Mathematical constant

A mathematical constant is a special number, usually a real number, that is "significantly interesting in some way". Constants arise in many different areas of mathematics, with constants such as e and π occurring in such diverse contexts as geometry, number theory and calculus.

What it means for a constant to arise "naturally", and what makes a constant "interesting", is ultimately a matter of taste, and some mathematical constants are notable more for historical reasons than for their intrinsic mathematical interest. The more popular constants have been studied throughout the ages and computed to many decimal places.

All mathematical constants are definable numbers and usually are also computable numbers (Chaitin's constant being a significant exception).

Common mathematical constants

Ubiquitous in many different fields of science, such recurring constants include e, π and the Feigenbaum constants which are linked to the mathematical models used to describe physical phenomena, Euclidean geometry, analysis and logistic maps respectively. However, mathematical constants such as Apéry's constant and the Golden ratio occur unexpectedly outside of mathematics.

Archimedes' constant π

See also: Pi

The circumference of a circle with diameter 1 is π.

The constant π (pi) has a natural definition in Euclidean geometry (the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle), but may also be found in many different places in mathematics: for example the Gaussian integral in complex analysis, the roots of unity in number theory and Cauchy distributions in probability. However, its universality is not limited to pure mathematics. Indeed, various formulae in physics, such as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and constants such as the cosmological constant include the constant π. The presence of π in physical principles, laws and formulae can have very simple explanations. For example, Coulomb's law, describing the inverse square proportionality of the magnitude of the electrostatic force between two electric charges and their distance, states that, in SI units,

$F={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\left|q_{1}q_{2}\right|}{r^{2}}}.$

Besides ${\varepsilon _{0}}$ corresponding to the dielectric constant in vacuum, the ${4\pi r^{2}}$ factor in the above denominator expresses directly the surface of a sphere with radius r, having thus a very concrete meaning.

The numeric value of π is approximately 3.14159. Memorizing increasingly precise digits of π is a world record pursuit.

Euler's number e

Exponential growth (green) describes many physical phenomena.

Euler's number e, also known as the exponential growth constant, appears in many areas of mathematics, and one possible definition of it is the value of the following expression:

$e=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{n}$

For example, the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli discovered that e arises in compound interest: An account that starts at $1, and yields interest at annual rate R with continuous compounding, will accumulate to e^R dollars at the end of one year. The constant e also has applications to probability theory, where it arises in a way not obviously related to exponential growth. Suppose that a gambler plays a slot machine with a one in n probability of winning, and plays it n times. Then, for large n (such as a million) the probability that the gambler will win nothing at all is (approximately) 1/e.

Another application of e, discovered in part by Jacob Bernoulli along with French mathematician Pierre Raymond de Montmort, is in the problem of derangements, also known as the hat check problem. Here n guests are invited to a party, and at the door each guest checks his hat with the butler who then places them into labelled boxes. But the butler does not know the name of the guests, and so must put them into boxes selected at random. The problem of de Montmort is: what is the probability that none of the hats gets put into the right box. The answer is

$p_{n}=1-{\frac {1}{1!}}+{\frac {1}{2!}}-{\frac {1}{3!}}+\cdots +(-1)^{n}{\frac {1}{n!}}$

and as n tends to infinity, p_n approaches 1/e.

The numeric value of e is approximately 2.71828.

The Feigenbaum constants α and δ

Bifurcation diagram of the logistic map.

Iterations of continuous maps serve as the simplest examples of models for dynamical systems. Named after mathematical physicist Mitchell Feigenbaum, the two Feigenbaum constants appear in such iterative processes: they are mathematical invariants of logistic maps with quadratic maximum points and their bifurcation diagrams.

The logistic map is a polynomial mapping, often cited as an archetypal example of how chaotic behaviour can arise from very simple non-linear dynamical equations. The map was popularized in a seminal 1976 paper by the Australian biologist Robert May, in part as a discrete-time demographic model analogous to the logistic equation first created by Pierre François Verhulst. The difference equation is intended to capture the two effects of reproduction and starvation.

Apéry's constant ζ(3)

$\zeta (3)=1+{\frac {1}{2^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{3^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{4^{3}}}+\dots$

Despite being a special value of the Riemann zeta function, Apéry's constant arises naturally in a number of physical problems, including in the second- and third-order terms of the electron's gyromagnetic ratio, computed using quantum electrodynamics. The numeric value of ζ(3) is approximately 1.2020569.

The golden ratio φ

Golden rectangles in an icosahedron

$F\left(n\right)={\frac {\varphi ^{n}-(1-\varphi )^{n}}{\sqrt {5}}}$

An explicit formula for the nth Fibonacci number involving the golden ratio φ.

The number φ turns up frequently in geometry, particularly in figures with pentagonal symmetry. Indeed, the length of a regular pentagon's diagonal is φ times its side. The vertices of a regular icosahedron are those of three mutually orthogonal golden rectangles. Also, it appears in the Fibonacci sequence, related to growth by recursion. The golden ratio has the slowest convergence of any irrational number. It is, for that reason, one of the worst cases of Lagrange's approximation theorem and it is an extremal case of the Hurwitz inequality for Diophantine approximations. This may be why angles close to the golden ratio often show up in phyllotaxis (the growth of plants). It is approximately equal to 1.61803398874, or, more precisely $\scriptstyle {\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}.$

The Euler–Mascheroni constant γ

The area between the two curves (red) tends to a limit.

The Euler–Mascheroni constant is a recurring constant in number theory. The French mathematician Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin proved in 1898 that when taking any positive integer n and dividing it by each positive integer m less than n, the average fraction by which the quotient n/m falls short of the next integer tends to $\gamma$ as n tends to infinity. Surprisingly, this average doesn't tend to one half. The Euler–Mascheroni constant also appears in Merten's third theorem and has relations to the gamma function, the zeta function and many different integrals and series. The definition of the Euler–Mascheroni constant exhibits a close link between the discrete and the continuous (see curves on the left).

The numeric value of $\gamma$ is approximately 0.57721.

Conway's constant λ

${\begin{matrix}1\\11\\21\\1211\\111221\\312211\\\vdots \end{matrix}}$

Conway's look-and-say sequence

Conway's constant is the invariant growth rate of all derived strings similar to the look-and-say sequence (except for one trivial one).

It is given by the unique positive real root of a polynomial of degree 71 with integer coefficients.

The value of λ is approximately 1.30357.

Khinchin's constant K

If a real number r is written as a simple continued fraction:

$r=a_{0}+{\dfrac {1}{a_{1}+{\dfrac {1}{a_{2}+{\dfrac {1}{a_{3}+\cdots }}}}}},$

where a_k are natural numbers for all k

then, as the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Khinchin proved in 1934, the limit as n tends to infinity of the geometric mean: (a₁a₂...a_n)^1/n exists and is a constant, Khinchin's constant, except for a set of measure 0.

The numeric value of K is approximately 2.6854520010.

Mathematical curiosities and unspecified constants

Simple representatives of sets of numbers

This Babylonian clay tablet gives an approximation of the square root of 2 in four sexagesimal figures, which is about six decimal figures.

$c=\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }10^{-j!}=0.\underbrace {\overbrace {110001} ^{3!{\text{ digits}}}000000000000000001} _{4!{\text{ digits}}}000\dots \,$

Liouville's constant is a simple example of a transcendental number.

Some constants, such as the square root of 2, Liouville's constant and Champernowne constant:

$C_{10}=\color {black}0.\color {blue}1\color {black}2\color {blue}3\color {black}4\color {blue}5\color {black}6\color {blue}7\color {black}8\color {blue}9\color {black}10\color {blue}11\color {black}12\color {blue}13\color {black}14\color {blue}15\color {black}16\dots$

are not important mathematical invariants but retain interest being simple representatives of special sets of numbers, the irrational numbers, the transcendental numbers and the normal numbers (in base 10) respectively. The discovery of the irrational numbers is usually attributed to the Pythagorean Hippasus of Metapontum who proved, most likely geometrically, the irrationality of the square root of 2. As for Liouville's constant, named after French mathematician Joseph Liouville, it was the first number to be proven transcendental.

Chaitin's constant Ω

In the computer science subfield of algorithmic information theory, Chaitin's constant is the real number representing the probability that a randomly chosen Turing machine will halt, formed from a construction due to Argentine-American mathematician and computer scientist Gregory Chaitin. Chaitin's constant, though not being computable, has been proven to be transcendental and normal. Chaitin's constant is not universal, depending heavily on the numerical encoding used for Turing machines; however, its interesting properties are independent of the encoding.

Unspecified constants

When unspecified, constants indicate classes of similar objects, commonly functions, all equal up to a constant—technically speaking, this is may be viewed as 'similarity up to a constant'. Such constants appear frequently when dealing with integrals and differential equations. Though unspecified, they have a specific value, which often isn't important.

Solutions with different constants of integration of $y'(x)=-2y+e^{-x}\,$.

In integrals

Indefinite integrals are called indefinite because their solutions are only unique up to a constant. For example, when working over the field of real numbers

$\int \cos x\ dx=\sin x+C$

where C, the constant of integration, is an arbitrary fixed real number. In other words, whatever the value of C, differentiating sin x + C with respect to x always yields cos x.

In differential equations

In a similar fashion, constants appear in the solutions to differential equations where not enough initial values or boundary conditions are given. For example, the ordinary differential equation y^' = y(x) has solution Ce^x where C is an arbitrary constant.

When dealing with partial differential equations, the constants may be functions, constant with respect to some variables (but not necessarily all of them). For example, the PDE

${\frac {\partial f(x,y)}{\partial x}}=0$

has solutions f(x,y)=C(y), where C(y) is an arbitrary function in the variable y.

Notation

Representing constants

It is common to express the numerical value of a constant by giving its decimal representation (or just the first few digits of it). For two reasons this representation may cause problems. First, even though rational numbers all have a finite or ever-repeating decimal expansion, irrational numbers don't have such an expression making them impossible to completely describe in this manner. Also, the decimal expansion of a number is not necessarily unique. For example, the two representations 0.999... and 1 are equivalent in the sense that they represent the same number.

Calculating digits of the decimal expansion of constants has been a common enterprise for many centuries. For example, German mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen of the 16th century spent a major part of his life calculating the first 35 digits of pi. Using computers and supercomputers, some of the mathematical constants, including π, e, and the square root of 2, have been computed to more than one hundred billion digits. Fast algorithms have been developed, some of which — as for Apéry's constant — are unexpectedly fast.

$G=\left.{\begin{matrix}3\underbrace {\uparrow \ldots \uparrow } 3\\\underbrace {\vdots } \\3\uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow 3\end{matrix}}\right\}{\text{64 layers}}$

Graham's number defined using Knuth's up-arrow notation.

Some constants differ so much from the usual kind that a new notation has been invented to represent them reasonably. Graham's number illustrates this as Knuth's up-arrow notation is used.

It may be of interest to represent them using continued fractions to perform various studies, including statistical analysis. Many mathematical constants have an analytic form, that is they can be constructed using well-known operations that lend themselves readily to calculation. Not all constants have known analytic forms, though; Grossman's constant and Foias' constant are examples.

Symbolizing and naming of constants

Symbolizing constants with letters is a frequent means of making the notation more concise. A standard convention, instigated by Leonhard Euler in the 18th century, is to use lower case letters from the beginning of the Latin alphabet $a,b,c,\dots \,$ or the Greek alphabet $\alpha ,\beta ,\,\gamma ,\dots \,$ when dealing with constants in general.

Erdős–Borwein constant $E_{B}\,$
Embree-Trefethen constant $\beta *\,$
Brun's constant for twin prime $B_{2}\,$
Champernowne constants $C_{b}$
cardinal number aleph naught $\aleph _{0}$

Examples of different kinds of notation for constants.

However, for more important constants, the symbols may be more complex and have an extra letter, an asterisk, a number, a lemniscate or use different alphabets such as Hebrew, Cyrillic or Gothic.

$\mathrm {googol} =10^{100}\,\ ,\ \mathrm {googolplex} =10^{\mathrm {googol} }=10^{10^{100}}\,$

Sometimes, the symbol representing a constant is a whole word. For example, American mathematician Edward Kasner's 9-year-old nephew coined the names googol and googolplex.

The universal parabolic constant is the ratio, for any parabola, of the arc length of the parabolic segment (red) formed by the latus rectum (blue) to the focal parameter (green).

The names are either related to the meaning of the constant (universal parabolic constant, twin prime constant, ...) or to a specific person (Sierpiński's constant, Josephson constant, ...).

Constants and Series

—Tables structure--

• Value numerical of the constante.
• LaTeX: Formula or series in TeX format.
• Formula: For use in programs like Mathematica or Wolfram Alpha.
• OEIS: On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
• Continued fraction: In the simple form [to integer; frac1, frac2, frac3, ...] (in brackets if periodic)
• Nº:
  • R - Rational number
  • I - Irrational number
  • T - Transcendental number
  • C - Complex number

You can choose the order of the list by clicking on the name, value, OEIS, etc..

Value	Name	Symbol	LaTeX	Formula	Nº	OEIS	Continued fraction
1.01734306198444913971451792979092052	Zeta(6)	$\zeta (6)$	${\frac {\pi ^{6}}{945}}=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\underset {p_{n}:\,{prime}}{\frac {1}{{1-p_{n}}^{-6}}}}={\frac {1}{1{-}2^{-6}}}{\cdot }{\frac {1}{1{-}3^{-6}}}{\cdot }{\frac {1}{1{-}5^{-6}}}...$	Prod[n=1 to ∞] {1/(1-ithprime (n)^-6)}	T	A013664	[1;57,1,1,1,15,1,6,3,61,1,5,3,1,6,1,3,3,6,1,...]
0.10841015122311136151129081140641509	Trott constant	$\mathrm {T} _{1}$	$\textstyle [1,0,8,4,1,0,1,5,1,2,2,3,1,1,1,3,6,...]$ ${\frac {1}{1+{\frac {1}{0+{\frac {1}{8+{\frac {1}{4+{\frac {1}{1+{\frac {1}{0+1{/...}}}}}}}}}}}}}$	Trott Constant	T	A039662	[0;9,4,2,5,1,2,2,3,1,1,1,3,6,1,5,1,1,2,...]
0.0078749969978123844	Chaitin constant	${\Omega }$	$\sum _{p\in P}2^{-|p|}{\overset {p:\;{Halted\;program}}{\underset {P:\;Domain\;of\;all\;programs\;that\;stop.}{\scriptstyle {|p|}:\;Size\;in\;bits\;of\;program\;p}}}$		?	A100264	[0; 126, 1, 62, 5, 5, 3, 3, 21, 1, 4, 1]
0.83462684167407318628142973279904680	Gauss constant	${G}$	${\frac {1}{\mathrm {agm} (1,{\sqrt {2}})}}={\frac {4{\sqrt {2}}\,({\tfrac {1}{4}}!)^{2}}{\pi ^{3/2}}}={\frac {2}{\pi }}\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {dx}{\sqrt {1-x^{4}}}}$ AGM = Arithmetic–geometric mean	(4 sqrt(2)((1/4)!)^2) /pi^(3/2)	T	A014549	[0;1,5,21,3,4,14,1,1,1,1,1,3,1,15,1,3,7,1,...]
1.45136923488338105028396848589202744	Ramanujan–Soldner constant	${\mu }$	$\mathrm {li} (x)=\int \limits _{0}^{x}{\frac {dt}{\ln t}}=0\color {white}......\color {black}$ li = Logarithmic integral $\mathrm {li} (x)\;=\;\mathrm {Ei} (\ln {x})\color {white}........\color {black}$ Ei = Exponential integral	FindRoot[li(x) = 0]	T	A070769	[1;2,4,1,1,1,3,1,1,1,2,47,2,4,1,12,1,1,2,2,1,...]
0.64341054628833802618225430775756476	Cahen's constant	$\xi _{2}$	$\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{s_{k}-1}}={\frac {1}{1}}-{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{6}}-{\frac {1}{42}}+{\frac {1}{1806}}{\,\pm \cdots }$ Where sk is the kth term of Sylvester's sequence 2, 3, 7, 43, 1807 ... Defined as: $\,\,S_{0}=\,2,\,\,S_{k}=\,1+\prod \limits _{n=0}^{k-1}S_{n}$ for k>0		T	A080130	[0; 1, 1, 1, 4, 9, 196, 16641, 639988804, ...]
1.41421356237309504880168872420969808	Square root of 2, Pythagoras constant.	${\sqrt {2}}$	$\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1{+}{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{2n-1}}\right){=}\left(1{+}{\frac {1}{1}}\right)\left(1{-}{\frac {1}{3}}\right)\left(1{+}{\frac {1}{5}}\right)...$	prod[n=1 to ∞] {1+(-1)^(n+1) /(2n-1)}	I	A002193	[1;2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,...] = [1;(2),...]
1.05946309435929526456182529494634170	Musical interval between each half tone	${\sqrt[{12}]{2}}$	$\scriptstyle 440\,Hz.\textstyle 2^{\frac {1}{12}}\,2^{\frac {2}{12}}\,2^{\frac {3}{12}}\,2^{\frac {4}{12}}\,2^{\frac {5}{12}}\,2^{\frac {6}{12}}\,2^{\frac {7}{12}}\,2^{\frac {8}{12}}\,2^{\frac {9}{12}}\,2^{\frac {10}{12}}\,2^{\frac {11}{12}}\,2$ $\scriptstyle {\color {white}..\color {black}Do_{1}\;\;Do\#\;\,Re\;\,Re\#\;\,Mi\;\;Fa\;\;Fa\#\;Sol\;\,Sol\#\,La\;\;La\#\;\;Si\;\,Do_{2}}$ $\scriptstyle {\color {white}...\color {black}C_{1}\;\;\;\;C\#\;\;\;\,D\;\;\;D\#\;\;\,E\;\;\;\;\,F\;\;\;\,F\#\;\;\;G\;\;\;\;G\#\;\;\;A\;\;\;\,A\#\;\;\;\,B\;\;\;C_{2}}$	2^(1/12)	I	A010774	[1;16,1,4,2,7,1,1,2,2,7,4,1,2,1,60,1,3,1,2,...]
2.62205755429211981046483958989111941	Lemniscate constant	${\varpi }$	$\pi \,{G}=4{\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{\pi }}}\,\Gamma {\left({\tfrac {5}{4}}\right)^{2}}={\tfrac {1}{4}}{\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{\pi }}}\,\Gamma {\left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)^{2}}=4{\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{\pi }}}\left({\tfrac {1}{4}}!\right)^{2}$	4 sqrt(2/pi) ((1/4)!)^2	T	A062539	[2;1,1,1,1,1,4,1,2,5,1,1,1,14,9,2,6,2,9,4,1,...]
1.28242712910062263687534256886979172	Glaisher–Kinkelin constant	${A}$	$e^{{\frac {1}{12}}-\zeta ^{\prime }(-1)}=e^{{\frac {1}{8}}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum \limits _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n+1}}\sum \limits _{k=0}^{n}\left(-1\right)^{k}{\binom {n}{k}}\left(k+1\right)^{2}\ln(k+1)}$	e^(1/12-zeta´{-1})	T	A074962	[1;3,1,1,5,1,1,1,3,12,4,1,271,1,1,2,7,1,35,...]
-4.2274535333762654080895301460966835	Digamma (1/4)	${\psi }({\tfrac {1}{4}})$	$-\gamma -{\frac {\pi }{2}}-3\ln {2}=-\gamma +\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {1}{n+1}}-{\frac {1}{n+{\tfrac {1}{4}}}}\right)$	-EulerGamma -\pi/2 -3 log 2	T	A020777	-[4;4,2,1,1,10,1,5,9,11,1,22,1,1,14,1,2,1,4,...]
0.28674742843447873410789271278983845	Strongly Carefree constant	$K_{2}$	$\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\underset {p_{n}:\,{prime}}{\left(1-{\frac {3p_{n}-2}{{p_{n}}^{3}}}\right)}}={\frac {6}{\pi ^{2}}}\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\underset {p_{n}:\,{prime}}{\left(1-{\frac {1}{p_{n}(p_{n}+1)}}\right)}}$	N[ prod[k=1 to ∞] {1-(3*prime(k)-2) /(prime(k)^3)}]	T	A065473	[0;3,2,19,3,12,1,5,1,5,1,5,2,1,1,1,1,1,3,7,...]
0.80939402054063913071793188059409131	Alladi-Grinstead constant	${{\mathcal {A}}_{AG}}$	$e^{-1+\sum \limits _{k=2}^{\infty }\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{nk^{n+1}}}}=e^{-1-\sum \limits _{k=2}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k}}\ln \left(1-{\frac {1}{k}}\right)}$	e^{(sum[k=2 to ∞] |sum[n=1 to ∞] {1/(n k^(n+1))})-1}	?	A085291	[0;1,4,4,17,4,3,2,5,3,1,1,1,1,6,1,1,2,1,22,...]
0.23571113171923293137414347535961677	Copeland–Erdős constant	${{\mathcal {C}}_{CE}}$	$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {p_{n}}{10^{n+\sum \limits _{k=1}^{n}\lfloor \log _{10}{p_{k}}\rfloor }}}$	sum[n=1 to ∞] {prime(n) /(n+(10^ sum[k=1 to n]{floor (log_10 prime(k))}))}	?	A033308	[0;4,4,8,16,18,5,1,1,1,1,7,1,1,6,2,9,58,1,3,...]
1.77245385090551602729816748334114518	Carlson-Levin constant	${\Gamma }({\tfrac {1}{2}})$	${\sqrt {\pi }}=\left(-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)!=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {1}{e^{x^{2}}}}\,dx=\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {-\ln x}}}\,dx$	sqrt (pi)	T	A002161	[1;1,3,2,1,1,6,1,28,13,1,1,2,18,1,1,1,83,1,...]
1.78107241799019798523650410310717954	Exp.gamma, Barnes G-function	$e^{\gamma }$	$\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {e^{\frac {1}{n}}}{1+{\tfrac {1}{n}}}}=\prod _{n=0}^{\infty }\left(\prod _{k=0}^{n}(k+1)^{(-1)^{k+1}{n \choose k}}\right)^{\frac {1}{n+1}}=$ $\textstyle \left({\frac {2}{1}}\right)^{1/2}\left({\frac {2^{2}}{1\cdot 3}}\right)^{1/3}\left({\frac {2^{3}\cdot 4}{1\cdot 3^{3}}}\right)^{1/4}\left({\frac {2^{4}\cdot 4^{4}}{1\cdot 3^{6}\cdot 5}}\right)^{1/5}...$	Prod[n=1 to ∞] {e^(1/n)} /{1 + 1/n}	T	A073004	[1;1,3,1,1,3,5,4,1,1,2,2,1,7,9,1,16,1,1,1,2,...]
3.62560990822190831193068515586767200	Gamma(1/4)	$\Gamma ({\tfrac {1}{4}})$	$4\left({\frac {1}{4}}\right)!=\left(-{\frac {3}{4}}\right)!$	4(1/4)!	T	A068466	[3;1,1,1,2,25,4,9,1,1,8,4,1,6,1,1,19,1,1,4,1,...]
0.95531661812450927816385710251575775	Magic angle	${\theta _{m}}$	$\arctan \left({\sqrt {2}}\right)=\arccos \left({\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{3}}}\right)\approx \textstyle {54.7356}^{\circ }$	arctan(sqrt(2))	I	A195696	[0;1,21,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,2,4,1,2,9,1,2,1,1,1,3,...]
1.44466786100976613365833910859643022	Steiner number, Iterated exponential Constant	${e}^{\frac {1}{e}}$	$e^{\frac {1}{e}}\color {white}...........\color {black}$ = Upper Limit of Tetration	e^(1/e)	T	A073229	[1;2,4,55,27,1,1,16,9,3,2,8,3,2,1,1,4,1,9,...]
0.69220062755534635386542199718278976	Minimum value of función ƒ(x) = xx	${\left({\frac {1}{e}}\right)}^{\frac {1}{e}}$	${e}^{-{\frac {1}{e}}}\color {white}..........\color {black}$ = Inverse Steiner Number	e^(-1/e)	T	A072364	[0;1,2,4,55,27,1,1,16,9,3,2,8,3,2,1,1,4,1,9,...]
0.34053732955099914282627318443290289	Pólya Random walk constant	${p(3)}$	$1-\!\!\left({3 \over (2\pi )^{3}}\int \limits _{-\pi }^{\pi }\int \limits _{-\pi }^{\pi }\int \limits _{-\pi }^{\pi }{dx\,dy\,dz \over 3-\!\cos x-\!\cos y-\!\cos z}\right)^{\!-1}$ $=1-16{\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}\;\pi ^{3}\left(\Gamma ({\tfrac {1}{24}})\Gamma ({\tfrac {5}{24}})\Gamma ({\tfrac {7}{24}})\Gamma ({\tfrac {11}{24}})\right)^{-1}$	1-16*Sqrt[2/3]*Pi^3 /(Gamma[1/24] *Gamma[5/24] *Gamma[7/24] *Gamma[11/24])	T	A086230	[0;2,1,14,1,3,8,1,5,2,7,1,12,1,5,59,1,1,1,3,...]
0.54325896534297670695272829530061323	Bloch-Landau constant	${L}$	$={\frac {\Gamma ({\tfrac {1}{3}})\;\Gamma ({\tfrac {5}{6}})}{\Gamma ({\tfrac {1}{6}})}}={\frac {(-{\tfrac {2}{3}})!\;(-1+{\tfrac {5}{6}})!}{(-1+{\tfrac {1}{6}})!}}$	gamma(1/3) *gamma(5/6) /gamma(1/6)	T	A081760	[0;1,1,5,3,1,1,2,1,1,6,3,1,8,11,2,1,1,27,4,...]
0.18785964246206712024851793405427323	MRB Constant, Marvin Ray Burns	$C_{{}_{MRB}}$	$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }({-}1)^{n}(n^{1/n}{-}1)=-{\sqrt[{1}]{1}}+{\sqrt[{2}]{2}}-{\sqrt[{3}]{3}}+{\sqrt[{4}]{4}}\,...$	Sum[n=1 to ∞] {(-1)^n (n^(1/n)-1)}	T	A037077	[0;5,3,10,1,1,4,1,1,1,1,9,1,1,12,2,17,2,2,1,...]
0.74759792025341143517873094383017817	Rényi's Parking Constant	${m}$	$\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }exp\left(\!-2\int \limits _{0}^{x}{\frac {1-e^{-y}}{y}}dy\right)\!dx={e^{-2\gamma }}\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {e^{-2\Gamma (0,n)}}{n^{2}}}$	[e^(-2*Gamma)] * Int{n,0,∞}[ e^(- 2 *Gamma(0,n)) /n^2]	T	A050996	[0;1,2,1,25,3,1,2,1,1,12,1,2,1,1,3,1,2,1,43,...]
1.27323954473516268615107010698011489	Ramanujan-Forsyth serie	${\frac {4}{\pi }}$	$\displaystyle \sum \limits _{n=0}^{\infty }\textstyle \left({\frac {(2n-3)!!}{(2n)!!}}\right)^{2}={1\!+\!\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{2}\!{+}\left({\frac {1}{2\cdot 4}}\right)^{2}\!{+}\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right)^{2}{+}...}$	Sum[n=0 to ∞] {[(2n-3)!! /(2n)!!]^2}	T	A088538	[1;3,1,1,1,15,2,72,1,9,1,17,1,2,1,5,1,1,10,...]
1.46707807943397547289779848470722995	Porter Constant	${C}$	${\frac {6\ln 2}{\pi ^{2}}}\left(3\ln 2+4\,\gamma -{\frac {24}{\pi ^{2}}}\,\zeta '(2)-2\right)-{\frac {1}{2}}$ $\scriptstyle \gamma \,{\text{= Euler–Mascheroni Constant = 0,5772156649...}}$ $\scriptstyle \zeta '(2)\,{\text{= Derivative of }}\zeta (2)\,=\,-\!\!\sum \limits _{n=2}^{\infty }{\frac {\ln n}{n^{2}}}\,{\text{= −0,9375482543...}}$	6*ln2/Pi^2(3*ln2+ 4 EulerGamma- WeierstrassZeta'(2) *24/Pi^2-2)-1/2	T	A086237	[1;2,7,10,1,2,38,5,4,1,4,12,5,1,5,1,2,3,1,...]
4.66920160910299067185320382046620161	Feigenbaum constant δ	${\delta }$	$\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {x_{n+1}-x_{n}}{x_{n+2}-x_{n+1}}}\qquad \scriptstyle x\in (3,8284;\,3,8495)$ $\scriptstyle x_{n+1}=\,ax_{n}(1-x_{n})\quad {or}\quad x_{n+1}=\,a\sin(x_{n})$		T	A006890	[4;1,2,43,2,163,2,3,1,1,2,5,1,2,3,80,2,5,...]
2.50290787509589282228390287321821578	Feigenbaum constant α	$\alpha$	$\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {d_{n}}{d_{n+1}}}$		T	A006891	[2;1,1,85,2,8,1,10,16,3,8,9,2,1,40,1,2,3,...]
0.62432998854355087099293638310083724	Golomb–Dickman constant	${\lambda }$	$\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }{\underset {Para\;x>2}{{\frac {f(x)}{x^{2}}}dx}}=\int \limits _{0}^{1}e^{Li(n)}dn\quad \scriptstyle {\text{Li: Logarithmic integral}}$	N[Int{n,0,1}[e^Li(n)],34]	T	A084945	[0;1,1,1,1,1,22,1,2,3,1,1,11,1,1,2,22,2,6,1,...]
23.1406926327792690057290863679485474	Gelfond constant	${e}^{\pi }$	$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\pi ^{n}}{n!}}={\frac {\pi ^{1}}{1}}+{\frac {\pi ^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {\pi ^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {\pi ^{4}}{4!}}+\cdots$	Sum[n=0 to ∞] {(pi^n)/n!}	T	A039661	[23;7,9,3,1,1,591,2,9,1,2,34,1,16,1,30,1,...]
7.38905609893065022723042746057500781	Conic constant, Schwarzschild constant	$e^{2}$	$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2^{n}}{n!}}=1+2+{\frac {2^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {2^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {2^{4}}{4!}}+{\frac {2^{5}}{5!}}+...$	Sum[n=0 to ∞] {2^n/n!}	T	A072334	[7;2,1,1,3,18,5,1,1,6,30,8,1,1,9,42,11,1,...] = [7,2,(1,1,n,4*n+6,n+2)], n = 3, 6, 9, etc.
0.35323637185499598454351655043268201	Hafner-Sarnak-McCurley constant (1)	${\sigma }$	$\prod _{k=1}^{\infty }\left\{1-[1-\prod _{j=1}^{n}{\underset {p_{k}:\,{prime}}{(1-p_{k}^{-j})]^{2}}}\right\}$	prod[k=1 to ∞] {1-(1-prod[j=1 to n] {1-ithprime(k)^-j})^2}	T	A085849	[0;2,1,4,1,10,1,8,1,4,1,2,1,2,1,2,6,1,1,1,3,...]
0.60792710185402662866327677925836583	Hafner-Sarnak-McCurley constant (2)	${\frac {1}{\zeta (2)}}$	${\frac {6}{\pi ^{2}}}{=}\prod _{n=0}^{\infty }{\underset {p_{n}:\,{prime}}{\left(1-{\frac {1}{{p_{n}}^{2}}}\right)}}{=}\textstyle \left(1{-}{\frac {1}{2^{2}}}\right)\left(1{-}{\frac {1}{3^{2}}}\right)\left(1{-}{\frac {1}{5^{2}}}\right)...$	Prod{n=1 to ∞} (1-1/ithprime (n)^2)	T	A059956	[0;1,1,1,1,4,2,4,7,1,4,2,3,4,10,1,2,1,1,1,...]
1.58496250072115618145373894394781651	Hausdorff dimension, Sierpinski triangle	${log_{2}3}$	${\frac {log3}{log2}}={\frac {\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{2n+1}(2n+1)}}}{\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{3^{2n+1}(2n+1)}}}}={\frac {{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{24}}+{\frac {1}{160}}+...}{{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{81}}+{\frac {1}{1215}}+...}}$	( Sum[n=0 to ∞] {1/ (2^(2n+1) (2n+1))})/ (Sum[n=0 to ∞] {1/ (3^(2n+1) (2n+1))})	T	A020857	[1;1,1,2,2,3,1,5,2,23,2,2,1,1,55,1,4,3,1,1,...]
0.12345678910111213141516171819202123	Champernowne constant	$C_{10}$	$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\;\sum _{k=10^{n-1}}^{10^{n}-1}{\frac {k}{10^{kn-9\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}10^{j}(n-j-1)}}}$		T	A033307	[0;8,9,1,149083,1,1,1,4,1,1,1,3,4,1,1,1,15,...]
0.76422365358922066299069873125009232	Landau-Ramanujan constant	$K$	${\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\prod _{p\equiv 3\!\!\!\!\!\mod \!4}\!\!{\underset {\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!p:\,{prime}}{\left(1-{\frac {1}{p^{2}}}\right)^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}}}\!\!={\frac {\pi }{4}}\prod _{p\equiv 1\!\!\!\!\!\mod \!4}\!\!{\underset {\!\!\!\!p:\,{prime}}{\left(1-{\frac {1}{p^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}}}$		T	A064533	[0;1,3,4,6,1,15,1,2,2,3,1,23,3,1,1,3,1,1,6,4,...]
0.11000100000000000000000100...	Liouville number	${\text{£}}_{Li}$	$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{10^{n!}}}={\frac {1}{10^{1!}}}+{\frac {1}{10^{2!}}}+{\frac {1}{10^{3!}}}+{\frac {1}{10^{4!}}}+...$	Sum[n=1 to ∞] {10^(-n!)}	T	A012245	[1;9,1,999,10,9999999999999,1,9,999,1,9]
1.9287800...	Wright constant	${\omega }$	$\left\lfloor 2^{2^{2^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{2^{\omega }}}}}}\!\right\rfloor \scriptstyle {\text{= primes:}}\displaystyle \left\lfloor 2^{\omega }\right\rfloor \scriptstyle {\text{=3,}}\displaystyle \left\lfloor 2^{2^{\omega }}\right\rfloor \scriptstyle {\text{=13,}}\displaystyle \left\lfloor 2^{2^{2^{\omega }}}\right\rfloor \scriptstyle {\text{=16381, ...}}$			A086238	[1; 1, 13, 24, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 3]
2.71828182845904523536028747135266250	Number e, Euler's number	${e}$	$\lim _{n\to \infty }\!\left(1{+}{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{n}\!\!{=}\!\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n!}}={\frac {1}{0!}}+{\frac {1}{1}}+{\frac {1}{2!}}+{\frac {1}{3!}}+...$	Sum[n=0 to ∞] {1/n!}	T	A001113	[2;1,2,1,1,4,1,1,6,1,1,8,1,1,10,1,1,12,1,...] = [2;(1,2p,1)], p∈ℕ
0.36787944117144232159552377016146086	Inverse of Number e	${\frac {1}{e}}$	$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n!}}={\frac {1}{0!}}-{\frac {1}{1!}}+{\frac {1}{2!}}-{\frac {1}{3!}}+{\frac {1}{4!}}-{\frac {1}{5!}}+...$	Sum[n=2 to ∞] {(-1)^n/n!}	T	A068985	[0;2,1,1,2,1,1,4,1,1,6,1,1,8,1,1,10,1,1,12,...] = [0;2,1,(1,2p,1)], p∈ℕ
0.6903471261...	Upper iterated exponential	${H}_{2n+1}$	$\lim _{n\to \infty }{H}_{2n+1}=\textstyle \left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)^{\left({\frac {1}{4}}\right)^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{\left({\frac {1}{2n+1}}\right)}}}}}={2}^{-3^{-4^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{-2n-1}}}}}$	2^-3^-4^-5^-6^ -7^-8^-9^-10^ -11^-12^-13 …	T		[0;1,2,4,2,1,3,1,2,2,1,4,1,2,4,61,5,...]
0.6583655992...	Lower límit iterated exponential	${H}_{2n}$	$\lim _{n\to \infty }{H}_{2n}=\textstyle \left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{\left({\frac {1}{3}}\right)^{\left({\frac {1}{4}}\right)^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{\left({\frac {1}{2n}}\right)}}}}}={2}^{-3^{-4^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{-2n}}}}}$	2^-3^-4^-5^-6^ -7^-8^-9^-10^ -11^-12 …	T		[0;1,1,1,12,1,2,1,1,4,3,1,1,2,1,2,1,51,2,2,1,...]
0.63661977236758134307553505349005745	2/Pi, François Viète product	${\frac {2}{\pi }}$	${\frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}}\cdot {\frac {\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {2}}}}{2}}\cdot {\frac {\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {2}}}}}}{2}}\cdots$		T	A060294	[0;1,1,1,3,31,1,145,1,4,2,8,1,6,1,2,3,1,4,...]
3.14159265358979323846264338327950288	π number, Archimedes number	${\pi }$	$\lim _{n\to \infty }\,2^{n}\underbrace {\sqrt {2-{\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {2+{\text{...}}+{\sqrt {2}}}}}}}} _{n}$	Sum[n=0 to ∞] {(-1)^n 4/(2n+1)}	T	A000796	[3;7,15,1,292,1,1,1,2,1,3,1,14,2,1,1,2,2,2,...]
1.902160583104	Brun 2 constant = Σ inverse of Twin primes	${B}_{\,2}$	$\textstyle {\underset {p,\,p+2:\,{prime}}{\sum ({\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{p+2}})}}=({\frac {1}{3}}{+}{\frac {1}{5}})+({\tfrac {1}{5}}{+}{\tfrac {1}{7}})+({\tfrac {1}{11}}{+}{\tfrac {1}{13}})+...$			A065421	[1; 1, 9, 4, 1, 1, 8, 3, 4, 4, 2, 2]
0.870588379975	Brun 4 constant = Σ inv.prime quadruplets	${B}_{\,4}$	$\textstyle {\sum ({\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{p+2}}+{\frac {1}{p+4}}+{\frac {1}{p+6}})}\scriptstyle \quad {p,\;p+2,\;p+4,\;p+6:\;{prime}}$ $\textstyle {\left({\tfrac {1}{5}}+{\tfrac {1}{7}}+{\tfrac {1}{11}}+{\tfrac {1}{13}}\right)}+\left({\tfrac {1}{11}}+{\tfrac {1}{13}}+{\tfrac {1}{17}}+{\tfrac {1}{19}}\right)+\dots$			A213007	[0; 1, 6, 1, 2, 1, 2, 956, 3, 1, 1]
0.46364760900080611621425623146121440	Machin-Gregory serie	$\arctan {\frac {1}{2}}$	${\underset {For\;x=1/2\qquad \qquad }{\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}x^{2n+1}}{2n+1}}={\frac {1}{2}}-\!{\frac {1}{3\cdot 2^{3}}}{+}{\frac {1}{5\cdot 2^{5}}}-\!{\frac {1}{7\cdot 2^{7}}}{+}{...}}}$	Sum[n=0 to ∞] {(-1)^n (1/2)^(2n+1) /(2n+1)}	T	A073000	[0;2,6,2,1,1,1,6,1,2,1,1,2,10,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,...]
0.59634736232319407434107849936927937	Euler-Gompertz constant	${G}$	$\int \limits _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {e^{-n}}{1{+}n}}dn{=}\int \limits _{0}^{1}{\frac {1}{1{-}\ln n}}dn=\textstyle {\frac {1}{1+{\frac {1}{1+{\frac {1}{1+{\frac {2}{1+{\frac {2}{1+{\frac {3}{1+{\frac {3}{1+4{/...}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$	integral[0 to ∞] {(e^-n)/(1+n)}	T	A073003	[0;1,1,2,10,1,1,4,2,2,13,2,4,1,32,4,8,1,1,1,...]
0.69777465796400798200679059255175260	Continued fraction constant, Bessel function	${C}_{CF}$	${\frac {I_{1}(2)}{I_{0}(2)}}={\frac {\sum \limits _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {n}{n!n!}}}{\sum \limits _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n!n!}}}}=\textstyle {\frac {1}{1+{\frac {1}{2+{\frac {1}{3+{\frac {1}{4+{\frac {1}{5+{\frac {1}{6+1{/...}}}}}}}}}}}}}$	(Sum [n=0 to ∞] {n/(n!n!)}) / (Sum [n=0 to ∞] {1/(n!n!)})		A052119	[0;1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,...] = [0;(p+1)], p∈ℕ
0.43828293672703211162697516355126482 + 0.36059247187138548595294052690600 i	Infinite Tetration of i	${}^{\infty }{i}$	$\lim _{n\to \infty }{}^{n}i=\lim _{n\to \infty }\underbrace {i^{i^{i^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{i}}}}}} _{n}={\underset {W:\;Lambert\;function}{{\frac {2}{\pi }}\,i\;W\left(-{\frac {\pi }{2}}i\right)}}$	(2/Pi) i ProductLog [-((Pi/2) i)]		A077589 A077590	[0;2,3,1,1,4,2,2,1,10,2,1,3,1,8,2,1,2,1, ...] + [0;2,1,3,2,2,3,1,5,5,1,2,1,10,10,6,1,1...] i
2.74723827493230433305746518613420282	Ramanujan nested radical	$R_{5}$	$\scriptstyle {\sqrt {5+{\sqrt {5+{\sqrt {5-{\sqrt {5+{\sqrt {5+{\sqrt {5+{\sqrt {5-\cdots }}}}}}}}}}}}}}\;=\textstyle {\frac {2+{\sqrt {5}}+{\sqrt {15-6{\sqrt {5}}}}}{2}}$	(2+sqrt(5) +sqrt(15 -6 sqrt(5)))/2	I		[2;1,2,1,21,1,7,2,1,1,2,1,2,1,17,4,4,1,1,4,2,...]
1.01494160640965362502120255427452028	Gieseking constant	${\pi \ln \beta }$	${\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{4}}\left(1-\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(3n+2)^{2}}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(3n+1)^{2}}}\right)=$ $\textstyle {\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{4}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{2^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{4^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{5^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{7^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{8^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{10^{2}}}\pm ...\right)$.	sqrt(3)*3/4 *(1 -Sum[n=0 to ∞] {1/((3n+2)^2)} +Sum[n=1 to ∞] {1/((3n+1)^2)})	T	A143298	[1;66,1,12,1,2,1,4,2,1,3,3,1,4,1,56,2,2,11,...]
1.66168794963359412129581892274995074	Somos' quadratic recurrence constant	${\sigma }$	$\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }n^{{1/2}^{n}}={\sqrt {1{\sqrt {2{\sqrt {3\cdots }}}}}}=1^{1/2}\;2^{1/4}\;3^{1/8}\cdots$	prod[n=1 to ∞] {n ^(1/2)^n}	T	A065481	[1;1,1,1,21,1,1,1,6,4,2,1,1,2,1,3,1,13,13,...]
0.56714329040978387299996866221035555	Omega constant, Lambert W function	${\Omega }$	$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-n)^{n-1}}{n!}}=\,\left({\frac {1}{e}}\right)^{\left({\frac {1}{e}}\right)^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{\left({\frac {1}{e}}\right)}}}}=e^{-\Omega }={e}^{-e^{-e^{\cdot ^{\cdot ^{-e}}}}}$	Sum[n=1 to ∞] {(-n)^(n-1)/n!}		A030178	[0;1,1,3,4,2,10,4,1,1,1,1,2,7,306,1,5,1,2,1,...]
0.96894614625936938048363484584691860	Beta(3)	${\beta }(3)$	${\frac {\pi ^{3}}{32}}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {-1^{n+1}}{(-1+2n)^{3}}}={\frac {1}{1^{3}}}{-}{\frac {1}{3^{3}}}{+}{\frac {1}{5^{3}}}{-}{\frac {1}{7^{3}}}{+}...$	Sum[n=1 to ∞] {(-1)^(n+1) /(-1+2n)^3}	T	A153071	[0;1,31,4,1,18,21,1,1,2,1,2,1,3,6,3,28,1,...]
2.23606797749978969640917366873127624	Square root of 5, Gauss sum	${\sqrt {5}}$	$\scriptstyle (n=5)\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{n-1}e^{\frac {2k^{2}\pi i}{n}}=1+e^{\frac {2\pi i}{5}}+e^{\frac {8\pi i}{5}}+e^{\frac {18\pi i}{5}}+e^{\frac {32\pi i}{5}}$	Sum[k=0 to 4] {e^(2k^2 pi i/5)}	I	A002163	[2;4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,...] = [2;(4),...]
3.35988566624317755317201130291892717	Prévost constant	$\Psi$	$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{F_{n}}}={\frac {1}{1}}+{\frac {1}{1}}+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{5}}+{\frac {1}{8}}+{\frac {1}{13}}+\cdots$ Fn: Fibonacci series	Sum[n=1 to ∞] {1/Fibonacci[n]}	I	A079586	[3;2,1,3,1,1,13,2,3,3,2,1,1,6,3,2,4,362,...]
2.68545200106530644530971483548179569	Khinchin's constant	$K_{\,0}$	$\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left[{1+{1 \over n(n+2)}}\right]^{\ln n/\ln 2}$	Prod[n=1 to ∞] {(1+1/(n(n+2))) ^(ln(n)/ln(2))}	?	A002210	[2;1,2,5,1,1,2,1,1,3,10,2,1,3,2,24,1,3,2,...]

Table of selected mathematical constants

Abbreviations used:

R – Rational number, I – Irrational number (may be algebraic or transcendental), A – Algebraic number (irrational), T - Transcendental number (irrational)

Gen – General, NuT – Number theory, ChT – Chaos theory, Com – Combinatorics, Inf – Information theory, Ana – Mathematical analysis

Symbol	Value	Name	Field	N	First Described	# of Known Digits
0	= 0	Zero	Gen	R	c. 7th–5th century BC	N/A
1	= 1	One, Unity	Gen	R		N/A
i	= ${\sqrt {-1}}$	Imaginary unit, unit imaginary number	Gen, Ana	A	16th century	N/A
$\pi$	≈ 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288	Pi, Archimedes' constant or Ludolph's number	Gen, Ana	T	by c. 2000 BC	10,000,000,000,000
e	≈ 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249	e, Napier's constant, or Euler's number	Gen, Ana	T	1618	100,000,000,000
√2	≈ 1.41421 35623 73095 04880 16887 24209 69807	Pythagoras' constant, square root of 2	Gen	A	by c. 800 BC	137,438,953,444
√3	≈ 1.73205 08075 68877 29352 74463 41505 87236	Theodorus' constant, square root of 3	Gen	A	by c. 800 BC
√5	≈ 2.23606 79774 99789 69640 91736 68731 27623	square root of 5	Gen	A	by c. 800 BC
$\gamma$	≈ 0.57721 56649 01532 86060 65120 90082 40243	Euler–Mascheroni constant	Gen, NuT		1735	14,922,244,771
$\phi$	≈ 1.61803 39887 49894 84820 45868 34365 63811	Golden ratio	Gen	A	by 3rd century BC	100,000,000,000
$\rho$	≈ 1.32471 79572 44746 02596 09088 54478 09734	Plastic constant	NuT	A	1928
$\beta$*	≈ 0.70258	Embree–Trefethen constant	NuT
$\delta$	≈ 4.66920 16091 02990 67185 32038 20466 20161	Feigenbaum constant	ChT		1975
$\alpha$	≈ 2.50290 78750 95892 82228 39028 73218 21578	Feigenbaum constant	ChT
C2	≈ 0.66016 18158 46869 57392 78121 10014 55577	Twin prime constant	NuT			5,020
M1	≈ 0.26149 72128 47642 78375 54268 38608 69585	Meissel–Mertens constant	NuT		1866 1874	8,010
B2	≈ 1.90216 05823	Brun's constant for twin primes	NuT		1919	10
B4	≈ 0.87058 83800	Brun's constant for prime quadruplets	NuT
$\Lambda$	≥ –2.7 • 10−9	de Bruijn–Newman constant	NuT		1950?	none
K	≈ 0.91596 55941 77219 01505 46035 14932 38411	Catalan's constant	Com			15,510,000,000
K	≈ 0.76422 36535 89220 66299 06987 31250 09232	Landau–Ramanujan constant	NuT			30,010
K	≈ 1.13198 824	Viswanath's constant	NuT			8
B´L	= 1	Legendre's constant	NuT	R		N/A
$\mu$	≈ 1.45136 92348 83381 05028 39684 85892 02744	Ramanujan–Soldner constant	NuT			75,500
EB	≈ 1.60669 51524 15291 76378 33015 23190 92458	Erdős–Borwein constant	NuT	I
$\beta$	≈ 0.28016 94990 23869 13303	Bernstein's constant	Ana
$\lambda$	≈ 0.30366 30028 98732 65859 74481 21901 55623	Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing constant	Com		1974	385
$\sigma$	≈ 0.35323 63718 54995 98454	Hafner–Sarnak–McCurley constant	NuT		1993
$\lambda$, $\mu$	≈ 0.62432 99885 43550 87099 29363 83100 83724	Golomb–Dickman constant	Com, NuT		1930 1964
	≈ 0.64341 05463	Cahen's constant		T	1891	4000
	≈ 0.66274 34193 49181 58097 47420 97109 25290	Laplace limit
	≈ 0.80939 40205	Alladi–Grinstead constant	NuT
$\Lambda$	≈ 1.09868 58055	Lengyel's constant	Com		1992
	≈ 3.27582 29187 21811 15978 76818 82453 84386	Lévy's constant	NuT
$\zeta (3)$	≈ 1.20205 69031 59594 28539 97381 61511 44999	Apéry's constant		I	1979	15,510,000,000
$\theta$	≈ 1.30637 78838 63080 69046 86144 92602 60571	Mills' constant	NuT		1947	6850
	≈ 1.45607 49485 82689 67139 95953 51116 54356	Backhouse's constant
	≈ 1.46707 80794	Porter's constant	NuT		1975
	≈ 1.53960 07178	Lieb's square ice constant	Com		1967
	≈ 1.70521 11401 05367 76428 85514 53434 50816	Niven's constant	NuT		1969
K	≈ 2.58498 17595 79253 21706 58935 87383 17116	Sierpiński's constant
	≈ 2.68545 20010 65306 44530 97148 35481 79569	Khinchin's constant	NuT		1934	7350
F	≈ 2.80777 02420 28519 36522 15011 86557 77293	Fransén-Robinson constant	Ana
L	≈ 0.5	Landau's constant	Ana			1
P2	≈ 2.29558 71493 92638 07403 42980 49189 49039	Universal parabolic constant	Gen	T
Ω	≈ 0.56714 32904 09783 87299 99686 62210 35555	Omega constant	Ana	T
$C_{{}_{MRB}}$	≈ 0.187859	MRB constant	NuT		3:13GMT 1/11/1999	2,000,000
$\psi$	≈ 3.35988 56662 43177 55317 20113 02918 ....	Reciprocal Fibonacci constant [1] [2]

See also

• Invariant (mathematics)
• List of numbers

External links

• Constants - from Wolfram MathWorld
• Inverse symbolic calculator (CECM, ISC) (tells you how a given number can be constructed from mathematical constants)
• On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS)
• Simon Plouffe's inverter
• Steven Finch's page of mathematical constants
• Xavier Gourdon and Pascal Sebah's page of numbers, mathematical constants and algorithms