Jump to content

Occupy Wall Street

Coordinates: 40°42′33″N 74°0′40″W / 40.70917°N 74.01111°W / 40.70917; -74.01111
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the protests in New York City. For the wider movement, see Occupy movement.

Occupy Wall Street
Part of the Occupy movement
Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello with Occupy Wall Street protesters outside of the Equitable Building at 120 Broadway in Lower Manhattan, New York on October 14, 2011
DateSeptember 17 (17-09) – November 15, 2011 (2011-11-15)
Location
New York City

40°42′33″N 74°0′40″W / 40.70917°N 74.01111°W / 40.70917; -74.01111
Caused byWealth inequality, political corruption,[1] corporate influence of government
Methods
Parties
Occupy movement protesters
Number

Zuccotti Park

Other activity in NYC:

  • 700+ marchers arrested
    (crossing Brooklyn Bridge, October 1, 2011)[2]
  • 2,000+ marchers
    (march on police headquarters, October 2, 2011)[3]
  • 15,000+ marchers
    (Lower Manhattan solidarity march, October 5, 2011)[4]
  • 6,000+ marchers
    (Times Square recruitment center march, October 15, 2011)[5]
  • 50,000–100,000 marchers
    (2012 May Day march on Wall St.)[6]
This article is part of a series on
Socialism
in the United States
History
Utopian socialism

Progressive Era

Repression and persecution

Anti-war and civil rights movements

Contemporary

People
Active organizations
Inactive or defunct organizations
Literature
Related topics

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a left-wing populist movement against economic inequality, corporate greed, big finance, and the influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, and lasted for fifty-nine days—from September 17 to November 15, 2011.[7]

The motivations for Occupy Wall Street largely resulted from public distrust in the private sector during the aftermath of the Great Recession in the United States. There were many particular points of interest leading up to the Occupy movement that angered populist and left-wing groups. For instance, the 2008 bank bailouts under the George W. Bush administration utilized congressionally appropriated taxpayer funds to create the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), which purchased toxic assets from failing banks and financial institutions. The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Citizens United v. FEC in January 2010 allowed corporations to spend unlimited amounts on independent political expenditures without government regulation. This angered many populist and left-wing groups that viewed the ruling as a way for moneyed interests to corrupt public institutions and legislative bodies, such as the United States Congress.

The protests gave rise to the wider Occupy movement in the United States and other Western countries. The Canadian anti-consumerist magazine Adbusters initiated the call for a protest.[8] The main issues raised by Occupy Wall Street were social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government—particularly from the financial services sector. The OWS slogan, "We are the 99%", refers to income and wealth inequality in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population. To achieve their goals, protesters acted on consensus-based decisions made in general assemblies which emphasized redress through direct action over the petitioning to authorities.[9][nb 1]

The protesters were forced out of Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011. Protesters then turned their focus to occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses and social media.

Origins

[edit]

The original protest was called for by Kalle Lasn, Micah White and others of Adbusters, a Canadian anti-consumerist publication, who conceived of a September 17 occupation in Lower Manhattan. The first such proposal appeared on the Adbusters website on February 2, 2011, under the title "A Million Man March on Wall Street."[10] Lasn registered the OccupyWallStreet.org web address on June 9.[11] The website redirected to Adbusters.org/Campaigns/OccupyWallStreet and Adbusters.org/OccupyWallStreet, but later became "Not Found".[12] In a blog post on July 13, 2011,[13] Adbusters proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, the lack of legal consequences for those who brought about the global crisis of monetary insolvency, and an increasing disparity in wealth.[14] The protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull statue.[15][16][17] In July, Justine Tunney registered OccupyWallSt.org which became the main online hub for the movement.[11]

The U.S. Day of Rage, a group that organized to protest "corporate influence [that] corrupts our political parties, our elections, and the institutions of government", also joined the movement.[18][19] The protest itself began on September 17; a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events. By mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages.[20]

The original location for the protest was One Chase Manhattan Plaza, with Bowling Green Park (the site of the "Charging Bull") and Zuccotti Park as alternate choices. Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off two locations; but they left Zuccotti Park, the group's third choice, open. Since the park was private property, police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner.[21][22] At a press conference held the same day the protests began, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, "people have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."[19]

The anthropologist David Graeber played a leading early role in the movement and in the coining of the slogan "We are the 99%."[23]

Antecedent and subsequent OWS prototypes include the British student protests of 2010, 2009-2010 Iranian election protests, the Arab Spring protests,[24] and, more closely related, protests in Chile, Greece, Spain and India. Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the United States.[25][26][27]

Many commentators have stated that the Occupy Wall Street movement has roots in the philosophy of anarchism.[28][29][30]

Background

[edit]

"We are the 99%"

[edit]
Main article: We are the 99%
"We Are The 99%"

The Occupy protesters' slogan "We are the 99%" referred to the income disparity in the US and economic inequality in general, which were main issues for OWS. It derives from a "We the 99%" flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation "We are the 99%" originated from a Tumblr page of the same name.[31][32] Huffington Post reporter Paul Taylor said the slogan was "arguably the most successful slogan since 'Hell no, we won't go!'" of the Vietnam War era, and that the vast majority of Americans saw the income gap as causing social friction.[31] The slogan was boosted by statistics which were confirmed by a Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report released in October 2011.[33] Writing in 2022, historian Gary Gerstle says that the slogan "proved surprisingly appealing" in a nation that, during its neoliberal high point, often denounced ideas of class warfare.[34]

Income and wealth inequality

[edit]
A chart showing the disparity in income distribution in the United States.[35][36] Wealth inequality and income inequality have been central concerns among OWS protesters.[37][38][39]

Income inequality and wealth inequality were focal points of the Occupy Wall Street protests.[40][41][42] This focus by the movement was studied by Arindajit Dube and Ethan Kaplan of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, who noted that "... Only after it became increasingly clear that the political process was unable to enact serious reforms to address the causes or consequences of the economic crisis did we see the emergence of the OWS movement."[43]

Goals

[edit]
Beginning on September 17, 2011, Zuccotti Park was occupied by protesters.[44]

OWS's goals included a reduction in the influence of corporations on politics,[45] more balanced distribution of income,[45] more and better jobs,[45] bank reform[27] (especially to curtail speculative trading by banks[46]), forgiveness of student loan debt[45][47] or other relief for indebted students,[48][49] and alleviation of the foreclosure situation.[50] Some media labeled the protests "anti-capitalist",[51] while others disputed the relevance of this label.[52]

Some protesters favored a fairly concrete set of national policy proposals.[53][54] One OWS group that favored specific demands created a document entitled the 99 Percent Declaration,[55] but this was regarded as an attempt to "co-opt" the "Occupy" name,[56] and the document and group were rejected by the General Assemblies of Occupy Wall Street and Occupy Philadelphia.[56]

During the occupation in Liberty Square, a declaration was issued with a list of grievances. The declaration stated that the "grievances are not all-inclusive".[57][58]

Main organization

[edit]
Protesters engaging in the 'human microphone'

The assembly was the main OWS decision-making body and used a modified consensus process, where participants attempted to reach consensus and then dropped to a 9/10 vote if consensus was not reached.

Assembly meetings involved OWS working groups and affinity groups, and were open to the public for both attendance and speaking.[59] The meetings lacked formal leadership. Participants commented upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New York used a progressive stack, in which people from marginalized groups are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups. Facilitators and "stack-keepers" urged speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities often moved to the front of the line, while white men often had to wait for a turn to speak.[60][61] In addition to the over 70 working groups,[62] the organizational structure also included "spokes councils", at which every working group could participate.[63]

The People's Library

[edit]
Main article: The People's Library

The People's Library at Occupy Wall Street was started a few days after the protest when a pile of books was left in a cardboard box at Zuccotti Park. The books were passed around and organized, and as time passed, it received additional books and resources from readers, private citizens, authors and corporations.[64] As of November 2011 the library had 5,554 books cataloged in LibraryThing and its collection was described as including some rare or unique articles of historical interest.[65] According to American Libraries, the library's collection had "thousands of circulating volumes", which included "holy books of every faith, books reflecting the entire political spectrum, and works for all ages on a huge range of topics."[64]

The library was largely destroyed during the November 15, 2011 raid and, in a court settlement, the City later agreed to pay $360,000 in compensation, including attorney fees.[66][67] Similarly, the City of New York has since begun settling cases with individual participants.[68]

There were already libraries in the encampments of Spain[69] and Greece. Following the example of the OWS People's Library, protesters throughout North America and Europe formed sister libraries at their encampments.[70]

Zuccotti Park encampment

[edit]
Main article: Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
Encampment at Zuccotti Park and "People's Library" with over 5,000 books, wi-fi internet, and a reference service, often staffed by professional librarians, procuring material through the interlibrary loan system

Prior to being closed to overnight use and during the occupation of the space, somewhere between 100 and 200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were not allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under blankets.[71] Meal service started at a total cost of about $1,000 per day. Many protesters used the bathrooms of nearby business establishments. Some supporters donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters.[72]

New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound", including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street did not have a permit, the protesters created the "human microphone" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison.[73][71]

Zuccotti Park, cleared and cleaned on November 15, 2011

On October 13, New York City Mayor Bloomberg and Brookfield Properties announced that the park must be vacated for cleaning the following morning at 7 am.[74][75][76] The next morning the property owner postponed its cleaning effort.[75] Having prepared for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled.[74]

Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the New York City Police Department gave protesters notice from the park's owner to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.[77][78] About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists.

On December 31, 2011, protesters started to re-occupy the park.[79] Police in riot gear started to clear out the park around 1:30 am. Sixty-eight people were arrested in connection with the event, including one accused by media of stabbing a police officer in the hand with a pair of scissors.[80]

When the Zuccotti Park encampment was closed, some former campers were allowed to sleep in local churches.[81] After the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, the movement turned its focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, foreclosed homes, college and university campuses, and Wall Street itself. As of March 15, 2012, since its inception the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City had cost the city an estimated $17 million in overtime fees to provide policing of protests and encampment inside Zuccotti Park.[82][83][84]

On March 17, 2012, Occupy Wall Street demonstrators attempted to mark the movement's six-month anniversary by reoccupying Zuccotti Park. Protesters were soon cleared away by police, who made over 70 arrests.[85][86] On March 24, hundreds of OWS protesters marched from Zuccotti Park to Union Square in a demonstration against police violence.[87]

On September 17, 2012, protesters returned to Zuccotti Park to mark the first anniversary of the beginning of the occupation. Protesters blocked access to the New York Stock Exchange as well as other intersections in the area. This, along with several violations of Zuccotti Park rules, led police to surround groups of protesters, at times pulling protesters from the crowds to be arrested for blocking pedestrian traffic. There were 185 arrests across the city.[88][89][90][91]

Occupy media

[edit]
Adbusters poster of Ms. Chelsea Elliott advertising the original protest

Occupy Wall Street activists disseminated their movement updates through a variety of mediums, including social media, print magazines, newspapers, film, radio and live stream. Like much of Occupy, many of these alternative media projects were collectively managed, while autonomous from the decision-making bodies of Occupy Wall Street.[92][93]

Arun Gupta, editor of Occupied Wall Street Journal holding a copy of the first issue, standing inside Zuccotti Park

The Occupied Wall Street Journal (OWSJ) was a free newspaper founded in October 2011 by independent journalists Arun Gupta, Jed Brandt and Michael Levitin.[94][95] The first issue had a total print run of 70,000 copies, along with an unspecified number in Spanish.[96] Its last article appeared in February 2012.

Occupier holding up newspaper, covering his face. Back of paper shows Native America, with caption "Decolonize WallStreeet, Decolonize the 99%"
Occupier reading the special edition of Occupied Wall Street, with posters curated by Occuprint

The Occuprint collective, founded by Jesse Goldstein and Josh MacPhee, formed through the curation of the fourth and special edition of The Occupied Wall Street Journal (OWSJ).[97][98] Afterwards, it continued to collect and publish images under the Creative Commons for non commercial use license, to spread the artwork throughout the movement.

The Occupy! Gazette was founded by editors Astra Taylor, Keith Gessen of n+1 and Sarah Leonard of Dissent Magazine. It published five issues from October 2011 to September 2012,[99] with a commemorative sixth issue published in May 2014, to support OWS activist Cecily McMillan during the sentencing phase of her trial.[100][101]

Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy magazine was published twice a year, with its first release in December 2011, the fourth and final issue in March 2013. It consisted of long essays, poetry and art within thirty pages. Each issue had a circulation of 12,000 to 50,000.[102]

In Front and Center: Critical Voices in the 99% was a fully-online publication managed by an editorial collective of OWS participants. It featured critical essays and reflections from within OWS, aiming to put the voices, experiences and issues of oppressed and marginalized communities in the front and center of the Occupy movement. It is still available online.

[edit]

OWS demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole $2,500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen.[103] In November, a man was arrested for breaking an EMT's leg.[104]

After several weeks of occupation, protesters had made enough allegations of rape, sexual assault, and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up.[105][106][107][108] Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "As individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally ... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventive measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm."[109]

Government crackdowns

[edit]

Surveillance

[edit]
An internal document of the United States Department of Homeland Security showed that the U.S. government was closely monitoring protesters.

As the movement spread across the United States, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) began keeping tabs on protesters, under the pretext that the protest was a potential locus of violence. Following this, there was a DHS report entitled "SPECIAL COVERAGE: Occupy Wall Street", dated October 2011, observed that "mass gatherings associated with public protest movements can have disruptive effects on transportation, commercial, and government services, especially when staged in major metropolitan areas."[110] The DHS keeps a file on the movement and monitors social media for information.[111][112]

On December 21, 2012, Partnership for Civil Justice obtained and published U.S. government documents[113] revealing that over a dozen local FBI field offices, DHS and other federal agencies monitored Occupy Wall Street, despite labeling it a peaceful movement.[114] The New York Times reported in May 2014 that declassified documents showed extensive surveillance of OWS-related groups across the country.[115]

Site where the Brooklyn Bridge Arrest took place

Arrests

[edit]

The first person arrested was Alexander Arbuckle, a student videographer from New York University engaged in a class project. The police department alleged he was blocking the street. However, video shown at his trial showed the protesters including Arbuckle, had followed police orders and withdrew to the sidewalk.[116]

Gideon Oliver, who represented Occupy with the National Lawyers Guild in New York, said about 2,000 [protesters] had been arrested just in New York City alone. Most of these arrests in New York and elsewhere, were on charges of disorderly conduct, trespassing, and failure to disperse.[117] Nationally, a little under 8,000 Occupy-affiliated arrests have been documented by tallying numbers published in local newspapers.[118]

In a report[119] that followed an eight-month study, researchers at the law schools of NYU and Fordham accuse the NYPD of deploying unnecessarily aggressive force, obstructing press freedoms and making arbitrary and baseless arrests.[120]

Brooklyn Bridge arrests

[edit]

On October 1, 2011, a large group of protesters set out to walk across the Brooklyn Bridge resulting in 768 arrests, the largest number of arrests in one day at any Occupy event.[121][122][2] By October 2, all but 20 of the arrestees had been released with citations for disorderly conduct and a criminal court summons.[123] On October 4, a group of protesters who were arrested on the bridge filed a lawsuit against the city, alleging that officers had violated their constitutional rights by luring them into a trap and then arresting them.[124]

In June 2012, a federal judge ruled that the protesters had not received sufficient warning.[125]

Court cases

[edit]

Video of his arrest was convincing evidence in Alexander Arbuckle's acquittal.[116]

In 2011, eight men associated with Occupy Wall Street were found guilty of trespassing, having intended to set up a camp on property controlled by Trinity Church. One was also convicted of attempted criminal mischief and attempted criminal possession of burglar's tools for trying to slice a lock on a chain-link fence with bolt cutters, spending a month in prison. The rest were sentenced to community service.[126][127]

In May 2012, three cases in a row were thrown out of court, the most recent one for "insufficient summons".[128]

One defendant, Michael Premo, charged with assaulting an officer, was found not guilty after the defense presented video evidence which "showed officers charging into the defendant unprovoked", contradicting the sworn testimony of NYPD officers.[129]

In April 2014, the final Occupy court case, the Trial of Cecily McMillan began. Cecily McMillan was charged with and convicted of assaulting a police officer and sentenced to 90 days in Rikers Island Penitentiary.[130] McMillan claimed the assault was an accident and a response to what she claimed to be a sexual assault at the hands of said officer.[131] The jury that found her guilty recommended no jail time.[132] She was released after serving 60 days.[133]

Notable responses

[edit]
Main article: Reactions to Occupy Wall Street
October 5, 2011, in Foley Square, members of National Nurses United labor union supporting OWS

During an October 6 news conference, President Barack Obama said, "I think it expresses the frustrations the American people feel, that we had the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to fight efforts to crack down on the abusive practices that got us into this in the first place."[134][135]

On October 5, 2011, noted commentator and political satirist Jon Stewart said in his Daily Show broadcast: "If the people who were supposed to fix our financial system had actually done it, the people who have no idea how to solve these problems wouldn't be getting shit for not offering solutions."[136]

Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said that while there were "bad actors" that needed to be "found and plucked out", he believes that targeting one industry or region of America is a mistake, and said the Occupy Wall Street protests are "dangerous" and inciting "class warfare".[137][138] A week later, Romney expressed empathy for the movement, saying, "I look at what's happening on Wall Street and my view is, boy, I understand how those people feel."[139]

House Democratic Leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi said she supports the Occupy Wall Street movement.[140] In September, various labor unions, including the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 and the New York Metro 32BJ Service Employees International Union, pledged their support for demonstrators.[141]

In November 2011, Public Policy Polling did a national survey which found that 33% of voters supported OWS and 45% opposed it, with 22% not sure. 43% of those polled had a higher opinion of the Tea Party movement than the Occupy movement.[142] In January 2012, a survey was released by Rasmussen Reports, in which 51% of likely voters found protesters to be a public nuisance, while 39% saw it as a valid protest movement representing the people.[143]

Many notable figures joined the occupation, including David Crosby, Kanye West, Russell Simmons, Alec Baldwin, Susan Sarandon, Don King, Noam Chomsky, Jesse Jackson, Cornel West, Judith Butler, and Michael Moore.[144]

OWS was mentioned by Time Magazine in its 2011 selection of "The Protester" as Person of the Year.[145]

Criticism

[edit]

The Occupy Movement has been criticized for not having a set of clear demands that could be used to prompt formal policy change. This lack of agenda has been cited as the reason why the Occupy Movement fizzled before achieving any specific legislative changes. Although the lack of demands has simultaneously been argued as one of the advantages of the movement,[146] the protesters in Occupy rejected the idea of having only one demand, or a set of demands, and instead represented a host of broad demands that did not specifically allude to a desired policy agenda.[147][148]

Although the movement's primary slogan was "We are the 99%," it was criticized for not encompassing the voice of the entire 99%, specifically lower-class individuals and minorities. For example, it was characterized as being "overwhelmingly white".[149] The lack of African-American presence was especially notable, with the movement being criticized in several news outlets and journal articles for its lack of black protestors.[150][151][152]

Some publications mentioned that the Occupy Wall Street Movement failed to spark any true institutional changes in banks and in Corporate America. This idea is supported by the number of scandals that continued to emerge following the financial crisis such as the London Whale incident, the LIBOR-fixing scandal, and the HSBC money laundering discovery. Furthermore, the idea of excess compensation through salaries and bonuses at Wall Street banks continued to be a contentious topic following the Occupy protests, especially as bonuses increased during a period of falling bank profits.[153][154][155]

The movement was also criticized for not building a sustainable base of support and instead fading quickly after its initial spark in late 2011 through early 2012.[156] This may be attributed to Occupy's lack of legislative victories, which left the protestors with a lack of measurable goals. It was also argued that the movement was too tied to its base, Zuccotti Park. Evidence of this lies in the fact that when the police evicted the protestors on November 15, the movement largely dissipated.[157][158] While there is evidence that the movement had an enduring impact, protests and direct mentions of the Occupy movement quickly became uncommon.[159][160][156]

Some Occupy Wall Street protests have included anti-zionist and or anti-Semitic slogans and signage such as "Jews control Wall Street" or "Zionist Jews who are running the big banks and the Federal Reserve". As a result, the Occupy movement has been confronted with accusations of anti-Semitism by major US media outlets and US politicians.[161][162][163]

A 2017 book released by Brookings Institution senior fellow Richard V. Reeves called Dream Hoarders: How the American Upper Middle Class Is Leaving Everyone Else in the Dust, Why That Is a Problem, and What to Do about It, presented data which showed that, "...more than a third of the demonstrators on the May Day 'Occupy' march in 2011 had annual earnings of more than $100,000. But, rather than looking up in envy and resentment, the upper middle class would do well to look at their own position compared to those falling further and further behind."[164]

Subsequent activity

[edit]
See also: Occupy movement and Occupy movement in the United States

Occupy Wall Street mounted an ambitious call for a citywide general strike and day of action on May 1, 2012. Tens of thousands of people participated in a march through New York City, demonstrating continued support for Occupy Wall Street's cause and concerns.

Occupy Sandy was an organized relief effort created to assist the victims of Hurricane Sandy in the northeastern United States, made up of former and present Occupy Wall Street protesters, other members of the Occupy movement, and former non-Occupy volunteers.[165]

To celebrate the third anniversary of the occupation of Zuccotti Park, an Occupy Wall Street campaign called "Strike Debt" announced it had wiped out almost $4 million in student loans, amounting to the indebtedness of 2,761 students. The loans were all held by students of Everest College, a for profit college that operates Corinthian Colleges, Inc. which in turn owns Everest University, Everest Institute, Heald College, and WyoTech. Strike Debt, and a successor organization, The Debt Collective, were active in organizing the Corinthian 100 students who struck against Corinthian college, a for-profit school that was shut down by the U.S. Department of Education.[166][167]

Occupy the SEC came together during the occupation. The group seeks to represent the 99% in the regulatory process. They first attracted attention in 2012 when they submitted a 325-page comment letter on the Volcker Rule portion of Dodd Frank.[168]

Another offshoot of the Occupy Movement, calling itself the OWS Alternative Banking Group, was established during the occupation of Zuccotti Park in 2011.[169]

Influence on movement for higher wages and other influences

[edit]

In 2013, commentators described Occupy Wall Street as having influenced the fast food worker strikes.[170] Occupy Wall Street organizers also contributed to a worker campaign at Hot & Crusty cafe in New York City, helping them obtain higher wages and the right to form a union by working with a worker center;[171] the collaboration between the striking workers and Occupy Wall Street protestors is documented in the 2014 film The Hand That Feeds.[172][173][174] Occupy Wall Street has been credited with reintroducing a strong emphasis on income inequality into broad political discourse and, relatedly, for inspiring the fight for a $15 minimum wage.[175]

In 2014, the movement inspired two former debt collections executives Craig Antico and Jerry Ashton to create RIP Medical Debt, a charity that buys up delinquent medical debt at pennies on the dollar, just as debt collectors do – meaning even small donations to the charity have a big impact.[176]

In 2021, on the 10th anniversary of Occupy Wall Street, The Atlantic listed several long-term influences of the protests, including "Reinventing Activism" by encouraging "a generation to take to the streets and demand systemic reforms", influencing the Green New Deal, influencing activism for higher minimum wages, and "shifting the window of what is deemed politically acceptable discourse and pulling the nation to the left."[177]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Author Dan Berrett writes: "But Occupy Wall Street's most defining characteristics—its decentralized nature and its intensive process of participatory, consensus-based decision-making—are rooted in other precincts of academe and activism: in the scholarship of anarchism and, specifically, in an ethnography of central Madagascar."[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Engler, Mark (November 1, 2011). "Let's end corruption – starting with Wall Street". New Internationalist Magazine. No. 447. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  2. ^ a b "700 Arrested After Wall Street Protest on N.Y.'s Brooklyn Bridge". Fox News Channel. October 1, 2011. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  3. ^ "Hundreds of Occupy Wall Street protesters arrested". BBC News. October 2, 2011. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  4. ^ Gabbatt, Adam (October 6, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: protests and reaction Thursday 6 October". Guardian. London. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  5. ^ "Wall Street protests span continents, arrests climb". Crain's New York Business. October 17, 2011. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017.
  6. ^ Graeber, David (May 7, 2012). "Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day". Guardian. London. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  7. ^ "OccupyWallStreet – About". The Occupy Solidarity Network, Inc. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  8. ^ Kaste, Martin. "Exploring Occupy Wall Street's 'Adbuster' Origins". NPR.org. National Public Radio. National Public Radio. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
  9. ^ a b "Intellectual Roots of Wall St. Protest Lie in Academe — Movement's principles arise from scholarship on anarchy". The Chronicle of Higher Education. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  10. ^ "A Million Man March on Wall Street". Adbusters. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
  11. ^ a b Schwartz, Mattathias (November 28, 2011). "Pre-Occupied". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  12. ^ "occupywallstreet.org". occupywallstreet.org. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  13. ^ "#OCCUPYWALLSTREET: A shift in revolutionary tactics". Adbusters. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  14. ^ Fleming, Andrew (September 27, 2011). "Adbusters sparks Wall Street protest Vancouver-based activists behind street actions in the U.S". The Vancouver Courier. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  15. ^ Beeston, Laura (October 11, 2011). "The Ballerina and the Bull: Adbusters' Micah White on 'The Last Great Social Movement'". The Link. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  16. ^ Schneider, Nathan (September 29, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: FAQ". The Nation. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  17. ^ "The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet". Thetyee.ca. October 7, 2011. Archived from the original on February 16, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  18. ^ "Assange can still Occupy centre stage". Sydney Morning Herald. October 29, 2011. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
  19. ^ a b "'Occupy Wall Street' to Turn Manhattan into 'Tahrir Square'". IBTimes New York. September 17, 2011. Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  20. ^ "From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world". Brisbanetimes.com.au. October 19, 2011. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  21. ^ Batchelor, Laura (October 6, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street lands on private property". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2011. Many of the Occupy Wall Street protesters might not realize it, but they got really lucky when they elected to gather at Zuccotti Park in downtown Manhattan
  22. ^ Schwartz, Mattathias (November 21, 2011). "Map: How Occupy Wall Street Chose Zuccotti Park". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  23. ^ Roberts, Sam (September 4, 2020). "David Graeber, Caustic Critic of Inequality, Is Dead at 59". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  24. ^ Apps, Peter (October 11, 2011). "Wall Street action part of global Arab Spring?". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  25. ^ Toynbee, Polly (October 17, 2011). "In the City and Wall Street, protest has occupied the mainstream". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2016. From Santiago to Tokyo, Ottawa, Sarajevo and Berlin, spontaneous groups have been inspired by Occupy Wall Street.
  26. ^ "Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline". The Week. November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. A relatively small gathering of young anarchists and aging hippies in lower Manhattan has spawned a national movement. What happened?
  27. ^ a b Bloomgarden-Smoke, Kara (January 29, 2012). "What's next for Occupy Wall Street? Activists target foreclosure crisis". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
  28. ^ Graeber, David. "Occupy Wall Street's anarchist roots". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  29. ^ Schneider, Nathan (December 20, 2011). "Thank You, Anarchists". The Nation. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  30. ^ Gibson, Morgan Rodgers (2013) (2013). "The 'Anarchism' of the Occupy Movement". Australian Journal of Political Science. 48 (3): 335–348. doi:10.1080/10361146.2013.820687. S2CID 144776094.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ a b Horsley, Scott (January 14, 2012). "The Income Gap: Unfair, Or Are We Just Jealous?". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014.
  32. ^ ""We Are the 99 Percent" Creators Revealed". Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  33. ^ "Income inequality in America: The 99 percent". The Economist. October 26, 2011. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  34. ^ Gerstle, Gary (2022). The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era. Oxford University Press. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-0197519646.
  35. ^ Shaw, Hannah; Stone, Chad (May 25, 2011). "Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top. Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019..
  36. ^ "By the Numbers". demos.org. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012.
  37. ^ Alessi, Christopher (October 17, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street's Global Echo". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2011. The Occupy Wall Street protests that began in New York City a month ago gained worldwide momentum over the weekend, as hundreds of thousands of demonstrators in nine hundred cities protested corporate greed and wealth inequality.
  38. ^ Jones, Clarence (October 17, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street and the King Memorial Ceremonies". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011. The reality is that 'Occupy Wall Street' is raising the consciousness of the country on the fundamental issues of poverty, income inequality, economic justice, and the Obama administration's apparent double standard in dealing with Wall Street and the urgent problems of Main Street: unemployment, housing foreclosures, no bank credit to small business in spite of nearly three trillion of cash reserves made possible by taxpayers funding of TARP.
  39. ^ Freeland, Chrystia (October 14, 2011). "Wall Street protesters need to find their 'sound bite'". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  40. ^ Francis, David R. (January 24, 2012). "Thanks to Occupy, rich-poor gap is front and center. See Mitt Romney's tax return". CSMonitor.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  41. ^ "Six in 10 Support Policies Addressing Income Inequality – ABC News". ABC News. November 9, 2011. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  42. ^ Seitz, Alex (October 31, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street's Success: Even Republicans Are Talking About Income Inequality". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  43. ^ "Occupy Wall Street and the Political Economy of Inequality" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
  44. ^ Scola, Nancy (October 5, 2011). "For the Anti-corporate Occupy Wall street demonstrators, the semi-corporate status of Zuccotti Park may be a boon". Capitalnewyork.com. Capital New York Media Group, Inc. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  45. ^ a b c d Lowenstein, Roger (October 27, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: It's Not a Hippie Thing". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013.
  46. ^ "Volcker Rule: Don't use our deposits for your risky bets". Occupy Design. November 5, 2012. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  47. ^ Cahill, Petra (October 26, 2011). "Another idea for student loan debt: Make it go away". MSNBC. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  48. ^ Baum, Geraldine (October 25, 2011). "Student loans add to angst at Occupy Wall Street". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014.
  49. ^ "Occupy Wall Street vows to carry on after arrests". The San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. March 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  50. ^ Valdes, Manuel (Associated Press) (December 6, 2011). "Occupy protests move to foreclosed homes". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  51. ^ Townsend, Mark; O'Carroll, Lisa; Gabbatt, Adam (October 15, 2011). "Occupy protests against capitalism spread around world". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on July 9, 2013.
  52. ^ Linkins, Jason (October 27, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: Not Here To Destroy Capitalism, But To Remind Us Who Saved It". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on October 31, 2011.
  53. ^ Hoffman, Meredith (October 16, 2011). "New York Times". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013.
  54. ^ Walsh, Joan (October 20, 2011). "Do we know what OWS wants yet?". Salon.com. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  55. ^ Dunn, Mike (October 19, 2011). "'Occupy' May Hold National Assembly In Philadelphia". CBS Philly. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  56. ^ a b Peralta, Eyder (February 24, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street Doesn't Endorse Philly Conference". npr.org. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
  57. ^ "Declaration: Occupy Wall Street Says What It Wants". ABC News. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  58. ^ "Declaration of the Occupation of New York City". New York City General Assembly. Archived from the original on December 20, 2011.
  59. ^ Westfeldt, Amy (December 15, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street's center shows some cracks". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  60. ^ Hinkle, A. Barton (November 4, 2011). "OWS protesters have strange ideas about fairness". Richmond Times Dispatch. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  61. ^ Penny, Laurie (October 16, 2011). "Protest By Consensus". New Statesman. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  62. ^ "New York City General Assembly website". Archived from the original on February 23, 2014.
  63. ^ "Occupy Wall Street Moves Indoors With Spokes Council". The New York Observer. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014.
  64. ^ a b Zabriskie, Christian (November 16, 2011). "The Occupy Wall Street Library Regrows in Manhattan". American Libraries. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  65. ^ "ALA alarmed at seizure of Occupy Wall Street library, loss of irreplaceable material" (Press release). American Library Association. November 17, 2011. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  66. ^ Kelly, Michael. "Court orders NYPD to pay $360,000 for raid that destroyed Occupy Wall Street library". Raw Story. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013 – via Business Insider.
  67. ^ "ruling". Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  68. ^ "Hofstra Law's Occupy Wall Street Clinic Settles First Case Against the City of New York". Maurice A. Deane School of Law. Hofstra University. October 26, 2011. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  69. ^ Ramírez-Blanco, Julia (2018). Artistic Utopias of Revolt. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-3-319-71422-6.
  70. ^ "A Library Occupies the Heart of the Occupy Movement". American Libraries Magazine. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011.
  71. ^ a b Matthews, Karen (October 7, 2011). "Wall Street functions like a small city". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2016. A general assembly of anyone who wants to attend meets twice daily. Because it's hard to be heard above the din of lower Manhattan and because the city is not allowing bullhorns or microphones, the protesters have devised a system of hand symbols. Fingers downward means you disagree. Arms crossed means you strongly disagree. Announcements are made via the "people's mic ... you say it and the people immediately around you repeat it and pass the word along. ... Somewhere between 100 and 200 people sleep in Zuccotti Park. ... Many occupiers were still in their sleeping bags at 9 or 10 am
  72. ^ Kadet, Anne (October 15, 2011). "The Occupy Economy". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013.
  73. ^ Kim, Richard (October 3, 2011). "We Are All Human Microphones Now". The Nation. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  74. ^ a b Kilkenny, Allison (October 14, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street Protesters Win Showdown With Bloomberg". The Nation. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  75. ^ a b "Cleanup Canceled". BusinessWeek. October 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013.
  76. ^ Deprez, Esmé E.; Stonington, Joel; Dolmetsch, Chris (October 14, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street Park Cleaning Postponed". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013.
  77. ^ Walker, Jade (November 15, 2011). "Zuccotti Park Eviction: NYPD Orders Occupy Wall Street Protesters To Temporarily Evacuate Park [LATEST UPDATES]". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  78. ^ "New York court upholds eviction of "Occupy" protesters". CNN. November 15, 2011. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2011. A New York Supreme Court has ruled not to extend a temporary restraining order that prevented the eviction of "Occupy" protesters who were encamped at Zuccotti Park, considered a home-base for demonstrators. Police in riot gear cleared out the protesters early Tuesday morning, a move that attorneys for the loosely defined group say was unlawful. But Justice Michael Stallman later ruled in favor of New York city officials and Brookfield properties, owners and developers of the privately owned park in Lower Manhattan. The order does not prevent protesters from gathering in the park, but says their First Amendment rights not do include remaining there, "along with their tents, structures, generators, and other installations to the exclusion of the owner's reasonable rights and duties to maintain Zuccotti Park."
  79. ^ Paddock, Barry; Mcshane, Larry (January 1, 2012). "Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  80. ^ "OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park". Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  81. ^ Mathias, Christopher (January 12, 2012). "After Occupy Wall Street Encampment Ends, NYC Protesters Become Nomads". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  82. ^ Colvin, Jill. "Occupy Wall Street Cost NYPD $17 Million in Overtime". Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  83. ^ Goldenberg, Sally (March 16, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street cost the NYPD $17 million in overtime, Ray Kelly said". New York Post. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  84. ^ Kemp, Joe (March 16, 2012). "OWS protests cost city $17M in OT – Kelly – New York Daily News". Articles.nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  85. ^ Moynihan, Colin (March 17, 2012). "Scores Arrested as the Police Clear Zuccotti Park". The New York Times. Zuccotti Park (NYC). Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  86. ^ Devereaux, Ryan (March 18, 2012). "Dozens arrested as Occupy Wall Street marks anniversary with fresh protests". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  87. ^ Devereaux, Ryan (March 24, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street demonstrators march to protest against police violence". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.
  88. ^ Moynihan, Colin (September 17, 2012). "185 Arrested on Occupy Wall St. Anniversary". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  89. ^ Barr, Meghan (September 17, 2012). "1-year after encampment began, Occupy in disarray". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  90. ^ Walker, Hunter (September 18, 2012). "Unoccupied: The Morning After in Zuccotti Park". Politicker Network. Observer.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  91. ^ Coscarelli, Joe (September 18, 2012). "NYPD Arrests Almost 200 Occupy Protesters, Roughs Up City Councilman Again". New York. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
  92. ^ Kavada, Anastasia (May 26, 2015). "Creating the collective: social media, the Occupy Movement and its constitution as a collective actor" (PDF). Information, Communication & Society. 18 (8): 872–886. doi:10.1080/1369118x.2015.1043318. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 141504676. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  93. ^ Pinto, Nick (September 17, 2013). "OWS: Studies of the movement". Al Jazeera America. Archived from the original on September 20, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  94. ^ Moynihan, Colin (October 1, 2011). "Occupying, and Now Publishing, Too - NYTimes.com". Manhattan (NYC): Cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
  95. ^ "Check Out The "Occupy Wall Street Journal" The Official Newspaper Of The Protesters". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  96. ^ Carr, David (October 10, 2011). "Wall Street Protesters Have Ink-Stained Fingers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  97. ^ "Occupied Wall Street Journal Poster Edition". justseeds.org. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  98. ^ "The Art of Occupy". American Collections Blog, British Library. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  99. ^ "Occupy! An OWS Inspired Gazette" (PDF). Occupy! Gazette. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  100. ^ Leonard, Sarah. "Free Cecily McMillan! A Special Issue of the Occupy Gazette | The Nation". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  101. ^ "Free Cecily!: A Must-Read Gazette About Cecily McMillan and the Failure of Justice - Brooklyn Magazine". Brooklyn Magazine. May 13, 2014. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  102. ^ Shaffer, Marguerite S.; Young, Phoebe S. K. (July 2, 2015). Rendering Nature: Animals, Bodies, Places, Politics. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 379–. ISBN 978-0-8122-9145-2. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  103. ^ Celona, Larry (October 18, 2011). "Thieves preying on fellow protesters". New York Post. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013.
  104. ^ Siegal, Ida (November 10, 2011). "Man Arrested for Breaking EMT's Leg at Occupy Wall Street". NBC New York. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
  105. ^ "Occupy Wall Street Erects Women-Only Tent After Reports Of Sexual Assaults". The Gothamist News. November 5, 2011. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  106. ^ Schram, Jamie (November 3, 2011). "Protester busted in tent grope, suspected in rape of another demonstrator". NY POST. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  107. ^ "Man Arrested For Groping Protester Also Eyed In Zuccotti Park Rape Case". WPIX. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  108. ^ Dejohn, Irving; Kemp, Joe (November 2, 2011). "Arrest made in Occupy Wall St. sex attack; Suspect eyed in another Zuccotti gropingCase". New York: NY Daily News. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  109. ^ "Occupy Protests Plagued by Reports of Sex Attacks, Violent Crime". NY Daily News. November 9, 2011. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  110. ^ Michael Hastings (February 28, 2012). "Exclusive: Homeland Security Kept Tabs on Occupy Wall Street". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  111. ^ Hastings, Michael (November 16, 2011). "Exclusive: Homeland Security Kept Tabs on Occupy Wall Street". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
  112. ^ Leopold, Jason (March 20, 2012). "DHS Turns Over Occupy Wall Street Documents to Truthout". Truth-out.org. Archived from the original on April 9, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  113. ^ "FBI Documents Reveal Secret Nationwide Occupy Monitoring". Partnership for Civil Justice Fund. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  114. ^ Revealed: how the FBI coordinated the crackdown on Occupy, The Guardian, Naomi Wolf, December 29, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/dec/29/fbi-coordinated-crackdown-occupy Archived March 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  115. ^ Moynihan, Colin (May 23, 2014). "Officials Cast Wide Net in Monitoring Occupy Protests". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  116. ^ a b Video Helps Acquit Student In First Occupy Wall Street Trial, National Public Radio, Elise Hu, May 16, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  117. ^ Martin, Adam. "The Weirdest Things Occupy Protesters Get Arrested For". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  118. ^ Fairchild, Caroline (May 23, 2013). "Occupy Arrests Near 8,000 As Wall Street Eludes Prosecution". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  119. ^ "Suppressing Protest: Human Rights Violations in the U.S. Response to Occupy Wall Street" (PDF). The Global Justice Clinic and the Walter Leitner International Human Rights Clinic at the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice. NYU School of Law and Fordham Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  120. ^ Choudhury, Chitrangada (July 25, 2012). "NYPD 'consistently violated basic rights' during Occupy protests – study". the Guardian. Archived from the original on May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  121. ^ "700 arrested at Brooklyn Bridge protest". CBS News. October 9, 2011. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013.
  122. ^ "Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. October 2, 2011. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  123. ^ "Hundreds freed after New York Wall Street protest". BBC News. BBC. October 2, 2011. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  124. ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (October 5, 2011). "Citing Police Trap, Protesters File Suit". The New York Times. p. A25. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  125. ^ Devereaux, Ryan (June 8, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street protesters win legal victory in Brooklyn bridge arrests". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013.
  126. ^ "Occupy trespassers guilty". New York Post. June 19, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  127. ^ Pinto, Nick (June 19, 2012). "Eight Occupy Wall Street Protesters Found Guilty of Trespassing, One Sentenced To 45 Days In Jail". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  128. ^ Kilkenny, Allison (May 25, 2012). "Third Case Against Occupy Wall Street Protester Is Thrown Out". The Nation Magazine. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  129. ^ "Why the Police in Michael Premo's Occupy Wall Street Trial Are Unlikely To Face Perjury Charges". Village Voice. March 8, 2013. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  130. ^ "Woman Found Guilty of Assaulting Officer at an Occupy Wall Street Protest - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. May 6, 2014. Archived from the original on May 6, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  131. ^ "Occupy Wall Street Activist Cecily McMillan Found Guilty of Assault After Being Beaten by the Police | VICE | United States". VICE. May 5, 2014. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  132. ^ Swaine, Jon (May 8, 2014). "Cecily McMillan jurors tell judge Occupy activist should not go to jail". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  133. ^ "Occupy activist Cecily McMillan released from jail after two months | World news | theguardian.com". TheGuardian.com. July 3, 2014. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  134. ^ Memoli, Michael A. (July 13, 2011). "Obama news conference: Obama: Occupy Wall Street protests show Americans' frustration". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  135. ^ Salazar, Cristian (October 6, 2011). "Obama acknowledges Wall Street protests as a sign". BusinessWeek. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  136. ^ Jon, Stewart. "The Daily Show". Archived from the original on October 7, 2011.
  137. ^ "Romney On Occupy Wall Street Protests". WCVBtv. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2011 – via YouTube.
  138. ^ Boxer, Sarah (October 5, 2011). "Romney: Wall Street Protests 'Class Warfare'". National Journal. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
  139. ^ Geiger, Kim (October 11, 2011). "Mitt Romney sympathizes with Wall Street protesters". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  140. ^ "Pelosi Supports Occupy Wall Street Movement". ABC news. October 9, 2011. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014.
  141. ^ "Occupy Wall Street gets union support". United Press International. September 30, 2011. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  142. ^ "Voters moving against Occupy movement" (PDF). Public Policy Polling. November 16, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  143. ^ "51% See Occupy Wall Street Protesters As Public Nuisance - Rasmussen Reports®". www.rasmussenreports.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012.
  144. ^ "Celebrities join Occupy Wall St. protests – slide 11". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  145. ^ "Person of the Year 2011 - TIME". Time. December 14, 2011. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  146. ^ Weissman, Robert (October 19, 2011). "'Occupy' Movement Purposely Has No Single, Set Demand". US News. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011.
  147. ^ Lacey, Marc (October 17, 2011). "The Occupy Movement's Common Thread Is Anger". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  148. ^ Indiviglio, Daniel (2011). "5 Reasons Why 'Occupy Wall Street' Won't Work". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  149. ^ "Why is Occupy Wall Street 'overwhelmingly white'?". November 28, 2011. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  150. ^ Ross, Janell (October 6, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street Doesn't Adequately Represent Struggling Black Population, Experts Say". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  151. ^ "Occupy Wall Street's Race Problem". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  152. ^ Campbell, Emahunn Raheem Ali (2011). "A Critique of the Occupy Movement from a Black Occupier". The Black Scholar. 41 (4): 42–51. doi:10.5816/blackscholar.41.4.0042. JSTOR 10.5816/blackscholar.41.4.0042. S2CID 152127615.
  153. ^ Monica, Paul R. La. "Big bonuses alive on Wall Street. Why?". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  154. ^ "Occupy This: Wall Street Pay Rises as Profits Fall". Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  155. ^ Fox, Emily Jane. "Wall Street paychecks back near pre-recession highs". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  156. ^ a b Banjo, Shelly. "Remember Occupy Wall Street? Probably not". Quartz. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  157. ^ Crovitz, L. Gordon (January 29, 2012). "Occupy AstroTurf". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  158. ^ Ostroy, Andy (May 31, 2012). "The Failure of Occupy Wall Street". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  159. ^ "Google Trends". Google Trends. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  160. ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross (September 18, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street: A Frenzy That Fizzled". DealBook. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  161. ^ Rubin, Jennifer (October 17, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: Does anyone care about the anti-Semitism?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  162. ^ Berger, Joseph (October 21, 2011). "Cries of Anti-Semitism, but Not at Zuccotti Park". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  163. ^ "Republicans Accuse Dem Leaders of Silence in Face of 'Anti-Semitic' Tone Occupying Protest Movement". Fox News. October 19, 2011. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  164. ^ Reeves, Richard V. (2017). Dream Hoarders: How The American Upper Middle Class Is Leaving Everyone Else In The Dust, Why That Is A Problem, And What To Do About It. Brookings Institution. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8157-2912-9.
  165. ^ Feuer, Alan (November 10, 2012). "Occupy Sandy: A Movement Moves to Relief". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  166. ^ "Debt Resistors Operations Manual, 2nd edition (not free)". Strike Debt. September 28, 2015. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  167. ^ Bess, Gabby (December 5, 2016). "Victims of Fake Colleges Plead for Debt Relief Before Trump Takes Office". Broadly. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  168. ^ "OSEC weighs in on the Volcker Rule". Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  169. ^ "The Occupy Groups Re-imagine the Bank". wbur.org. March 27, 2012. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  170. ^ Sanburn, Josh (July 30, 2013). "Fast Food Strikes: Unable to Unionize, Workers Borrow Tactics From 'Occupy'". Time. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  171. ^ "New York City Restaurant Workers Win Historic Victory". OCCUPY WALL STREET. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  172. ^ Singh, Sonia (September 10, 2015). "Film: Deli Workers Wage Gutsy Fight in 'The Hand That Feeds'". Labor Notes. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  173. ^ Kasperkevic, Jana (April 15, 2015). "The Hand That Feeds: how undocumented workers at a New York bakery chain won higher wages". The Guardian. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  174. ^ Lears, Rachel; Blotnick, Robin (July 15, 2013). "'Occupy Bakery'". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  175. ^ "Measuring Occupy Wall Street's impact, 5 years later". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  176. ^ "A charity that abolishes medical debt - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. April 16, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  177. ^ Levitin, Michael (September 14, 2021). "Occupy Wall Street Did More Than You Think". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 7, 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Occupy Wall Street.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupy_Wall_Street&oldid=1256500380"