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Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe

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Democratic Republic of
São Tomé and Príncipe
UseNational flag and ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side
Proportion1:2
Adopted12 July 1975; 49 years ago (1975-07-12)
DesignA horizontal triband of green, yellow, and green, with a red isosceles triangle at the hoist and two five-pointed black stars on the yellow band
Designed byManuel Pinto da Costa

The national flag of São Tomé and Príncipe is a horizontal triband of green, yellow, and green, with a red isosceles triangle at the hoist and two five-pointed black stars on the yellow band. The flag's aspect ratio is 1:2 and the ratio of the bands are 2:3:2. The flag was adopted upon São Tomé and Príncipe's independence from Portugal on 12 July 1975. The design is based on, and nearly identical to, the first flag of the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP), which led the country to its independence.

Design

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The flag was designed by Manuel Pinto da Costa, the first president of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is almost identical to the MLSTP flag except that the widths of its bands are at a ratio of 2:3:2, while on the MLSTP flag they are equal. The flag's colours are shared by the flags initially adopted by two other former Portuguese colonies, Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau, and all three feature a black star.[1]

Symbolism

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The colours and symbols of the flag carry cultural and political significance; however, sources differ on the specific meanings. The office of the São Toméan president gives the following significance to the flag's elements: green, yellow, and red are the Pan-African colours and represent the São Toméan independence movement; the triangle represents equality; and the two black stars represent the country's two eponymous islands, São Tomé and Príncipe.[2] American vexillologist Whitney Smith attributes additional meaning to the flag; according to him, green represents the islands' lush vegetation, yellow represents the tropical sun, the red triangle represents equality and the independence movement, and the two black stars specifically represent the African population of the two islands.[1] Meanwhile, the US Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook states that yellow represents cocoa, a major agricultural export of the country.[3]

Construction

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The São Toméan government has specified sizes, colours, and manufacturing parameters in which the flag is to be made. The construction of the flag is outlined in Part I, Article 14 of the Constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe (2002 revision). The flag consists of three horizontal bands: two green bands of equal width at the top and bottom, and a yellow band in the middle that is one-and-a-half times the width of the green bands. The yellow band contains two five-pointed black stars. At the hoist is a red triangle whose height is equal to half of its base (an isosceles triangle).[3][4]

Construction sheet of the flag of São Tomé and Príncipe

Usage

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The flag flying at half-mast in Brasília, Brazil

Protocol

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The São Toméan government has not legally codified a national flag protocol. Article 13 of the São Toméan constitution states that international conventions are observed domestically once they are "ratified by the respective competent bodies".[5] São Tomé and Príncipe therefore follows standard flag protocol, as observed by the United Nations.[6]

Flag of convenience

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The flag of São Tomé and Príncipe is one of many national flags flown as a flag of convenience by foreign merchant vessels.[7] The São Toméan government encourages this practice because it brings in much-needed revenue to the country.[8] Thirty-nine large ships were flying the flag in 2002, despite the fact that São Tomé and Príncipe does not have any deep-water ports for them to dock in.[8] The São Toméan flag was previously on the Paris Blacklist of merchant flags for poor port state control, but it was removed in 2004 due to a lack of investigations being conducted on ships flying the flag.[9] As of 2023, the flag remains off the blacklist.[10]

History

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The Portuguese began colonising the then uninhabited islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the 16th century.[11] Four centuries later, the Batepá massacre in 1953 stoked nationalistic sentiment and galvanised a struggle for independence.[12] The MLSTP was founded seven years later and remained underground until the Carnation Revolution in Portugal in 1974. The new Portuguese government recognised the MLSTP as the "sole and legitimate representative" of the São Toméan people, and the two parties negotiated a roadmap for São Toméan independence.[13]

Eight designs for a São Toméan national flag were proposed and reviewed, all of which utilised the Pan-African colours.[1][14] A modified version of the MLSTP flag, designed by the first São Toméan president Manuel Pinto da Costa, was ultimately chosen. It was adopted upon the independence of São Tomé and Príncipe on 12 July 1975.[1]

1974 flag proposals for São Tomé and Príncipe[14]
  • Proposal #1
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Proposal #1
  • Proposal #2
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Proposal #2
  • Proposal #3
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Proposal #3
  • Proposal #4
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Proposal #4
  • Proposal #5
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Proposal #5
  • Proposal #6
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Proposal #6
  • Proposal #7
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Proposal #7
  • Proposal #8
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Proposal #8

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d Smith 2013.
  2. ^ Government of São Tomé and Príncipe 2020.
  3. ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency 2024.
  4. ^ Constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe 2002, Part I, Article 14.
  5. ^ Constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe 2002, Part I, Article 13.
  6. ^ Brunagel 2016, pp. 97–98.
  7. ^ Braw 2024.
  8. ^ a b Frynas, Wood & Soares de Oliveira 2003, pp. 57–58.
  9. ^ Mansell 2009, p. 185.
  10. ^ Paris MoU 2023.
  11. ^ BBC News 2018.
  12. ^ Seibert 2006, p. 88.
  13. ^ Seibert 2006, pp. 100–101.
  14. ^ a b Usachev 1984.

Sources

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  • "Bandeira Nacional" [National Flag]. Presidency of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (in Portuguese). São Tomé: Government of São Tomé and Príncipe. 28 April 2020.
  • Braw, Elisabeth (23 August 2024). "Ships Are Flying False Flags to Dodge Sanctions". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  • Brunagel, François (2016). "Flag Protocol". In Froideville, Gilbert Monod de; Verheul, Mark (eds.). An Expert's Guide to International Protocol: Best Practices in Diplomatic and Corporate Relations (2nd ed.). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 87–123. doi:10.2307/j.ctt20krz43.9. ISBN 978-94-6298-105-8. S2CID 240858316.
  • "Constituição da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe" [Constitution of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe] (in Portuguese). São Tomé: Government of São Tomé and Príncipe. 6 December 2002. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024.
  • Frynas, Jędrzej George; Wood, Geoffrey; Soares de Oliveira, Ricardo MS (2003). "Business and politics in São Tomé e Príncipe: From Cocoa Monoculture to Petro-State". African Affairs. 102 (406). Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal African Society: 51–80. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a138811.
  • Mansell, John N. K. (12 June 2009). Flag State Responsibility: Historical Development and Contemporary Issues. Springer. ISBN 9783540929338.
  • "Sao Tome and Principe". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 30 July 2024.
  • "Sao Tome and Principe profile". BBC News. 14 May 2018.
  • Seibert, Gerhard (1 May 2006). Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-474-0843-7.
  • Smith, Whitney (28 July 2013). "Flag of Sao Tome and Principe". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  • Usachev, Ary A. (March 1984). Mattern, Günter (ed.). "Die Akten von Ary A. Usachev" [The Files of Ary A. Usachev]. Flaggenmitteilung (in German). No. 96. Liestal.
  • "White, Grey and Black List". Paris MoU. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
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