wrote, "She will be a super-model, but the girl in her will be like the girl in you—quite ordinary, but ambitious and eager for personal development."[12][13] According to Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women by Michael Gross, the term supermodel was first used by Dessner in the 1940s.[14] In 1949, Cosmopolitan magazine referred to Anita Colby, the highest paid model at the time,[15] as a "super model": "She's been super model, super movie saleswoman, and top brass at Selznick and Paramount."[16] On 18 October 1959, Vancouver's Chinatown News described Susan Chew as a "super model".[17]

Lisa Fonssagrives at London Paddington station, 1951

The term supermodel had also been used several times in the media in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1965, the encyclopedic guide American Jurisprudence Trials used the term "super model" ("...at issue was patient's belief that her husband was having an affair with a super model").[18] On 21 March 1967, The New York Times referred to Twiggy as a supermodel;[19] the February 1968 article of Glamour listed all 19 "supermodels"; The Chicago Daily Defender wrote "New York Designer Turns Super Model" in January 1970; The Washington Post and the Mansfield News Journal used the term in 1971; and in 1974, both the Chicago Tribune and The Advocate used the term "supermodel" in their articles.[20] American Vogue used the term "super-model" to describe Jean Shrimpton in the 15 October 1965 edition, and "supermodel" on the cover page to describe Margaux Hemingway in the 1 September 1975 edition.[21] Hemingway was again described as a "supermodel" in the 25 July 1977 edition of Time.[19] Jet also described Beverly Johnson as a "supermodel" in the 22 December 1977 edition.[22]

Model Janice Dickinson has incorrectly stated that she coined the term supermodel in 1979, as a compound of Superman and model.[23] During an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Dickinson stated that her agent, Monique Pilar of Elite Model Management, asked her, "Janice, who do you think you are, Superman?" She replied, "No ... I'm a supermodel, honey, and you will refer to me as a supermodel and you will start a supermodel division." Dickinson also claims to have been the first supermodel.[23]

Lisa Fonssagrives is widely considered to have been the world's first supermodel, with a career that began in the 1930s.[24][25][26][27] She was in most of the major fashion magazines and general interest magazines from the 1930s to the 1950s, including Town & Country, Life, Vogue, the original Vanity Fair, Harper's Bazaar, and Time.[28] Evelyn Nesbit (with a career launched around 1900)[29] and Dorian Leigh (her career launched in 1944) have also been called the world's first supermodel,[30][31][32] as well as Jean Shrimpton (early 1960s),[33][34][35][36][37] and Gia Carangi (late 1970s).[38][39]

Dutch-born model Wilhelmina Cooper holds the record for most covers on American Vogue, appearing 27 or 28 times throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Cooper would go on to found Wilhelmina Models modeling and talent agency in 1967.[40]

1960s–1970s

[edit]

In February 1968, an article in Glamour described 19 models as "supermodels": Cheryl Tiegs, Veruschka, Lisa Palmer, Peggy Moffitt, Sue Murray, Twiggy, Sunny Harnett, Marisa Berenson, Gretchen Harris, Heide Wiedeck, Irish Bianchi, Hiroko Matsumoto, Anne de Zogheb, Kathy Carpenter, Jean Shrimpton, Jean Patchett, Benedetta Barzini, Claudia Duxbury and Agneta Frieberg.[20][41]

Margaux Hemingway in 1976. In 1975, Hemingway landed a then-unprecedented million-dollar contract as the face of Fabergé's Babe perfume

In the 1970s is when many consider the origination of the supermodel, some models becoming more prominent as their names became more recognizable to the general public by commercial endorsements, magazine covers,posters, securing large sums of money for cosmetic contracts, TV appearances and movie roles. Sports Illustrated editor Jule Campbell abandoned then-current modeling trends for its fledgling Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue by photographing "bigger and healthier" California models,[42] and captioning the photographs with their names, turning many of them into household names and establishing the swimsuit issue as a cornerstone of supermodel status.[42]

In 1973, Lauren Hutton became the first model to receive a contract from a cosmetics company, when Revlon hired her to sell their Ultima line.[43][44] She has also appeared on the cover of Vogue 26 times.[45] Naomi Sims is considered to be the first black supermodel. Donyale Luna, Beverly Johnson and Iman have also been referred to as the first black supermodel. [46]

In 1975, Margaux Hemingway landed a then-unprecedented million-dollar contract as the face of Fabergé's Babe perfume and the same year, appeared on the cover of Time magazine, labelled as one of the "New Beauties", giving further name recognition to fashion models.

Cheryl Tiegs, described by many as America's first supermodel, became a cultural icon during the 1970's. In addition to covers of Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Harper's Bazaar and Glamour magazines, she appeared on the covers of Sports Illustrated, People, Newsweek and US, with the caption, "Why She's America's Top Model." Her 1978 pink bikini poster became a symbol of 70's pop culture and was the second best selling poster of that decade. In 1979, she signed the biggest cosmetics contract at the time: A five year, 1.5 million dollar deal with CoverGirl.

Christie Brinkley has the distinction of having the longest running cosmetics contract of any model in history when she represented CoverGirl for twenty five years.[47]

Anna Bayle, a Filipino-born model who rose to prominence in the 1970s, has been cited as one of the first Southeast Asian supermodels.[48][49]

Donyale Luna was the first black model to appear in British Vogue, in March 1966.[50] Naomi Sims, who is sometimes regarded as the first black supermodel, became the first African American to feature on the cover of Ladies' Home Journal, in 1968.[51] The first African American model to be on the cover of American Vogue was Beverly Johnson in 1974.[52] Pat Cleveland, another prominent African-American model, has also been described as one of the first black supermodels, in particular by former editor-at-large for American Vogue André Leon Talley, in an article for the June 1980 issue of Ebony magazine,[53] and again in his 2003 memoir.[54]

1980s

[edit]
Elle Macpherson, nicknamed "The Body" by Time magazine

In October 1981, Life cited Shelley Hack, Lauren Hutton, and Iman for Revlon, Margaux Hemingway for Fabergé, Karen Graham for Estée Lauder, Cristina Ferrare for Max Factor, and Cheryl Tiegs for CoverGirl by proclaiming them the "million dollar faces" of the beauty industry. These supermodels negotiated previously unheard of lucrative and exclusive deals with the giant cosmetics companies, were instantly recognizable, and their names became well known to the general public.[55]

In the early 1980s, Inès de La Fressange was the first model to sign an exclusive modeling contract with an haute couture fashion house, Chanel.[56] During the early 1980s, fashion designers began advertising on television and billboards. Catwalk regulars like Gia Carangi,[57] Tiegs,[57] Christie Brinkley,[6][58] Kim Alexis,[57] Paulina Porizkova, Yasmin Le Bon, Kathy Ireland,[59] Brooke Shields, and Elle Macpherson began to endorse products with their names, as well as their faces, through the marketing of brands, such as Diet Pepsi and Ford trucks. In 1980, 14-year-old Shields was the youngest fashion model ever to appear on the cover of Vogue. Later that same year, Shields appeared in controversial print and TV ads for Calvin Klein jeans. The TV ad included her saying the famous tagline, "You want to know what comes between me and my Calvins? Nothing."[60][61][62] Brooke Shields' ads would help catapult Klein's career to super-designer status.[63]

As the models began to embrace old-style glamour, they were starting to replace film stars as symbols of luxury and wealth. In this regard, supermodels were viewed not so much as individuals but as images.[64]

1990s

[edit]
Claudia Schiffer rose to prominence in the 1990s as a face of Chanel.

By the 1990s, the supermodel became increasingly prominent in the media.[65] The title became tantamount to superstar, to signify a supermodel's fame having risen simply from "personality".[66] Supermodels did talk shows, were cited in gossip columns, partied at the trendiest nightspots,[64] landed movie roles, inspired franchises, dated or married film stars, and earned themselves millions.[6] Fame empowered them to take charge of their careers, to market themselves, and to command higher fees.

The new era began in 1990, with the era-defining British Vogue cover[67][68] of Cindy Crawford, Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell, and Tatjana Patitz,[69] photographed by Peter Lindbergh, which created such an impression on the fashion world that they came to embody the term "supermodel".[70] Each model had gradually attained fame since the mid-1980s and was now among the industry's top stars. Selected by Lindbergh[71] for the January cover of Vogue, the cover inspired singer George Michael to cast the same five models in the music video for his song, "Freedom! '90", directed by David Fincher.[72] The other photograph that captured this new generation of fashion models is the black and white nude of Crawford, Patitz, Campbell and Stephanie Seymour taken by Herb Ritts that originally ran in the May 1989 issue of Rolling Stone, until a variation of this image which included Turlington was released in the 1990s, only after a contract exclusively binding her to Calvin Klein expired - thereby publicly revealing the now iconic image "Stephanie, Cindy, Christy, Tatjana, Naomi, Hollywood 1989."[73] Lindbergh's and Ritts' group images helped each model attain worldwide fame by sharing covers of all the international editions of Vogue, walking the catwalks for the world's top designers, and becoming known by their first names alone.

Today, Campbell, Crawford, Evangelista, Patitz and Turlington are regarded as the "Original Supermodels", but the term has been used to describe the pioneering supermodels before them that paved the way and started the path to prominence, both publicly and professionally, such as Lauren Hutton, Beverly Johnson, Cheryl Tiegs, Christie Brinkley, Pat Cleveland and others.[74][75][76]

In 1991, Turlington signed a contract with Maybelline that paid her $800,000 for twelve days' work each year. Four years later, Claudia Schiffer reportedly earned $12 million for her various modeling assignments.[64] Authorities, ranging from Karl Lagerfeld to Time, had declared the supermodels more glamorous than movie stars.

Campbell, Evangelista and Turlington became known as The Trinity, a term first used by photographer Steven Meisel and noted by journalist Michael Gross.[77] Evangelista was known as the "Chameleon", for her ability to transform her look and reinvent herself.[78] Turlington was known as the "insurance model", saying "clients know that if they hire me, nothing will go wrong".[79] Campbell was the first black model to appear on the front covers of Time, French Vogue, British Vogue, and the September issue of American Vogue, traditionally the biggest and most important issue of the year.[80]

Naomi Campbell, one of "The Big Five" models in the 1990s

Campbell, Crawford, Evangelista, Patitz and Turlington were the original group to be regarded as "The Big Five" supermodels of the 1990s.[81][82][83][84] The term "The Big Five" was later used to describe Campbell, Crawford, Evangelista, Turlington and Claudia Schiffer,[9][85] and with the addition of Kate Moss, they became known as "the Big Six".[86][87] It was Linda Evangelista, Tatjana Patitz, Naomi Campbell, Christy Turlington, and Kate Moss who appeared together in the highest budgeted advertising campaign of all time, starring the original supermodels ($4.5 million USD in 1992, adjusted for inflation in 2021, $8.5 million USD)[88]) and resulted in a now iconic television commercial for the Vauxhall Corsa automobile.[89][90]

In the 2006 book In Vogue: The Illustrated History of the World's Most Famous Fashion Magazine[91] (Rizzoli), the editors cite the "original supermodels" and Schiffer when quoting Vogue Magazine Editor-In-Chief, Anna Wintour, who said, "Those girls were so fabulous for fashion and totally reflected that time ... [They] were like movie stars." The editors name famous models from previous decades, but explain that, "None of them attained the fame and worldwide renown bestowed on Linda Evangelista, Christy Turlington, Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell, Tatjana Patitz, Stephanie Seymour, Claudia Schiffer, Yasmeen Ghauri, and Karen Mulder, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These models burst out beyond the pages of the magazines. Many became the faces of cosmetics brands and perfumes, had their own television programs and physical-fitness videos, and their own lines of lingerie ... Their lives, activities, influences, and images were the subjects of all types of sociological and historical analysis." Tyra Banks had begun her career as a model, booking a record-breaking 25 shows in 1991, during her breakout year.[92] She achieved Supermodel status, and rivaled Naomi Campbell as the top Black model in the world.

In the mid-1990s, the initial era of the supermodel ended and a new era for the supermodel began driven by heroin chic. By the late 1990s, actresses, pop singers, and other entertainment celebrities began gradually replacing models on fashion magazine covers and ad campaigns.[93] The pendulum of limelight left many models in anonymity. A popular "conspiracy theory" explaining the supermodel's disappearance is that designers and fashion editors grew weary of the "I won't get out of bed for less than $10,000 a day" attitude and made sure no small group of models would ever again have the power of the Big Six.[94]

Charles Gandee, associate editor at Vogue, has said that high prices and poor attitudes contributed less to the decline of the supermodel. As clothes became less flashy, designers turned to models who were less glamorous, so they wouldn't overpower the clothing.[94] Whereas many supermodels of the previous era were American-born, their accents making for an easier transition to stardom,[6] the majority of models began coming from non-English speaking countries and cultures,[95] making the crossover to mainstream spokesperson and cover star difficult.[96] However, the term continued to be applied to notable models such as Kristen McMenamy, Stella Tennant,[97] Laetitia Casta,[98][99] Eva Herzigová,[100] Carla Bruni,[101] Tatiana Sorokko,[102][103] Yasmin Le Bon,[104] Amber Valletta,[105] Shalom Harlow,[106] Nadja Auermann,[107] Helena Christensen,[108] Patricia Velásquez,[109] Adriana Karembeu,[110][111] Valeria Mazza[112] and later, Milla Jovovich.

2000s and present day

[edit]
Adriana Lima, one of the "New Supers" and the longest-running Victoria's Secret Angel

Emerging in the late 1990s, Gisele Bündchen became the first in a wave of Brazilian models to gain popularity in the industry and with the public. With numerous covers of Vogue under her belt, including an issue that dubbed her the "Return of the Sexy Model", Bündchen was credited with ending the "heroin chic" era of models.[113] Following in her footsteps by signing contracts with Victoria's Secret, fellow Brazilians Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio rose to prominence; however, they were unable to cross over into the world of TV, movies and talk shows as easily as their predecessors, due to their foreign accents. Not to mention other big stars of 00s era such as Carmen Kass, Karolína Kurková, Hana Soukupová, Isabeli Fontana, Natalia Vodianova and Natasha Poly, which also dominated the runways and ad campaigns along with Bündchen et al.[6]

Several seasons later, they were followed by Eastern Europeans, barely into their teens, pale, and "bordering on anorexic. They were too young to become movie stars or date celebrities; too skeletal to bag Victoria's Secret contracts; and a lack of English didn't bode well for a broad media career".[6] The opportunities for superstardom were waning in the modeling world, and models like Heidi Klum and Tyra Banks took to television with reality shows like Project Runway and Germany's Next Topmodel, and America's Next Top Model, respectively, to not only remain relevant but establish themselves as media moguls.[6]

Contrary to the fashion industry's celebrity trend of the previous decade, lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret continues to groom and launch young talents into supermodel status, awarding their high-profile "Angels" multi-year, multimillion-dollar contracts.[6]

American Vogue dubbed ten models (Doutzen Kroes, Agyness Deyn, Hilary Rhoda, Raquel Zimmermann, Coco Rocha, Lily Donaldson, Chanel Iman, Sasha Pivovarova, Caroline Trentini and Jessica Stam) as the new crop of supermodels in their May 2007 cover story,[114] while the likes of Christie Brinkley, Christy Turlington, and Linda Evangelista returned to reclaim prominent contracts from celebrities and younger models.[6]

Bella Hadid (left) and Gigi Hadid (right), two of the highest paid models of 2021[115]

The rise of social media and so-called "nepotism babies" has seen a shift in the world of modelling from the late 2010s onwards.[116][117][118][119][120] This means that many of today's 'supermodels' arguably took a rise to fame and were given the opportunities as they have due to their rich and famous families.[121] Examples of these models are Kendall Jenner,[122] Cara Delevingne,[123] Bella Hadid,[120] Gigi Hadid[124] and Kaia Gerber.[125] Despite the controversy surrounding these models and arguments that they only got their fame due to their families,[126][127] they have proven to be some of the most successful models of today. In 2021, Kendall Jenner was named as the highest-paid supermodel, earning $40 million. The Hadid sisters weren't far behind, with Bella and Gigi earning $19 million and $20 million respectively.[115]

Male supermodels

[edit]
Tyson Beckford posing for Ralph Lauren

In addition to the models stated previously, a top-grossing part of the industry that tends to be overlooked is the male side of modeling. Even though women are predominantly known in the modeling industry, men also appear in advertisements for clothing, cologne, sports wear and other such accessories.

Modeling is one of the only industries that sees a gender gap leaning towards women.[128] Women earn up to 75% more than men in the modeling industry.[128] The highest paid models in the world in 2022, the American female model Kendall Jenner earned $40 million while the American male model Sean O’Pry earned $1.5 million, only 3% of what Jenner is making.[129][130] Historically, the menswear sector has gotten less financial support than the womenswear industry.[131] In addition to that, there is only 1 male designer for every 20 female designers.[131] Overall, the demand for female models is much greater than that for male models. Some also attribute the pay difference to the lengthier career of male models compared to female models due to the fashion industry’s dismissive attitude towards older women.[132]

Study has shown that there has been an annual 17.4% increase in men’s clothing online from 2010-2015.[131] The men’s apparel segment amounts to US$568.9 billion in 2023 and the market is expected to grow annually by 2.9%.[133] Compared to 2014, the men’s apparel market in 2023 has grown by 28%.[134] According to Euromonitor, demand for men’s clothing has even been growing 0.2% faster than that of women’s.[135] In recent years, there have also been separate men’s fashion weeks in Paris, Milan, New York, and London.[131] Studies have shown that this can be attributed to more men being found to begin to care more about fashion and beauty and the social media savvy male models / celebrities, like Lucky Blue Smith, Jason Morgan, and David Gandy.[131]

Diversity and inclusion in the male modeling industry

[edit]

Sterling St. Jacques is considered the first black male supermodel.[136][137] St. Jacques was featured in Vogue and photographed by Horst P. Horst in the 1970s.[138][139] His modeling career took off after he was discovered by Hubert de Givenchy to dance down the runway at a fashion show in 1976.[140] In 1976, St. Jacques told Sepia magazine: "I think it’s a mistake that many black male models have felt the need to put forward a macho image like that because the fashion market is too limited to have much success using it. I've shown that black men can be macho-looking while at the same time have grace and smoothness. I'm proud to make black people see they can be doing this kind of work."[141]

In 1994, Polo’s sports ad shot by Bruce Weber featured Tyson Beckford, a black masculine male model.[142] Beckford later admitted during an interview in 2014 that, "There's a huge lack of strong African American images in fashion."[143] Beckford also noted that, "I am happy that Ralph Lauren have used guys who look similar like me after."[143]

In the summer of 2011, the Vancouver model Godfrey Gao also became Louis Vuitton, the luxury brand’s first Asian model.[144]

In 2016, IMG Models launched its Brawn division which aimed to elevate the careers of plus-size male models.[145] The first model hired under the new division is Zach Miko.[145] Three years in, IMG has 7 models under the Brawn division.[145]

In October 2022, Steven Green, the Kansas City born fashion photographer, starred in Rihanna’s Savage X Fenty’s men underwear campaign as a plus-size model.[146] Green reflected that, "he was not confident being his size and shirtless on the internet, but the positive feedback he got was inspiring to him."[146]

Male model requirements

[edit]

Usually, the mass majority (not all) of agencies that sign on fashion/runway male models favor a height range consisting of 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) to 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m). The more strict agencies set a minimum height of 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m).[147]

1990s

[edit]

In 1993, Italian model Fabio Lanzoni was the highest paid male model worldwide, receiving several million dollars a year doing advertisements for high-end brands like Versace.[148]

Milind Soman quickly became a supermodel in India and was one of the most popular supermodels of the world in the 90s, successfully transitioning to films and television later in life.[citation needed]

Tyson Beckford is known for posing in a number of ads for Ralph Lauren's Polo sport cologne line. Since 1990, he has been the face of Gucci and Tommy Hilfiger, won Model of the year on VH1 Fashion award, and he has also appeared in Calvin Klein's campaign.[149]

Tim Boyce was the first openly gay high fashion male supermodel of the 1990s[150] and is credited for increasing the profile of gay celebrities, appearing on the cover of Out magazine[151] as well as campaigns for Giorgio Armani[152] and Gianfranco Ferre.[153]

2000s

[edit]

In 2000s, Bruno Santos, a Brazilian model, became notorious for being the only male model selected to carry out two campaigns simultaneously for two competing fashion houses: Versace and Giorgio Armani. This earned him the nickname "Gisele Bündchen in pants".[154]

Former professional soccer player David Beckham is noted as the Underwear Model of the Century.[155] He has modeled for worldwide ads for H&M,[156] Adidas, Calvin Klein, Burger King, Sainsbury's, and Breitling.[citation needed] British model David Gandy was described as achieving "icon status" by ABC News when they featured him on Nightline, stating, "As the face of Dolce & Gabbana and Lucky Jeans, Gandy is arguably one of the most successful male models ever, but he's a bit modest about that "supermodel" title."[157]

2010s

[edit]

Vogue.com ranked the "Top 10 Male Models of All Time" in September 2014; the list included Tyson Beckford, David Gandy, Brad Kroenig, Sean O'Pry, Jon Kortajarena, Marcus Schenkenberg, Mathias Lauridsen, Mark Vanderloo, Noah Mills, and Evandro Soldati.[158] In 2013, Forbes named O'Pry the highest-paid male model.[159]

Supermodels now

[edit]

Various magazines and websites, including various international versions of: Elle, Harper's Bazaar, and Vogue, have attributed the 'supermodel' title to a selection of models.

The male models, include: David Gandy, Jon Kortajarena, Mathias Lauridsen, Alton Mason, and Simon Nessman.[160][161][162][163][164]

The female models, include: Vittoria Ceretti, Imaan Hammam, Cong He, Felice Noordhoff, Blanca Padilla, Mika Schneider, FeiFei Sun, Mona Tougaard, and Rianne Van Rompaey.[165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173]

Plus-size

[edit]
Ashley Graham, a plus-size model

Since 2000, there has been an emergence of models known as female "plus-size" top models, including Robyn Lawley, Crystal Renn, Ashley Graham, Candice Huffine, Tara Lynn, Whitney Thompson, Katya Zharkova, Denise Bidot, Sophie Dahl, Jennie Runk and Natalie Laughlin.[174] These models have been in Catwalks, magazines, and Billboards for brands known worldwide like Vogue, Glamour, Levi's, Forever 21, Cover Girl cosmetics, Saks Fifth Avenue, GQ Magazine, and Chanel.[174] Graham had widespread amount of news coverage worldwide after Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue had her as one of the three covers of the 2016 edition.[175]

In-between size

[edit]
Camille Kostek, an "in-between size" or "middle model"

Camille Kostek, an "in-between size" or "middle model", landed a solo cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in 2019 despite not being on the extreme end of the spectrum as runway size (0–2) or plus-size (10 up). Recalling her difficulty breaking out she has stated, "I was told that it was too bad that I wasn't a size 10. That plus-size is a big market right now and it's too bad I wasn't measuring bigger. My size (4/6) is considered an "in-between size," meaning I'm not a straight model nor plus model, I'm right in the middle."[176][177] Regardless, she has walked the runways of New York Fashion Week and Miami Beach Swim Week.[178][179]

Perception

[edit]
Liu Wen, supermodel of East Asian descent walking for Diane von Fürstenberg Spring/Summer 2014
Halima Aden has walked runways and posed for photoshoots wearing a hijab.

Perception of the supermodel as an industry has been frequent inside and outside the fashion press, from complaints that women desiring this status become unhealthily thin to charges of racism of dominant racial groups of the home countries in the first decade of the twenty-first century, where the "supermodel" generally has to conform to the native majority's standard of beauty, for example Northern European standards in United States or Indian standards in India. According to fashion writer Guy Trebay of The New York Times, in 2007, the "android" look was popular, a vacant stare and thin body serving, according to some fashion industry conventions, to set off the couture. This had not always been the case. In the 1970s in North America, black, heavier and "ethnic" models dominated the runways but social changes in the 1980s to the early 2000s persuaded the power players in the fashion industry to shun suggestions of "otherness".[180] However, since the latter part of the first decade of the twenty-first century, an increasing level of racial diversity has been noted among supermodels in the American fashion scene, catering to the growing East Asian markets, including Japanese model Tao Okamoto and Chinese models Fei Fei Sun and Liu Wen.[181] Due to the rising importance of social media and social movements such as third wave body positivity, the range of diversity within the industry expanded to diversity in sizes, genders and social media visibility.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Robehmed, Natalie (21 November 2017). "Highest-Paid Models 2017: Kendall Jenner Takes Crown From Gisele With $22M Year". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  2. ^ Goldman, Lea; Blakeley, Kiri (18 January 2007). "The 20 Richest Women In Entertainment". Forbes. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  3. ^ Tracie Cooper (2008). "Christie Brinkley biography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  4. ^ Bowe, John (August 2001). "Bold Type: Excerpt from Gig by Heidi Klum". Random House. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  5. ^ Bonin, Liane (13 November 2002). "Model Citizens". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The World's Top-Earning Models-Forbes Magazine". Forbes. 19 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  7. ^ Patrick, Kate (21 May 2005). "New Model Army". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  8. ^ "Is the Supermodel Dead? And Should She Return?". PopSugar. 4 September 2007. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  9. ^ a b "The supermodel is dead, says Claudia Schiffer". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 12 August 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
  10. ^ How, Harry (July–December 1891). Geo. Newnes (ed.). "Illustrated Interviews. No. II. – Henry Stacy Marks, R.A". The Strand Magazine. 2: 118. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  11. ^ Chicago Tribune archives Archived 23 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine Cass, Judith. Chicago Daily Tribune. "'Super' Models Are Signed for Fashion Show" 6 October 1942. pg 21.
  12. ^ Dessner, Clyde M. (1943). So You Want to Be a Model! The Art of Feminine Living. Chicago: Morgan-Dillon & Co. OCLC 3193185.
  13. ^ Popik, Barry (13 August 1997). "Supermodels". Americandialect.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011. She will be a super-model, but the girl in her will be like the girl in you—quite ordinary, but ambitious and eager for personal development.
  14. ^ Gross, Michael (2011). Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women. New York: Harper Collins. p. 12. ISBN 978-0062076120.
  15. ^ "Cinema: Cover Girl". Time. 8 January 1945. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  16. ^ Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan. Vol. 126. 1949. p. 33. Retrieved 11 August 2011. She's been super model, super movie saleswoman, and top brass at Selznick and Paramount
  17. ^ "Town Talk". Chinatown News (Vancouver). Vol. 7, no. 4. Chinese Publicity Bureau. 18 October 1959. p. 11. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. For this glittering program they called on super model Susan Chew to do the organizing.
  18. ^ American Jurisprudence Trials. Vol. 8. West Group. 1965. p. 154.
  19. ^ a b "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". Oed.com. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  20. ^ a b BarryPopik.com Supermodel Archived 30 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine 25 July 2004
  21. ^ Vogue cover scan. 1 September 1975 edition Archived 28 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Archived from Ebay.co.uk. Subheadline says, "New York's new supermodel, Margaux Hemingway".
  22. ^ "Words of the Week: Beverly Johnson" 22 December 1977. Jet. Vol. 53, No. 14, page 40.
  23. ^ a b Dickinson, Janice. Instinct Magazine: Janice Dickinson Archived from original link. 1 June 2006. InstinctMagazine.com. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  24. ^ Ranck, Rosemary (9 February 1997). "The First Supermodel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
  25. ^ "Christian Dior: Lisa Fonssagrives lives". China Daily. 1 July 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.
  26. ^ Singh, Anita (13 November 2008). "Photographs of Angelina Jolie, Kate Moss and Britney Spears for sale at Christie's". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010.
  27. ^ Cheesman, Chris (19 October 2007). "Pictures: Original stills from JFK assassination revealed". Amateur Photographer. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007.
  28. ^ Johnson, Geoffrey (March 2010). "On the life and work of photographer Beatrice Tonnesen". Chicagomag.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012.
  29. ^ Baker, Lindsay (4 January 2015). "Evelyn Nesbit: The World's first supermodel". BBC. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  30. ^ "Archetypal supermodel was more than a face". The Australian. 16 July 2008.
  31. ^ "World's first supermodel dies". Metro.co.uk. 11 July 2008. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012.
  32. ^ Bumpus, Jessica (14 July 2008). "Dorian Leigh Remembered". Vogue. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010.
  33. ^ Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. p. 430. ISBN 0-7407-5118-2.
  34. ^ Busch, Charles (24 January 1995). "He's Every Woman". The Advocate: 60.
  35. ^ Magee, Antonia (28 October 2009). "Model Jean Shrimpton recollects the stir she caused on Victoria Derby Day in 1965". Herald Sun. Australia. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011.
  36. ^ Susan Cohen, Christine Cosgrove (2009). Normal at Any Cost: Tall Girls, Short Boys, and the Medical Industry's Quest to Manipulate Height. Penguin. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-58542-683-6.
  37. ^ "Jean Shrimpton in Melbourne". Milesago.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  38. ^ Vallely, Paul (10 September 2005). "Gia: The tragic tale of the world's first supermodel". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
  39. ^ Carolin, Louise. "Gia – the tragedy of a lesbian supermodel". Diva. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  40. ^ Schwarz, Mark (2008). "Dear Shareholder" (PDF). Wilhelmina International, Inc. Annual Report 2008. Wilhelmina.com: 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2011.
  41. ^ Cokal, Susann. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. 1999. Michigan: Gale Group.
  42. ^ a b Curtis, Bryan (16 February 2005). "The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue: An intellectual history". Slate. Washington Post. Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
  43. ^ Barron, James (24 September 1995). "SIGNOFF; Maybe Late-Night Success Is About The Smile". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  44. ^ Lyons, Jenna (28 August 2013). "The Iconoclast: Lauren Hutton". Interview.
  45. ^ "Vogue Fun Facts by the Numbers". Vogue. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  46. ^ Iman: Supermodel and Beauty Innovator Archived 16 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Teen Vogue.
  47. ^ Fonseca, Nicholas (29 June 2001). "Entertainment Weekly: "Papa's Little Girl"". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  48. ^ Carreon, Blue (28 February 2011). "Is This the Time of the Asian Model?". HuffPost. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  49. ^ "These Original Supermodels Continue to Wow the Fashion World". www.icepop.com. 22 November 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  50. ^ Wilson, Julee (1 February 2012). "Donyale Luna, The First Black Model To Cover Vogue UK (PHOTO)". HuffPost.
  51. ^ Wilson, Eric (3 August 2009). "Naomi Sims, 61, Pioneering Cover Girl, Is Dead". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  52. ^ Joy Sewing Beverly Johnson's got the right attitude Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 23 August 2009
  53. ^ Black Girls Rule Online Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 27 March 2016.
  54. ^ Vogue: Model Anna Cleveland on Beauty Advice from Her Supermodel Mother and the One Product That's in Her Makeup Bag This Week. 8, 25 March. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  55. ^ Best–Selling Beauties, Life October 1981, page 120
  56. ^ Paris Haute Couture Fashion Week: Gaultier's 51-Year-Old Runway Star: Inès de la Fressange
  57. ^ a b c Elias, Justine (25 January 1998). "A Chic Heroine, but Not a Pretty Story". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  58. ^ "Christie Brinkley's biography in the New York Times". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  59. ^ Pomerantz, Dorothy (8 February 2012). "How Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Kathy Ireland Became a $350 Million Mogul". Forbes. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  60. ^ Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 2008
  61. ^ Sischy, Ingrid. "Calvin to the Core"
  62. ^ Style.com Brooke Shields
  63. ^ Hall, Ann C. (1998). Delights, desires and dilemmas: essays on women and the media. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xii. ISBN 0-275-96156-7
  64. ^ a b c 1980s: Fashion: Supermodels Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine bookrags.com. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
  65. ^ "We Three Queens" by Alex Williams, New York online Archived 28 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 7 July 2006
  66. ^ MIRANDA BRYANT, ALEX BILMES (14 January 2015). "Cindy Crawford: It's not so super for models now ... magazines want stars on their covers". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  67. ^ Cochrane, Lauren (11 August 2023). "Supermodels recreate iconic Vogue cover 30 years on". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  68. ^ Milligan, Lauren (16 November 2009). "Cindy Sees: Cindy Crawford talks Recession and Size Zero". www.vogue.co.uk. Vogue UK. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  69. ^ "January 1990" Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Vogue Magazine Archive. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  70. ^ "The Eye: Peter Lindbergh". Interview Magazine (interviewmagazine.com). Brant Publications. 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  71. ^ Brown, Laura (March 2009). "Classic Lindbergh – for this cover, the models have been photographed together yet again in another equally famous black-and-white image, this time by Herb Ritts grouping together Patitz, Crawford, Turlington, Campbell, Shalom Harlow and Stephanie Seymour. Both images are responsible for ushering in the era of the supermodel". Harper's Bazaar.
  72. ^ "#Flashback: George Michael's 'Freedom! '90' turns 25". Elle Australia (elle.com.au/). Bauer Media Pty Limited. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  73. ^ SUN, FEIFEI. "Herb Ritts Retrospective: Naomi Campbell Remembers the Iconic Photographer". Time. TIME USA, LLC. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  74. ^ "Top 5 Fashion Moments". www.frockadvisor.com. frockadvisor Limited. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  75. ^ Olivier, Dana (10 May 2016). "Executive Fashion And Beauty Editor". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  76. ^ Okwodu, Janelle. "Vogue.com Fashion News Writer". www.vogue.com. Vogue. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  77. ^ "A league of their own". Vanity Fair. September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  78. ^ "Vogue Italia Encyclo: Linda Evangelista". Vogue Italia. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  79. ^ "More to Christy than meets the eye". Vogue. 20 September 1995. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  80. ^ "Naomi Campbell". Models.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  81. ^ Hoskyns, Barney (September 1992). "Out of Bed with Naomi: The Making of a Superstar". British Vogue. 76 (9): 229. The caption 'The big five: Naomi, Linda, Tatjana, Christy and Cindy, January 1990' accompanies the iconic cover photo of the five women
  82. ^ Morris, Sandra (1996). Catwalk: Inside the World of Supermodels (Author cites Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell, Christy Turlington and Tatjana Patitz as "The famous five" with a photo of the January 1990 cover of British Vogue featuring them together. First ed.). New York: Universe Publishing, a division of Rizzoli International Publications. p. 6. ISBN 0-7893-0056-7. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  83. ^ "Happy Birthday, Linda Evangelista! The Original Supermodel Turns 50 And Is Happy About Aging". The Huffington Post (huffingtonpost.com). The Huffington Post Media Group. 8 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  84. ^ Mokoena, Tshepo. "THE DEATH OF THE SUPERMODEL". www.DontPanicOnline.com. Don't Panic. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  85. ^ "Naomi Campbell covers shape magazine". enstarz. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  86. ^ "Christy Turlington: "Above all, I hated the catwalk"". the telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  87. ^ "Supermodel's life in the spotlight". BBC News. 27 March 2002. Archived from the original on 9 May 2004. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
  88. ^ 90s Fashion. "Supermodels Film Vauxhall Corsa Ad in the UK 1992". Youtube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  89. ^ Safronova, Valeriya (15 September 2016). "Fashion's Favorite Pets". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  90. ^ March, Bridget (25 July 2013). "Kate Moss's makeover, 20 years ago today It's the anniversary of the Vauxhall Corsa ad that starred a 19-year-old Kate Moss, transforming the future-'super' from grunge to glamour". COSMOPOLITAN. Hearst UK Fashion & Beauty Network. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  91. ^ Oliva, Alberto; Angeletti, Norberto (22 September 2006). In Vogue: The Illustrated History of the World's Most Famous Fashion Magazine. ISBN 978-0-8478-2864-7.
  92. ^ "Tyra Banks". Biography. 15 October 2020.
  93. ^ Death of the Supermodels by C. L. Johnson, Urban Models 21 October 2002 online Archived 15 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 13 July 2006
  94. ^ a b "The Fall of the Supermodel" Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Time. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
  95. ^ "Who will be the next Super Model? (NY Times)". Archived from the original on 27 June 2009.
  96. ^ Industry Report: Elite Plus Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine models.com. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
  97. ^ Grindell, Samantha (7 January 2021). "The family of late British supermodel Stella Tennant make a statement about her cause of death". Business Insider. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  98. ^ "Laetitia Casta – SUPERMODEL". Newfaces.com. 11 May 1978. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  99. ^ Laetitia Casta, égérie de Ralph Lauren Archived 3 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Next-Libération, 9 July 2008
  100. ^ "Supermodel Eva Herzigova writes for Vogue". Vogue UK. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  101. ^ Sarkozy and the Supermodel Time
  102. ^ "Supermodel Tatiana Sorokko's Couture Exhibit". Harper's Bazaar. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  103. ^ Haden-Guest, Anthony (18 October 2014). "Tatiana Sorokko is the Queen of Vintage Couture". The Daily Beast. New York. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  104. ^ The supermodels return for Harper's Bazaar Archived 6 April 2013 at the Wayback Machinefashion.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  105. ^ McCarthy, Philipp (21 February 2005). "Amber's catwalk glow turns to screen stardom". The Sun-Herald. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  106. ^ Phelan, Hayley (30 May 2012). "Watch: Shalom Harlow on Her Return to the Runway and 'One-Upping' Fellow Supermodels in the '90s – Fashionista". Fashionista. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  107. ^ Menkes, Suzy (2 December 2008). "In Milan: Avedon's work for Versace". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  108. ^ "Helena Christensen: on supermodels and posing nude at 40". The Telegraph. 29 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  109. ^ [1], United Nations Radio, 9 August 2009
  110. ^ Skoda prend ses aises avec Adriana Karembeu, Stratégies, 28 February 2003
  111. ^ 'Wonderbras are safe' says Adriana, BBC, 12 August 1998
  112. ^ Valeria Mazza, 'supermamá', 'superesposa' y 'supermodelo' en Roma Archived 6 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, ¡Hola!, 13 February 2011
  113. ^ Gisele Bündchen. "Celebrity Central: Gisele Bundchen biography". People. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  114. ^ Vogue's ten covergirls bring personality and attitude to spring's eye-popping prints. Are we witnessing the return of the model? Archived 28 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Jonathan Van Meter reports
  115. ^ a b "Highest Paid Models in the World — Richest Models Kendall Jenner Gisele Bündchen Net Worth". L'Officiel USA. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  116. ^ "Hot Take: Are There Any Celeb Kids Not Modelling Right Now?". 19 March 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  117. ^ "The internet is only just realising half of Hollywood are nepotism babies". Glamour UK. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  118. ^ "Just like your mama: the world of nepo babies". Varsity Online. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  119. ^ "Susan Swarbrick: The curious trend of Hollywood's 'nepo babies'". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  120. ^ a b "Maybe She's Born With It: Nepotism at New York Fashion Week | Arts | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  121. ^ Malivindi, Diandra. "What Are 'Nepotism Babies'? Here's Why TikTok's Eyes Are On Celebrities From Famous Families". ELLE. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  122. ^ "Carol Alt Calls Out Kendall Jenner and Nepotism in Modeling". W Magazine. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  123. ^ Staff, Betches (11 September 2020). "How Did Cara Delevingne Get So Famous? What You Didn't Know About Her Family". Betches. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  124. ^ "Gigi Hadid accused of benefiting from nepotism after her dad calls her 'self-made'". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  125. ^ "Fashion's Nepotism Problem Has Never Been More Apparent". Grazia. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  126. ^ "'Kylie and Kendall are the textbook definition of nepotism': Kylie And Kendall Jenner Begged To Be Friends With Rihanna, Rihanna Humiliated Them, Ordered Them To Stay Away". Animated Times. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  127. ^ Team, Manic Metallic (27 August 2019). "The Issue With The Modeling Industry's Nepotistic Culture". MANIC METALLIC. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  128. ^ a b "Gender pay gap in modelling sees men paid 75% less than women". 8 February 2018.
  129. ^ "Top 15 Highest-Paid Models in the World - Updated List 2023". 6 January 2023.
  130. ^ "Top 10 Richest Male Models in 2022". 6 August 2021.
  131. ^ a b c d e "Are Female Models Paid More Than Male Models?". 27 August 2022.
  132. ^ "Male Models Can Make Modeling a Long-Term Career".
  133. ^ "IBISWorld - Industry Market Research, Reports, and Statistics".
  134. ^ "Men's Apparel - Worldwide | Statista Market Forecast".
  135. ^ "Menswear in the US".
  136. ^ Musto, Michael (13 February 2017). "The Best Black Male Fashion Models of All Time". www.out.com. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  137. ^ Nartey, Stephen (5 August 2024). "Sterling St Jacques: The mystery of America's first male supermodel who ruled the 70s stage". Face2Face Africa. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  138. ^ "Men In Vogue …Notes, Quotes, And Votes". Vogue: 47. July 1970.
  139. ^ Kazmaier, Martin (1991). Horst: Sixty Years of Photography (PDF). Rizzoli. pp. 21, 152.
  140. ^ Morris, Bernadine (29 April 1976). "A Festive Presentation of Givenchy's Styles". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  141. ^ Ribowsky, Mark (October 1976). "Black Toast of White Society". Sepia: 28–32.
  142. ^ Shaw, Dan (20 November 1994). "Black, Male and, Yes, a Supermodel". The New York Times. ProQuest 109258672.
  143. ^ a b "Tyson Beckford on Modeling, Zoolander, and Racism in the Fashion Industry". 17 January 2014.
  144. ^ "How Godfrey Gao Broke Racial and Cultural Barriers for Asian Men". 28 November 2019.
  145. ^ a b c "At the Russian Baths with the Big Boys of Brawn". October 2019.
  146. ^ a b "6 Male Models on Why the Industry Must Become More Inclusive". 24 January 2021.
  147. ^ Denise, Dania (20 May 2015). "Guys, Size Really Does Matter". All My Friends Are Models. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  148. ^ Lyall, Sarah (23 September 1993). "ON LOCATION WITH: Fabio; Please, Judge the Book by Its Cover". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  149. ^ "Tyson Beckford – Fashion Model – Profile on New York Magazine". nymag.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  150. ^ Lacey, Hester (9 March 1997). "WHY PAUL AND TIM WON'T EVER BE KATE AND NAOMI". Independent. Independent Digital News & Media Limited. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  151. ^ Hanania, Joseph (29 October 1995). "Closeted No Longer : Magazines: Increasing ad revenues, mainstream media interest and attractive demographics have made an increasingly diverse gay press a vibrant market. [29 October 1995]". LA Times. Dr. Patrick Soon-Shiong. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  152. ^ "GIORGIO ARMANI I FALL/WINTER 1994". UOMOCLASSICO.COM. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  153. ^ "GIANFRANCO FERRE I FALL/WINTER 1994". UOMOCLASSICO.COM. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  154. ^ polemiCoverraiba.com.br/ SPECIAL EDITION: Revista de Fábio Bernardo revela que namoro trouxe modelo internacional para viver na Paraíba
  155. ^ "We all wish we looked like David Beckham". 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  156. ^ "David Beckham is part of the BoF 500". The Business of Fashion. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  157. ^ Robach, Amy (31 May 2013). "David Gandy: Life as One of the World's Most Successful Male Models". ABC News. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  158. ^ Remsen, Nick (8 September 2014). "Top 10 Male Models of All Time". vogue.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  159. ^ Le, Vanna (8 October 2013). "The World's Top-Earning Male Models Of 2013". Forbes. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  160. ^ "World's Highest Paid Male Supermodel David Gandy On Transitioning From Fashion Model To Wellness Wear Designer".
  161. ^ "How a Male Supermodel Masters Work-From-Home Chic".
  162. ^ "Mathias Lauridsen Models MANGO Spring Summer 2023 Looks".
  163. ^ "How Alton Mason became the world's only male supermodel".
  164. ^ "Supermodel Simon Nessman Stars in Glass Men Spring 2018 Cover Story".
  165. ^ "Vittoria Ceretti Is the Ultimate Supermodel".
  166. ^ "Imaan Hammam Is Making Plans".
  167. ^ ""Being a model demands a lot of hard work, self-motivation and persistence": Chinese model He Cong reflects on her journey as a model so far".
  168. ^ "Take a look behind the scenes at the Vogue shoot with cover star Felice Noordhoff and her family".
  169. ^ "Givenchy Beauty Just Launched A New Mascara And Three Lipsticks That Deserve A Place In Your Beauty Bag".
  170. ^ "An Analysis Of The Most Iconic Supermodel Runway Walks: From Naomi Campbell To Gigi Hadid".
  171. ^ "Fei Fei Takes Paris".
  172. ^ "Mona Tougaard is in her supermodel era".
  173. ^ "In conversation with Vogue Paris cover girl, Rianne Van Rompaey".
  174. ^ a b "12 Plus-Size Models Who've Made History". Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  175. ^ "Who Is Ashley Graham?". 14 February 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  176. ^ "CAMILLE KOSTEK on Instagram: "Recently I experienced a situation that rattled me for a moment,so I wanted to take it to my page for whoever is open to reading.I made..."". Instagram. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  177. ^ "'Sports Illustrated' model Camille Kostek was told to adjust her measurements". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  178. ^ "Miami Swim Week 2018 Diary: Day 1". SI.com. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  179. ^ "'Sports Illustrated' cover star Camille Kostek shares cheeky rehearsal video". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  180. ^ "On runways, racial diversity is out". Guy Trebay. International Herald Tribune, 23 October 2007.
  181. ^ "7 Asian Models Changing the Face of Fashion". fashiongonerogue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermodel&oldid=1252037015"