Jump to content

Chrysostomos of Smyrna

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Saint

Chrysostomos of Smyrna
Photograph of St. Chrysostomos of Smyrna.
New-Hieromartyr
Born8 January 1867
Triglia, Bursa Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (Now Tirilye, Turkey)
Died10 September 1922
Smyrna, Greek Zone of Smyrna (now İzmir, Turkey)
Venerated inEastern Orthodox Church
Canonized4 November 1992 by Church of Greece
FeastSunday before the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (7-13 September)
AttributesEpiscopal vestments, usually holding a staff or a Gospel.

Chrysostomos Kalafatis (Greek: Χρυσόστομος Καλαφάτης; 8 January 1867 – 10 September 1922), also known as Saint Chrysostomos of Smyrna,[1] Chrysostomos of Smyrna and Metropolitan Chrysostom, was the Greek Orthodox metropolitan bishop of Smyrna (İzmir) between 1910 and 1914, and again from 1919 until his death in 1922. He was born in Triglia (today Tirilye) in the then Ottoman Empire (now part of Turkey) in 1867. He aided the Greek campaign in Smyrna in 1919 and was subsequently killed by a lynch mob after Turkish troops occupied the city at the end of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922.[2] He was declared a martyr and a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church by the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece on 4 November 1992.[3]

Early life

[edit]

Kalafatis was born in Triglia (Tirilye) in 1867, one of eight children born to Nikolaos and Kalliopi Lemonidos Kalafatis. He studied at the Theological School of Halki starting at the age of 17,[3] and after graduating served as Archdeacon to Konstantinos Valiadis, the then Metropolitan of Mytilene. Kalafatis served as chancellor and in 1902 became the Metropolitan of Drama, a city in northeastern Greece. His vocal nationalism caused the Sublime Porte to request his removal in 1907, and he eventually returned to Triglia. In 1910 Kalafatis became the Metropolitan of Smyrna.[3]

Smyrna

[edit]

Kalafatis had not been in good terms with the Ottoman authorities and he was displaced in 1914. When the Hellenic Army occupied Smyrna in 1919, at the beginning of the Greco-Turkish war, Kalafatis was reinstated to his office as metropolitan bishop. Chrysostomos was on bad terms with High Commissioner Stergiadis (appointed by the Greek Prime Minister Venizelos in 1919) due to the latter's strict stance against discrimination and abuse in dealing with the local Turks, and his opposition to inflammatory nationalist rhetoric used in sermons, which he perceived as too political.[4][5] US diplomat George Horton described how Stergiadis interrupted an important service at the Orthodox Cathedral in Smyrna:[6]

Archbishop Chrysostom (he who was later murdered by the Turks) began to introduce some politics into his sermon, a thing which he was extremely prone to do. Stergiades, who was standing near him, interrupted, saying: "But I told you I didn’t want any of this."

Chrysostomos was an ardent supporter of the cause of Greek nationalism, while Stergiadis was seen by some as behaving in a perversely defeatist manner.[7] Chrysostomos wrote to (no longer Prime Minister) Eleftherios Venizelos in 1922, as Turkish troops were approaching, and shortly before the Great Fire of Smyrna, warning that "Hellenism in Asia Minor, the Greek State and the entire Greek Nation are descending now into Hell," and partially blaming him for his appointment of Stergiadis, "an utterly deranged egotist", even though he was an ardent supporter of Venizelos.[8]

Lynching

[edit]
Personal items belonging to Chrysostomos of Smyrna which were recovered from his body after his lynching

After the defeat and retreat of the Hellenic Army in August 1922, Chrysostomos denied the offer to leave the city and decided to stay.

On 10 September (Julian style – 27 August) 1922, soon after the Turkish army had moved into Smyrna, a Turkish officer and two soldiers took Chrysostomos from the office of the cathedral and delivered him to the Turkish commander-in-chief, Nureddin Pasha, the general who is said to have decided to hand him over to a Turkish mob who murdered him. Horton adds that there is no sufficient proof of the veracity of this statement, yet it is certain that he was killed by the mob.[9] Horton, who was in Smyrna at the time until the evening of 13 September 1922 just before the Burning of Smyrna,[10] mentions that he did not witness the events and also inaccurately gives 9 September as the date of Chrysostomos death.[11]

Fahrettin Altay who witnessed the entry of the Metropolitan and the lynching mentions in his memoirs that religious leaders of the various millets were coming to congratulate the "Gazi". Chrysostomos also came to congratulate with a Greek member of the City council. Münir Kocaçıtak, the legal counsel of the cavalry side army, said; "Do not allow this priest inside without searching him first. He is a well known komitadji, he may wish to make a last sacrifice by bringing a bomb with him." He was searched by the aide-de-camp of Nurettin Paşa and the squad commander of the cavalry side army Nazım from Afyon yet nothing was found. Fahrettin Altay then went upstairs and said to Mustafa Kemal that Chrysostomos came. He jokingly said to Nurettin Paşa the following and sent him outside to meet the metropolitan: "He is your friend! Go see him, I do not want to see him". Fahrettin Altay states that he was in the room where the metropolitan was taken together with Nurettin Paşa. There, Nurettin Paşa said: "Do you see how the justice of Allah has come to be! You are now ashamed of what you have done, right?" Chrysostomos replied: "I am accused. I do not know anything. I am not guilty". Nurettin Paşa then stated to the metropolitan that he is no longer recognized and will not be accepted as the metropolitan and that he should leave and appoint someone in his place. After the reply, Metropolitan with his followers left the building. After he left he was grabbed by his beard by a captain who was in the crowd outside and who witnessed the first day of the invasion. Who harassed the metropolitan by saying: "How can a man of cloth do this. Is it befitting to a man of religion?" he then had the metropolitan scream "Zito Mustafa Kemal". The captain told him that Brigadier General Süleyman Fethi under the threat of bayonets did not say "Zito Venizelos" and had his blood spilled.[12]

According to French soldiers who witnessed the lynching, but were under strict orders from their commanding officer not to intervene:

Chrysostomos of Smyrna statue, Agias Sofias Square, Thessaloniki

"The mob took possession of Metropolitan Chrysostom and carried him away... a little further on, in front of an Italian hairdresser named Ismail ... they stopped and the Metropolitan was slipped into a white hairdresser's overall. They began to beat him with their fists and sticks and to spit on his face. They riddled him with stabs. They tore his beard off, they gouged his eyes out, they cut off his nose and ears."[13]

Bishop Chrysostomos was then dragged (according to some sources,[14] by a car or truck) into a backstreet of the Iki Cheshmeli district where he died soon after.[13] Fahrettin Altay states that Mustafa Kemal Paşa was upset and said; "This should not have happened". He adds that the metropolitan's black staff with an ivory, Byzantine Eagle symbolled head, which he had given to the soldier at the door of the building upon his entry, disappeared. He states that it should have been put into a museum.[12]

Family Survivors

[edit]

Metropolitan Chrysostomos was survived by his nephews, among whom was Ioannis Elefteriades, who witnessed the arrest and execution of his uncle. He escaped as a refugee to Lebanon, where today his grandson Michel Elefteriades is a well-known Greek-Lebanese artist and producer.[15]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Αγιος Χρυσόστομος Σμύρνης – Η Ραφήνα τιμά τη μνήμη του 85 έτη από τον μαρτυρικό θάνατό του Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Kathimerini.gr, 10 November 2007. (Greek)
  2. ^ Hannibal Travis (2010). Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Carolina Academic Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-59460-436-2. The archbishop was among those massacred during the next month in the Turkish sack of Smyrna.
  3. ^ a b c Αγ. Χρυσόστομος Σμύρνης Archived 21 July 2011 at archive.today Municipality of Triglia (Greek)
  4. ^ Clogg, Richard (2013). A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139507516. ISBN 9781139507516.
  5. ^ Mansel, Philip (2010). Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean. John Murray. ISBN 9780719567070.
  6. ^ Horton, George (1926). The Blight of Asia, An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna. Bobbs-Merrill. pp. Chapter 10.
  7. ^ Aggelomatis, Chr, "Chronicle of Great Tragedy" (The Epic of Asia Minor), Estia, 1963
  8. ^ Llewellyn Smith, Michael (1998). Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 302. ISBN 9781850653684.
  9. ^ Horton, George (1926). The Blight of Asia, An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna. Indianapolis, United States of America: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 136.
  10. ^ Horton, George (1926). The Blight of Asia, An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna. Indianapolis, United States of America: Bobbs-Merrill. pp. Introduction, 12.
  11. ^ Horton, George (1926). The Blight of Asia, An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna. Indianapolis, United States of America: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 99.
  12. ^ a b Altay, Fahrettin (1970). Görüb Geçirdiklerim-10 YIL SAVAŞ 1912-1922 VE, SONRASI (in Turkish). İstanbul: İnsel Yayınları. pp. 359–361.
  13. ^ a b Milton 2008, pp. 268–269.
  14. ^ Aggelomatis, Chr, "Chronicle of Great Tragedy" (The Epic of Asia Minor), Estia, 1963, pp. 231-2
  15. ^ [The lost descendants of Hellenism: The Antiochian Greeks] [1]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysostomos (Kalafatis).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna&oldid=1253117690"