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{{Chembox
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'''Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene''' ('''ETFE''') is a [[fluorine]]-based [[plastic]]. It was designed to have high corrosion resistance and strength over a wide temperature range. ETFE is a [[polymer]] and its [[IUPAC polymer nomenclature|source-based name]] is '''poly (ethene-co-tetrafluoroethene)'''. It is also known under the DuPont brand name '''Tefzel''' and is sometimes referred to as 'Teflon Film'. ETFE has a relatively high melting temperature and excellent chemical, electrical and high-energy radiation resistance properties.
==Properties==
Useful comparison tables of [[PTFE]] against [[Fluorinated ethylene propylene|FEP]], [[Perfluoroalkoxy|PFA]] and ETFE can be found on Chemours' website, listing the mechanical, thermal, chemical and electrical properties of each, side by side.<ref> {{Cite web|url= https://www.chemours.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/tech_info/techinfo_compare.html
|title=''Fluoropolymer Comparison – Typical Properties'' |publisher=Chemours |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116163946/https://www.chemours.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/tech_info/techinfo_compare.html |archive-date=November 16, 2018}} </ref> ETFE is effectively the high-strength version of the other three in this group.

ETFE film is self-cleaning (due to its nonstick properties) and recyclable.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.todoarquitectura.com/revista/40/en04_ETFE.asp |title=ETFE |access-date=2008-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309090024/http://www.todoarquitectura.com/revista/40/en04_ETFE.asp |archive-date=2013-03-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a film for roofing it can be stretched and still be taut if some variation in size, such as that caused by thermal expansion, were to occur. Employing heat welding, tears can be repaired with a patch or multiple sheets assembled into larger panels.

ETFE has an approximate tensile strength of 42 MPa (6100 psi), with a working temperature range of {{nowrap|89 K}} to {{nowrap|423 K}} ({{nowrap|−185 °C}} to {{nowrap|+150 °C}} or {{nowrap|−300 °F}} to {{nowrap|+300 °F}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boedeker.com/Product/ETFE|title=Boedeker Plastics, Inc. > Product|website=www.boedeker.com}}</ref>

ETFE resins are resistant to ultraviolet light. An [[Weather testing of polymers#Artificial weathering|artificial weathering]] test (comparable to 30 years’ exposure) produced no filtering and almost no signs of film deterioration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://flexfacades.com/materials/etfe/|title=ETFE|website=FlexFacades by Structurflex|date=6 June 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>

ETFE systems can control light transmission through the application of plasma coatings, varnishes or printed frit patterns.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fabrix360 |date=2022-01-29 |title=How ETFE printing and adhesion durability lasts? |url=https://www.fabrix360.com/post/how-etfe-printing-and-adhesion-durability-lasts |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=home |language=en}}</ref> Thermal and acoustic insulation can be incorporated into an ETFE structure via the use of multi-layer systems which use low-pressure air pumps to create ETFE "cushions".<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Benefits of Using ETFE Foil In Architecture |url=https://www.makmax.com.au/fabrics/etfe/}}</ref> For instance u value of ETFE single layer, double and three layers are approximately: ''5.6, 2.5 and 1.9'' W/m2.k respectively<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabrix360 |date=2020-04-01 |title=U-value ETFE cushion, the rout to precise determination. |url=https://www.fabrix360.com/post/u-value-etfe-cushion-the-rout-to-precise-determination |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=home |language=en}}</ref> while concerning g value of etfe cushion or SHGC in ETFE systems it can vary between 0.2 to 0.95 using frits<ref name=":0" /> and for further info about SHGC in ETFE refer to<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabrix360 |date=2022-04-24 |title=What is ETFE G-value (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC) |url=https://www.fabrix360.com/post/what-is-etfe-g-value-solar-heat-gain-coefficient-shgc |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=home |language=en}}</ref>

==Applications==
[[File:EdenProject2005-07-30.jpg|thumb|The [[Eden Project]], [[Cornwall]], UK. [[Biome]]s are constructed with ETFE cushions.]]
[[File:Manchester Piccadilly Inside.jpg|thumb|ETFE roof at [[Manchester Piccadilly station]], Manchester, UK]]
ETFE was developed by [[DuPont]] in the 1970s initially as a lightweight, heat resistant film in the aerospace industry.<ref name="archdaily">{{cite web |last1=Lynch |first1=Patrick |title=What is ETFE and Why Has it Become Architecture's Favorite Polymer? |url=https://www.archdaily.com/784723/etfe-the-rise-of-architectures-favorite-polymer |website=ArchDaily |access-date=18 June 2021 |date=2019-04-06}}</ref> From its development it was largely used infrequently in agricultural and architectural projects.<ref name="archdaily"/> ETFE's first large-scale use architecturally came in 2001 at the [[Eden Project]] where ETFE was selected as it can be printed and layered to control solar conditions and because it was found to have a low friction coefficient, which saves on maintenance as dust and dirt do not stick.<ref name="archdaily"/>

An example of its use is as [[pneumatic]] panels to cover the outside of the [[Association football|football]] [[stadium]] [[Allianz Arena]] or the [[Beijing National Aquatics Centre]] (a.k.a. the Water Cube of the 2008 Olympics) – the world's largest [[building|structure]] made of ETFE film ([[laminate]]). The panels of the [[Eden Project]] are also made from ETFE, and the [[Tropical Islands]] have a 20,000 m<sup>2</sup> window made from this [[translucent]] material.

Another key use of ETFE is for the covering of electrical and fiber-optic wiring used in high-stress, low-fume-toxicity and high-reliability situations. Aircraft, spacecraft and motorsport wiring are primary examples. Some small cross-section wires like the wire used for the [[wire-wrap]] technique are coated with ETFE.

As a dual laminate, ETFE can be bonded with [[Fibre-reinforced plastic|FRP]] as a thermoplastic liner and used in pipes, tanks, and vessels for additional corrosion protection.

ETFE is commonly used in the [[nuclear industry]] for tie or cable wraps and in the aviation and aerospace industries for wire coatings. This is because ETFE has better mechanical toughness than [[polytetrafluoroethylene|PTFE]]. In addition, ETFE exhibits a high-energy radiation resistance and can withstand moderately high temperatures for a long period.
Commercially deployed brand names of ETFE include ''Tefzel'' by [[DuPont]], ''Fluon'' by [[Asahi Glass Company]], ''Neoflon ETFE'' by [[Daikin]], and ''Texlon'' by [[Vector Foiltec]]. [[Sumitomo Electric]] developed an aluminium-ETFE [[composite material|composite]] marketed as {{Nihongo|Sumiflon-E|スミフロンE}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Characteristics of Sumiflon |url=https://sei.co.jp/ewp/J/products/detail/pdf/8_CHARACTERISTICS-OF-SUMIFLON.pdf |website=Sumitomo Electric |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> Additionally, now a day the commercial use of architectural ETFE as skylight or facade materials has become very popular all over the world not only in Europe, in middle east for instance many shopping malls, sports and cultural mega venues developments has utilized ETFE for example recent huge greenhouse park development in Abu Dhabi (Mawasem Park – Green House – Abu Dhabi [https://earth.google.com/web/search/Mawasem+Park+-+Green+House+-+Abu+Dhabi/@24.6888432,54.7726693,15.93282488a,949.44345391d,35y,0h,45t,0r/data=CpEBGmcSYQolMHgzZTVlNTViODdkYjk0NmMzOjB4ZTQ4ZTQxMmQ2NzRmMjljNBltEigHWLA4QCHFD9_T5mJLQComTWF3YXNlbSBQYXJrIC0gR3JlZW4gSG91c2UgLSBBYnUgRGhhYmkYAiABIiYKJAnE4lngS7I4QBFjn8fo8404QBlYO2Q_j1ZLQCG4XX_poidLQCgCOgMKATA House]) managed by Fabrix360 ETFE expert<ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects {{!}} Fabrix360 {{!}} United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.fabrix360.com/projects |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=home |language=en}}</ref>

Due to its high temperature resistance ETFE is also used in film mode as a mold-release film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabrix360 |date=2021-12-05 |title=ETFE durability makes you worry! |url=https://www.fabrix360.com/post/etfe-durability-makes-you-worry |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=home |language=en}}</ref> ETFE film offered by Guarniflon or Airtech International and Honeywell is used in aerospace applications such as carbon fiber [[pre-preg]] curing as a release film for molds or hot high-pressure plates.
[[File:AWM-Munich-ETFE-Cushions-Photovoltaic.jpg|thumb|255x255px|ETFE cushions roof with integrated photovoltaic cells. Munich's municipal waste management department]]

==Notable buildings==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2017|small=left}}
Notable buildings and designs using ETFE as a significant architectural element:
* [[Allianz Arena]], [[Munich]], [[Germany]][[File:UEFA Euro 2020 knockout phase - Belgium vs. Italy.jpg|thumb|The Allianz Arena]]
* [[Beijing National Aquatics Centre]], (the Water Cube) [[Beijing]], [[China]]
* [[Eden Project]], [[Cornwall]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center]], [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]
[[File:The National Space Centre, Leicester. - geograph.org.uk - 377519.jpg|thumb|National Space Centre, Leicester UK]]
* [[National Space Centre]], Leicester, United Kingdom
* [[Cuauhtémoc Stadium]], Puebla, [[México]].
* [[Midland Metropolitan University Hospital]], Smethwick, Birmingham, United Kingdom
* [[U.S. Bank Stadium]], [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States]]<ref name="archdaily" />
* [[SoFi Stadium]]. Inglewood, California, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lased.com/|title=LASED – LA Stadium & Entertainment District at Hollywood Park}}</ref>
* [[Allegiant Stadium]], Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
* [[Hard Rock Stadium]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida]], United States
* [[Banc of California Stadium]]. Los Angeles, California, United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lafc.com/stadium/facts|title=Banc of California Stadium Facts &#124; Los Angeles Football Club|access-date=2017-12-26|archive-date=2017-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213090602/https://www.lafc.com/stadium/facts|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Avenues Phase-III]], Al-Rai, Kuwait
* [[Avenues Phase IV & IVB]], Al-Rai, Kuwait
* [[Dworzec Tramwajowy Centrum]], tram station in [[Łódź]], [[Poland]].
* [[Solaris (building)|Solaris]], Clamart, France
* [[Discovery College]], Lantau Island, Hong Kong
* [[Green 18, Hong Kong Science Park]], Hong Kong
* Pavilion, [[Alnwick Castle]], [[Alnwick]], United Kingdom
* [[BC Place]], [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], [[Canada]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcplace.com/the-stadium/the-roof/northern-lights-display|title=The Northern Lights Display|website=BC Place}}</ref>
[[File:Détail de la structure.JPG|thumbnail|right|Detail of Beijing National Aquatics Centre showing ETFE exterior cushions]]
* [https://www.makmax.com/applications/institutional/river-culture-center-the-ark/ River Culture Pavillon The ARC], [[Daegu]], South Korea
* [https://taiyo-europe.com/?taiyo-portfolio=municipal-waste-management-department-munich Munich's municipal waste management department], [[Munich]], Germany (2011)
* [[Beijing National Stadium]], [[Beijing]], China
* [[FestiveWalk]], [[Resorts World at Sentosa]], Singapore
* [[Dolce Vita Tejo]] Shopping Centre, [[Amadora]], [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]
* roof, dedicated underground rail station at the [[Heathrow Airport#Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]], [[London]], United Kingdom
* [[Manchester Victoria station]] concourse, [[Manchester]], United Kingdom
* [[Forsyth Barr Stadium at University Plaza]], [[Dunedin]], [[New Zealand]]
* [[Islazul Shopping Centre]], [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
* [[Kansas City Power & Light District]], [[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States
* South Campus skylight structures, [[Art Center College of Design]], [[Pasadena, California]], United States
* [[Tanaka Business School]], [[London]], United Kingdom[[File:River Culture Pavilion ETFE Facade.JPG|alt= ETFE Facade with integrated LED Lights|thumb|268x268px|ETFE Facade with integrated LED Lights]]
* [[The Shed (Hudson Yards)]]. Manhattan, New York, USA
* [[Tropical Islands]], [[Brandenburg]], Germany
* [[Barnsley Interchange]], [[Barnsley]], United Kingdom
* [[The Mall Athens]], [[Athens]], [[Greece]]
* [[Newport railway station]], [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], United Kingdom
* [[The Elements, Livingston]], United Kingdom
* [[Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center]], [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], [[Troy, New York]], United States
* [[Arena Pernambuco]], [[Recife]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Sandton City]], [[Sandton]], [[South Africa]]
* Key West Shopping Centre, [[Krugersdorp]], [[South Africa]]
* Oceanus Casino, Macau, Special Administrative Region of China.
* [[Masdar City]], [[Abu Dhabi]] United Arab Emirates
* [http://www.lancs.ac.uk/iss ISS] Building, [[Lancaster University]]
* [https://www.birdair.com/birdair-portfolio/empire-city-casino-at-yonkers-raceway/ Empire City Casino], Yonkers, New York,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blog.archpaper.com/wordpress/archives/44806 |title= STUDIO V Bets on a Curving Lattice Porte-Cochere in Yonkers |last1= Stoelker |first1= Tom |date= 17 August 2012 |website= Archpaper.com |publisher= Architect’s Newspaper |access-date= 19 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202121944/http://blog.archpaper.com/wordpress/archives/44806 |archive-date= 2 February 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref> United States
* [https://www.makmax.com.au/project/singapore-ite-etfe-roof/ Institute of Technical Education], Singapore (2012)
* [[The SSE Hydro]], [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]
* [[Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center]], [[California]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.articinfo.com/ |title=ARTIC &#124; Life's a Journey Celebrate the Ride |access-date=2014-10-22 |archive-date=2014-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023203345/http://www.articinfo.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (12-13-14)
* [[National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]], [[Singapore]]
* [[Orto Botanico di Padova]] Biodiversity Garden roof, [[Padua]], [[Italy]]
* [[Guangzhou South Railway Station]], China
* [[Yujiapu Railway Station]], China
* [https://dibats.com/project/custom-design-membrane-structure/etfe-roof-covering-central-garden-iran-mall/ Persian Garden, Iran Mall], Tehran, Iran
* [[Anoeta Stadium]], [[San Sebastián|San Sebastian]], Spain
* Ed Kaplan Family Institute for Innovation and Tech Entrepreneurship, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
* [[Mercedes-Benz Stadium]], Atlanta, Georgia (2017)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ajc.com/sports/football/leadoff-what-next-for-mercedes-benz-stadium-roof/TQqK2fuxIPuWS0A15D3P6O/|title=LEADOFF: What's next for Mercedes-Benz Stadium roof?|first=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|last=Tim Tucker|newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref>
* [https://taiyo-europe.com/?taiyo-portfolio=us-embassy-london US Embassy ETFE Facade], London, UK (2017)[[File:Foto SEJKOT CIIRC CVUT.jpg|thumb|[[Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics]] in Prague has an ETFE-made [[façade]]]]

* [[Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics]], Prague, Czechia (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karychová |first=Pavla |date=2022-09-22 |title=The facade of the CIIRC building was awarded for design in Como, Italy {{!}} CIIRC |url=https://www.ciirc.cvut.cz/the-facade-of-the-ciirc-building-was-awarded-for-design-in-como-italy/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tron Lightcycle Power Run]], [[Shanghai Disneyland]], China (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.designboom.com/architecture/grimshaw-shanghai-disney-resort-tomorrowland-china-11-21-2017/|title=Grimshaw completes roller coaster attraction at shanghai disney resort's tomorrowland|date=21 November 2017}}</ref>
* UQ Global Change Institute Living Building, Brisbane, Australia (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gci.uq.edu.au/|title=The Global Change Institute – The University of Queensland, Australia|website=gci.uq.edu.au}}</ref>
* [https://taiyo-europe.com/?taiyo-portfolio=lakhta-center Lakhta Center], St. Petersburg, Russia (2019)
[[File:Haneda Airport Terminal 2 International Flight Facilities, Tokyo, Japan.jpg|thumb|Haneda Airport Terminal 2, International Flight Facilities, Tokyo, Japan]]
* [https://kyoritsukogyo.co.jp/en/construction/filmstructure/hanedaairportterminal2/ Haneda Airport Terminal 2, International Flight Facilities], Tokyo, Japan (2020)
* [https://www.makmax.com.au/project/macquarie-university-arts-precinct-etfe-roof/ Macquarie University Arts Precinct ETFE Roof], Sydney, Australia (2020)
* [[Hayward Field]], University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vector-foiltec.com/projects/hayward-field-etfe-canopy-facade/ |title= A ONE OF A KIND ETFE FACADE}}</ref>
* [https://www.makmax.com.au/project/rhodes-central-etfe-skylight/ Rhodes Central Commercial Development], Sydney, Australia (2021)
* Mawasem Park – Green House – Abu [https://earth.google.com/web/search/Mawasem+Park+-+Green+House+-+Abu+Dhabi/@24.6888432,54.7726693,15.93282488a,949.44345391d,35y,0h,45t,0r/data=CpEBGmcSYQolMHgzZTVlNTViODdkYjk0NmMzOjB4ZTQ4ZTQxMmQ2NzRmMjljNBltEigHWLA4QCHFD9_T5mJLQComTWF3YXNlbSBQYXJrIC0gR3JlZW4gSG91c2UgLSBBYnUgRGhhYmkYAiABIiYKJAnE4lngS7I4QBFjn8fo8404QBlYO2Q_j1ZLQCG4XX_poidLQCgCOgMKATA Dhabi] (2022) [[File:ETFE green house.jpg|thumb|Mawasem Park Abu Dhabi ]]

===Under construction===
*Jungle Exhibit, [[Sedgwick County Zoo]], [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]], [[Kansas]] (2015),<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gruver|first1=Deb|title=New roof will help save jungle exhibit at Sedgwick County Zoo|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/local/article1261939.html|access-date=20 August 2014|publisher=Wichita Eagle|date=20 August 2014}}</ref> United States
*[[West End Stadium]], Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
*[[Dockside Pavilion]], Sydney, Australia (2014)
*[[Baku Olympic Stadium]], Baku, Azerbaijan (2015)
*[[Australian Embassy]], Jakarta, Indonesia (2014)
*[[Wharf Retail]], [[Bluewaters Island]], [[Dubai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bncnetwork.net/News/Alec_awarded_contract_for_Bluewaters_Wharf_Retail_project__(United_Arab_Emirates)|title=BNC Network – The region's largest construction intelligence platform}}</ref> (2016)
*[[Carlisle Railway Station]], Carlisle, Cumbria (2017)
*Oxigeno, San Francisco, [[Heredia Province]], Costa Rica
*[[Jakarta International Stadium]], [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
*Primark Birmingham,{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} UK
*[[Boston Logan Airport]] (terminal E), [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (2021–2022) <ref>{{cite news|title=Terminal C Canopy and Upper Deck|url=https://massport.com/logan-forward/initiatives/terminal-c-canopy-and-upper-deck|access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Tron Lightcycle Power Run]], [[Walt Disney World]], US (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wdwmagic.com/attractions/tron/news/31jan2022-latest-look-at-the-etfe-cushion-canopy-installation-at-tron-lightcyle-run-in-magic-kingdom.htm|title = Latest look at the ETFE cushion canopy installation at TRON Lightcycle Run in Magic Kingdom}}</ref>
* [[Te Kaha (stadium)|One New Zealand Stadium (Te Kaha)]], Christchurch, New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Kaha news and announcements |url=https://ccc.govt.nz/the-council/future-projects/major-facilities/canterbury-arena/news-and-announcements |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Christchurch City Council |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.teflon.com/en/products/resins/etfe-resins ETFE Resins] – Chemours Teflon

[[Category:Building materials]]
[[Category:Copolymers]]
[[Category:Fluoropolymers]]
[[Category:Plastics]]
[[Category:Thermoplastics]]
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