Electrical code
| Electrical installations |
|---|
| Wiring practice by region or country |
| Regulation of electrical installations |
| Cabling and accessories |
| Switching and protection devices |
An electrical code is a term for a set of regulations for the design and installation of electrical wiring in a building. The intention of such regulations is to provide standards to ensure electrical wiring systems are safe for people and property, protecting them from electrical shock and fire hazards. They are usually based on a model code (with or without local amendments) produced by a national or international standards organisation.
Such wiring is subject to rigorous safety standards for design and installation. Wires and electrical cables are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restrictions on the environmental conditions, such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals. Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building's wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. To ensure both wiring and associated devices are designed, selected and installed so that they are safe for use, they are subject to wiring safety codes or regulations, which vary by locality, country or region.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is attempting to harmonise wiring standards amongst member countries, but large variations in design and installation requirements still exist.
Regional codes
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
Wiring installation codes and regulations are intended to protect people and property from electrical shock and fire hazards. They are usually based on a model code (with or without local amendments) produced by a national or international standards organisation, such as the IEC.
Australia and New Zealand
[edit]In Australia and New Zealand, the AS/NZS 3000 standard, commonly known as the "wiring rules", specifies requirements for the selection and installation of electrical equipment, and the design and testing of such installations. The standard is mandatory in both New Zealand and Australia; therefore, all electrical work covered by the standard must comply.
Europe
[edit]In European countries, an attempt has been made to harmonise national wiring standards in an IEC standard, IEC 60364 Electrical Installations for Buildings. Hence national standards follow an identical system of sections and chapters. However, this standard is not written in such language that it can readily be adopted as a national wiring code. Neither is it designed for field use by electrical tradespeople and inspectors for testing compliance with national wiring standards. By contrast, national codes, such as the NEC or CSA C22.1, generally exemplify the common objectives of IEC 60364, but provide specific rules in a form that allows for guidance of those installing and inspecting electrical systems.
Belgium
[edit]RGIE (fr) (Réglement Général sur les Installations Électriques) is used for installations in Belgium. AREI (nl) (Algemeen Reglement Elektrische Installaties) is used for installations in Flanders, Belgium.
France
[edit]NF C 15-100 (fr) is used for low voltage installations in France
Germany
[edit]The VDE is the organisation responsible for the promulgation of electrical standards and safety specifications. DIN VDE 0100 is the German wiring regulations document harmonised with IEC 60364. In Germany, blue can also mean phase or switched phase.
Sweden
[edit]In Sweden, IEC 60364 is implemented through the national standard SS-436 40 000.
United Kingdom
[edit]In the United Kingdom, wiring installations are regulated by the British Standard known as BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installations: IET Wiring Regulations, which are harmonised with IEC 60364. The first edition was published in 1882. BS 7671 is an industry standard and as such is not itself statutory, however legislation in the form of UK Building Regulations requires that domestic installations conform to a safe standard, and official guidance accompanying this statutory regulation points to following BS 7671 as one way to comply.
BS 7671 is also used as a national standard by Mauritius, St Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda and Cyprus.
North America
[edit]The first electrical codes in the United States originated in New York in 1881 to regulate installations of electric lighting. Since 1897 the US National Fire Protection Association, a private non-profit association formed by insurance companies, has published the National Electrical Code (NEC). States, counties or cities often include the NEC in their local building codes by reference along with local differences. The NEC is modified every three years. It is a consensus code considering suggestions from interested parties. The proposals are studied by committees of engineers, tradesmen, manufacturer representatives, fire fighters, and other invitees.
Since 1927, the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) has produced the Canadian Safety Standard for Electrical Installations, which is the basis for provincial electrical codes. The CSA also produces the Canadian Electrical Code, the 2006 edition of which references IEC 60364 (Electrical Installations for Buildings) and states that the code addresses the fundamental principles of electrical protection in Section 131. The Canadian code reprints Chapter 13 of IEC 60364, but there are no numerical criteria listed in that chapter to assess the adequacy of any electrical installation.
Although the US and Canadian national standards deal with the same physical phenomena and broadly similar objectives, they differ occasionally in technical detail. As part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) program, US and Canadian standards are slowly converging toward each other, in a process known as harmonisation.
Mexico and Costa Rica follow the US National Electrical Code.
South America
[edit]Venezuela and Colombia follow the US National Electrical Code.
India
[edit]India is regulated by the so called Central Electricity Authority Regulations (CEAR).
Colour coding of wiring by region
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
In a typical electrical code some colour-coding of wires is mandatory. Many local rules and exceptions exist per country, state, or region.[1] Older installations vary in colour codes, and colours may fade with insulation exposure to heat, light, and aging.
Europe
[edit]From 1970 European countries started a process of harmonising their wiring colours, as several countries had chosen the same colour to denote different wires. The new harmonised colours were chosen mainly because no country had used them. Colours like pink, orange and turquoise were not available as they were deemed to be too close to other colours. Even so, there were unavoidable clashes. Blue was a phase conductor in the United Kingdom and Ireland, which delayed the adoption of the new colours for several decades. But flexible cable was changed pretty much instantly following pressure from manufacturers of appliances.[2][3]
Pre-harmonised European colours
[edit]| Country | Line (L) | Neutral (N) | Protective earth (PE) |
|---|---|---|---|
 United Kingdom[2] Ireland
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 Denmark[4]
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 Sweden[5]
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(L & N Interchangeable) |
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 West Germany[2][6][7] Austria[2]
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 France[3]
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 Netherlands
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 Belgium[3]
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 Switzerland
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 Poland[8]
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 Italy[2]
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 Former Soviet Union[9][3]
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Post-harmonised European colours
[edit]
As of March 2011, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) requires the use of green/yellow stripped cables as protective conductors, blue as neutral conductors and brown as single-phase conductors.[10]
| Line (L) | Neutral (N) | Protective earth (PE) |
|---|---|---|
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| L1 | L2 | L3 | Neutral (N) | Protective earth (PE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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The use of stripped green/yellow for earth conductors was adopted for its distinctive appearance to reduce the likelihood of dangerous confusion of safety earthing (grounding) wires with other electrical functions, especially by persons affected by red–green colour blindness.
Sweden
[edit]In Sweden there is a notable exception for blue, where while the colour normally is used for neutral, it may be used as connecting wire between switches and between switch and fixture, as well as phase wire in a two-phase circuit, all under the condition that no neutral wire is used in the particular circuit.[11][12]
United Kingdom
[edit]In the UK it is fairly common practice to use three-core cable with three-phase coloured insulation for part of the wiring of two-way lighting switches. To avoid confusion the accepted practice is to add coloured sleeves to the ends in brown or blue as appropriate to communicate how the wires are being used.[13]
United States
[edit]The United States National Electrical Code requires a bare copper, or green or green/yellow insulated protective conductor, a white or grey neutral, with any other colour used for single phase. The NEC also requires the high-leg conductor of a high-leg delta system to have orange insulation, or to be identified by other suitable means such as tagging. Prior to the adoption of orange as the suggested colour for the high-leg in the 1971 NEC, it was common practice in some areas to use red for this purpose.[14]
The introduction of the NEC clearly states that it is not intended to be a design manual, and therefore creating a colour code for ungrounded or "hot" conductors falls outside the scope and purpose of the NEC. However, it is a common misconception that "hot" conductor colour-coding is required by the Code.
In the United States, colour-coding of three-phase system conductors follows a de facto standard, wherein black, red, and blue are used for three-phase 120/208-volt systems, and brown, orange or violet, and yellow are used in 277/480-volt systems. (Violet avoids conflict with the NEC's high-leg delta rule.) In buildings with multiple voltage systems, the grounded conductors (neutrals) of both systems are required to be separately identified and made distinguishable to avoid cross-system connections. Most often, 120/208-volt systems use white insulation, while 277/480-volt systems use grey insulation, although this particular colour code is not currently an explicit requirement of the NEC.[15] Some local jurisdictions do specify required colour coding in their local building codes, however.
Color codes
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2022) |
| Standard Region or country |
Phases (L, L1/L2/L3) | Neutral (N) | Protective earth/ground (PE) |
|---|---|---|---|
IEC 60446 (now part of IEC 60445)
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[17]Prohibited: 
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 [c]
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AS/NZS 3000:2018
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Installation wiring: (section 3.8.1)
To designate any phase, the below colours are prohibited: |
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(before 1980) (before 1966)
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| Cable identification colours:[f] (section 3.8.3.4) Multiphase cables [d] Current AS/NZS cables
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| European cables
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| Single-phase cables Current AS/NZS flexible cords, flexible cables and equipment wiring, and European cables
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| Superseded AS/NZS flexible cords
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Pre-2004 IEE[further explanation needed]
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(before 1977)
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ABNT NBR 5410
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Local rules may specify colours to be used for phases.
To designate any phase, the below colours are prohibited:
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SABS SANS 10142-1
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To designate any phase, the below colours are prohibited:
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GB 50303-2015
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JIS C 0446
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See ja:識別標識 (電線) for details |
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| NEC (NFPA 70) | 120, 208, or 240 V
277, or 480 V |
120, 208, or 240 V
277, or 480 V |
no insulation for isolated systems
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| Flexible cable (e.g., extension, power, and lamp cords)
120 V split-phase 240 V |
metallic silver |
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| CE Code (CSA C22.1) | for single-phase systems
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no insulation
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| for isolated single-phase systems
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for isolated systems
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Boxes (e.g., translucent purple) denote markings on wiring terminals.
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See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "National Electrical Code". National Electrical Manufacturers Association. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "The history of colour identification of conductors". Retrieved 2024-07-10.
- ^ a b c d "Wire colour coding abroad". 25 February 2011.
- ^ DS/EN 60364 afsnit 514.3.1.Z1
- ^ Håkansson, Paul författarlänk=https://peallkonsult.se/ (2021). Elektromekanik. p. 109. ISBN 978-91-89259-14-0.
- ^ DIN VDE 0293-308 (Kennzeichnung der Adern von Kabeln/Leitungen und flexiblen Leitungen durch Farben)
- ^ "Informationen zur Harmonisierung der Aderfarben" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
- ^ "Dawne oraz pozaunijne oznaczenia przewodów, systemy sieci". Retrieved 17 July 2024.
- ^ "Правила Устройства электроустановок". Retrieved 17 July 2024.
- ^ "New Cable Colour Code for Electrical Installations". Energy Market Authority. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ SS-436 40 000 section 514.3. (Swedish)
- ^ Cecilia Axelsson (Swedish
- ^ Bill Atkinson, Roger Lovegrove, Gary Gundry, Electrical Installation Designs, pp. 111–112, John Wiley & Sons, 2013 ISBN 1119992842.
- ^ National Fire Protection Association (January 1, 1968). National Electrical Code 1968 a USA Standard (1968 ed.). National Fire Protection Association; NFPA No. 70-1968 USAS C1-1968 edition. p. 34.
- ^ "Color Coding Chart". Conwire. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ "Korea Electro-technical Code". Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ^ Switzerland before 2005 also red and white for phases.
- ^ Switzerland blue or light blue for neutral conductors
- ^ AS/NZS 3000 "Wiring Rules", Table 3.4, CONDUCTOR COLOURS FOR INSTALLATION WIRING, "Function: Active: Any colour other than green, yellow, green/yellow, black or light blue.". 2007.
- ^ "NEC adoption and use in Latin America".
- ^ C22.1-15—Canadian Electrical Code, Part I: Safety Standard for Electrical Installations (23rd ed.). Canadian Standards Association. 2015. Rules 4-038, 24-208(c). ISBN 978-1-77139-718-6.