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Hwasong-12

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Hwasong-12
TypeBallistic missile, Mobile IRBM/ICBM
Place of origin North Korea
Service history
In serviceSuccessful test on 14 May 2017[1]
Used byKorean People's Army Strategic Force
Production history
Manufacturer North Korea
ProducedJune 2017
Specifications
Mass24.7 tons (est.)
Height16.5 m (est.)
Diameter1.5 m (est)
Warhead
Warhead weight500-650 kg (est.)
EngineLiquid-propellant rocket, single chamber variant of Paektusan[2][3][4]
464.1 kN total
PropellantHypergolic combination of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel, and either Dinitrogen tetroxide (N
2O
4)
Operational
range
3,700–6,000 km (est.)[5][6]
Flight altitude2,111.5 km at lofted trajectory (which reduces range to 787 km)
Maximum speed Mach 17 (20,800 km/h; 12,900 mph; 5,780 m/s)
Guidance
system
Inertial
Accuracygreater than 5 km CEP[7]
Launch
platform
MAZ-based vehicle
Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl
《화성-12》형
Hancha
Revised RomanizationHwaseong-12
McCune–ReischauerHwasŏng-12

The Hwasong-12 (Korean: 《화성-12》형 or 《화성포-12》형[8]; Hancha: 火星 12型; lit. Mars Type 12; KN-17 under the U.S. naming convention)[9] is a mobile intermediate-range ballistic missile developed by North Korea. The Hwasong-12 was first revealed to the international community in a military parade on 14 April 2017 celebrating the Day of the Sun which is the birth anniversary of North Korea's founding President, Kim Il Sung. North Korea tested Hwasong-12 on 30 January 2022.[10]

Design

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Estimated maximum operational range of the Hwasong-12 (KN-17) missile: 3700 km (inner circle), 6000 km (outer circle)

Based on photos of the launch on 14 May 2017, the Hwasong-12 appears to be a single stage design, using a single main engine along with four vernier engines. The arrangement appears similar to the "high-thrust" engine test conducted in March 2017.[11] Alternatively, it could be based on the engine used in the older Hwasong-10 with the addition of two more verniers.[5]

Initial estimates suggest the Hwasong-12 would have a maximum range of between 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi) with a 650 kg (1,430 lb) payload[5] and 4,500 km (2,800 mi) with a 500 kg (1,100 lb) payload,[12] to as much as 6,000 km (3728 mi) (ICBM means a range of at least 5,500 km).[6] In the April 2017 military parade the Hwasong-12 was displayed on the Hwasong-10 mobile launcher, and it may be intended to replace the similarly performing Hwasong-10 which has been shown unreliable during its test program.[13][14]

Hwasong-8

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Main article: Hwasong-8

On the morning of 27 September 2021, a Hwasong-8 missile was launched in Ryongrim County,[Note 1] although it was reportedly fitted with a manoeuvrable reentry vehicle, which would achieve hypersonic speed. Ankit Panda, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, stated that the new missile looked like the booster of Hwasong-12 upon inspection of the sole image of the missile, but more images would be needed to confirm it.[15] This was one of the five 'most important' weapons laid out in a five year plan in the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea, where the development of the missile was reported to have already been completed. State media of North Korea described it as a weapon of great strategic significance.[16]

The missile apparently flew on a depressed trajectory, reaching an apogee of 30 km and a range of 200 km,[15] although it is likely that a part of the missile's path would have been untraceable with radar due to its ability to manoeuvre.[17] The test reportedly confirmed its navigational control and stability, as well as the guiding manoeuvrability and flight characteristics of the detached hypersonic gliding warhead. However, the missile allegedly failed to actually achieve hypersonic flight, with South Korean intelligence determining it only reached Mach 2.5-3, whereas hypersonic weapons are considered to travel at a speed of at least Mach 5 (1.7 km/s; 6,100 km/h) although actual data on the flight was not publicly released.[15] The South Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) assessed that the Hwasong-8 was at an early stage of development and would take a "considerable period of time" until it could be deployed in combat.[18][19] North Korea also stated that the missile was launched through "ampulization," where the liquid fuel is sealed in the launch canister. This allows the fuel to be stored for years and eliminates the need to conduct fueling before launch, reducing preparation time needed before firing,[20] although the JCS still claimed a 'significant amount of time' was needed to deploy the missile.[15]

List of Hwasong-12 tests

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Trajectory of Hwasong-12
North Korean missile launches over Japan
①: Taepodong-1 ②: Unha-2 ③: Unha-3 ④: Kwangmyŏngsŏng (Unha-3) ⑤: Hwasong-12 ⑥: Hwasong-12
Attempt Date Location Pre-launch announcement / detection Outcome Additional notes
1 4 April 2017 06:12 a.m. Pyongyang Standard Time[21] Sinpo None Failure Previously misreported as a SCUD variant.[22] Missile traveled a range of 60 kilometers with an apogee of 189 kilometers and reportedly "pinwheeled" before flight was terminated.[23]
2 15 April 2017 05:51 a.m. Pyongyang Standard Time[24] Sinpo None Failure Previously misreported as a SCUD variant.[22] Reported to have exploded within 4, 5 seconds after launch.[25]
3 28 April 2017 05:33 a.m. Pyongyang Standard Time[26] Pukchang
39°30′27″N 125°57′52″E / 39.5076°N 125.9645°E / 39.5076; 125.9645 		None Failure Missile reportedly flew 40 kilometers before exploding.[27]
4 14 May 2017 04:58 a.m. Pyongyang Standard Time[28] Kusong None Success Missile was fired on a lofted trajectory with apogee of 2,111.5 km, landing 787 km away in the Sea of Japan.
5 29 August 2017 05:28 a.m. Pyongyang Standard Time[29][30] Sunan None Success Missile was fired on a normal trajectory with apogee of 550 km, flew over Hokkaido in total distance of 2,700 km, landed in the Pacific Ocean 1,180 km east of the northern Japanese island.
6 15 September 2017 06:27 a.m. Pyongyang Standard Time[31][32] Sunan None Success Missile was fired on a normal trajectory with apogee of 770 km, flew over Hokkaido in total distance of 3,700 km, landed in the Pacific Ocean 2,200 km east of Cape Erimo, Hokkaido. Longest trajectory by a North Korean missile as of launch date.
7 30 January 2022 07:52 a.m. Pyongyang Standard Time Jagang None Success Missile was fired on a lofted trajectory with apogee of 2,000 km, landing 800 km away in the Sea of Japan.
8 4 October 2022 07:23 a.m. Pyongyang Standard Time[33][34] Jagang None Success Missile was launched, reaching an apogee of 970 km and landing 4500 km away in the Pacific Ocean, east of Japan.

Photos showed the missile with a different engine configuration and thrust-vector control system, differently shaped and possibly shorter nosecone or reentry vehicle, and possibly slightly longer second stage, so it is unknown if the test was of a "new-type" IRBM or modified Hwasong-12.[35] This version demonstrated the ability to deliver an almost 20% greater payload than previous Hwasong-12 missiles.[36]

Technical specifications

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Estimated maximum range of some North Korean missiles[37]

Current operators

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ (Kim Jong Un Guides Test-fire of Ballistic Rocket Hwasong-12) - Youtube, courtesy of KCNA/ChosunTV
  2. ^ "North Korea's long range missile HS-12".
  3. ^ Diplomat, Ankit Panda and Vipin Narang, The. "North Korea's ICBM: A New Missile and a New Era". Retrieved 18 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "North Korea's Hwasong-12 Missile: Stepping Stone to an ICBM - NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  5. ^ a b c Savelsberg, Ralph (19 May 2017). "A Quick Technical Analysis of the Hwasong-12". 38 North. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  6. ^ a b 김, 효정 (15 May 2017). "北 "신형 중장거리미사일 발사 성공"…김정은 "美본토 타격권"(종합)". Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  7. ^ "North Korea probably couldn't nuke the US military in Guam even if it tried". Business Insider.
  8. ^ Roh, Minho (2017-06-09). ""목표 명중!" 北 발사 순항미사일은 KN-09?". New Daily (in Korean). New Daily. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
  9. ^ "Hwasong-12 - Missile Threat". Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  10. ^ North Korea tested Hwasong-12, reuters.com, 31 gennaio 2022
  11. ^ "Kim Jong Un Watches Ground Jet Test of Newly Developed High-Thrust Engine". NK Watch. Korean Central News Agency. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  12. ^ North Korea's Hwasong-12 Missile: Stepping Stone to an ICBM. Nuclear Threat Initiative. 20 July 2017.
  13. ^ Schilling, John (14 May 2017). "North Korea's Latest Missile Test: Advancing towards an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) While Avoiding US Military Action". 38 North. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  14. ^ Panda, Ankit (15 May 2017). "North Korea's New Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile, the Hwasong-12: First Takeaways". The Diplomat. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  15. ^ a b c d Zwirko, Colin (2021-09-28). "North Korea tested new 'hypersonic missile': state media". NK News. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  16. ^ "Newstream". KCNA Watch. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  17. ^ "North Korea launches 'short-range' missile toward East Sea, Seoul says". NK News. 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  18. ^ N. Korea's 'hypersonic missile' appears to be at early stage of development: JCS. Yonhap News Agency. 29 September 2021.
  19. ^ North Korea joins race for new hypersonic missile with latest test. NBC News. 29 September 2021.
  20. ^ North Korea Claims Hypersonic Missile Test; Intel Community Unsure. Air Force Magazine. 30 September 2021.
  21. ^ "U.S. Pacific Command detects, tracks North Korean missile launch". US Forces Korea. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  22. ^ a b Tomlinson, Lucas. "NoKo failed missile is KN-17, new type of Scud, US officials tell Fox". Fox News. Fox. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  23. ^ Wright, David (5 April 2017). "North Korea's April 5 Missile Launch". All Things Nuclear. Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  24. ^ "U.S. Pacific Command detects North Korean missile launch". US Forces Korea. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  25. ^ Schabnder, Dean. "North Korea's attempted missile launch fails, US officials say". ABC. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  26. ^ "U.S. Pacific Command detects North Korean missile launch". US Forces Korea. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  27. ^ Tomlinson, Lucas (28 April 2017). "North Korea test-fires a ballistic missile that breaks up in flight, US officials say". Fox News. Fox. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  28. ^ "U.S. Pacific Command detects, tracks North Korean missile launch". US Forces Korea. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  29. ^ "Nordkoreas Diktator hat sich für eine erneute Provokation entschieden. Die USA reagieren scharf: "Alle Optionen sind auf dem Tisch". (in German)". Abendblatt. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  30. ^ "Trump and Abe vow to increase pressure after North Korea fires missile over Japan". The Gurdian. 29 August 2017.
  31. ^ "PACOM detects NK IRBM". US Forces Korea. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  32. ^ "Nordkorea feuert erneut Rakete über Japan hinweg". Abendblatt. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  33. ^ Yoonjung, Seo (3 October 2022). "Japan issues rare alert as North Korea fires missile without warning over main island". CNN. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  34. ^ Kuhn, Anthony. "North Korea fires a ballistic missile over Japan". NPR.org. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  35. ^ “A Strong Military Warning:” Four Key Implications of North Korea’s October 10 Missile Statement. 38 North. 14 October 2022.
  36. ^ North Korea’s missile launch over Japan shows increased payload, distance: exclusive analysis. Breaking Defense. 15 February 2023.
  37. ^ "How potent are North Korea's threats?". BBC News Online. 15 September 2015.
  1. ^ Initially reported as Chonchon County
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