Gayur-khan: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| name = Khour |
| name = Khour Sado-Orsoy |
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| image = |
| image = King of simsir khour 2.jpg |
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| image_size = |
| image_size = |
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| alt = |
| alt = |
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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| succession = [[ |
| succession = [[Simsir|King of Simsir]] |
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| moretext = |
| moretext = |
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| reign = |
| reign = 1362-1395 |
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| coronation = |
| coronation = |
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| predecessor = |
| predecessor = Khasi II |
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| successor = |
| successor = Makhama |
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| birth_date = |
| birth_date = Unknown |
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| birth_place = |
| birth_place = [[Simsir]] |
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| death_date = |
| death_date = Unknown |
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| death_place = |
| death_place = [[Simsir]] |
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| burial_date = |
| burial_date = |
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| burial_place = |
| burial_place = [[Chechnya]] |
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| spouse = |
| spouse = |
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| issue = |
| issue = |
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| issue-link = |
| issue-link = |
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| issue-pipe = |
| issue-pipe = |
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| house = |
| house = Sado-Orsoy |
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| father = |
| father = Khasi II |
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| mother = |
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| religion = Islam |
| religion = Islam |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Khour Ela'''{{efn|{{lang-ce|Хоур-Ела}}; {{lang-fa|Gayur-Khan}}; {{lang-ru|Каир-мек}}}} was a [[Chechen people|Chechen]] King that ruled the [[Simsir]] Kingdom in the 14th century. The name "Khour-Ela" translates as "Wise king" in [[Chechen language|Chechen]], "Khour" is an old Chechen name and Ela was a title for a King or Prince (Khan/Bek). Khour was born into the powerful Sado-Orsoy clan that historically ruled in the Chebarla and [[Vedeno]] regions of [[Chechnya]]. During the 14th century the very same clan managed to unify several Chechen clans into 1 Kingdom called [[Simsir]] that prospered until the invasion of [[Timur]].<ref>https://chechenlaw.ru/?p=1509</ref> |
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'''Gayur-khan''' or '''Kyr Bek'''{{efn|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kuznetsov|first=Vladimir|year=1992 |url=https://www.studmed.ru/kuznecov-va-ocherki-istorii-alan_a910ec10796.html|title=Очерки истории алан|trans-title=Essays on the history of the Alans|language=ru|edition=2nd |location=[[Vladikavkaz]]|publisher=Ir |page=348|quote=[...] а правителем области Симсим в Чечено-Ингушетии был Гаюрхан.|trans-quote=[...] and the ruler of the Simsim region in Checheno-Ingushetia was Gayurkhan.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khizriev|1992|p=86}}: Правителем страны Симсим на территории Чечено-Ингушетии назван Гаюр-хан [...] [Gayur Khan is named the ruler of the country Simsim on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia [...]]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Akhmadov|first=Yavuz|year=|title=История Чечни с древнейших времен до конца XVIII века: пособие для изучающих историю родного края|trans-title=History of Chechnya from ancient times to the end of the 18th century: a guide for students of the history of their native land|language=ru|location=Moscow|publisher=Mir domu tvoemu|page=233|quote=[...] Гаюр-хан («Кюр-бек» некоторых источников) так и не изъявил покорности Тимуру [...]|trans-quote=[...] Gayur-khan ("Kyr-bek" in some sources) never expressed his submission to Timur [...]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Akhmadov|first1=Yavuz|last2=Akaev|first2=Vakhit|year=2005|chapter=Чеченцы|trans-chapter=The Chechens|editor-last=Zhdanov|editor-first=Yuri|editor-link=Yuri Zhdanov|display-editors=etal|url=https://na5ballov.pro/lib/etno/4154-zhdanov-yua-glav-red-enciklopediya-kultur-narodov-yuga-rossii-v-9-tomah-tom-1-narody-yuga-rossii.html|title=Энциклопедия культур народов Юга России|trans-title=Encyclopedia of cultures of the peoples of the South of Russia|language=ru|location=|publisher=SKNTs VSh|volume=1: Народы Юга России [Peoples of the South of Russia]|page=233|quote=[...] «Симсим», имевшее правителем Гаюр-хана|trans-quote=[...] "Simsim", which had Gayur Khan as its ruler}}</ref> |
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}}{{efn|{{lang-fa|گایور خان}}; [[Chechen language|Chechen]]/[[Ingush language|Ingush]]: ГӀайраха, romanized: ''Ghayrakha'';{{sfn|Khizriev|1992|p=86}} {{lang-ru|Каир-мек|Kair-mek}}. The name "Kyr-Bek" is found in the [[Zafarnama (Shami biography)|''Zafarnama'']] by [[Nizam al-Din Shami]] while in the much later [[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|''Zafarnama'']] by [[Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi]] he's known as "Gayur Khan".}} was the king of [[Simsir]] in the 14th century. He was involved in the [[Timurids|Timurid]] invasion of the [[Caucasus]] and was recorded in the two [[Persians|Persian]] chronicles: [[Zafarnama (Shami biography)|''Zafarnama'']] by [[Nizam al-Din Shami]] and the [[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|''Zafarnama'']] by [[Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi]]. |
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== Back == |
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== Background and Historical references == |
== Background and Historical references == |
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The earliest Historical reference to Khour comes in the form of a biography about [[Timur]] called [[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafarname]] from the 15th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Тизенгаузена|first=В.Г|title="Книга Побед" Шереф-ад-Дина Йезди, по переводу В.Г. Тизенгаузена|year=1941|location=Soviet Union|pages=180–184}}</ref> The biography was commissioned during the reign of [[Ibrahim Sultan (Timurid)|Ibrahim Sultan]] the grandson of Timur. The Zafarname has two versions from two different Persian authors named |
The earliest Historical reference to Khour comes in the form of a biography about [[Timur]] called [[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafarname]] from the 15th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Тизенгаузена|first=В.Г|title="Книга Побед" Шереф-ад-Дина Йезди, по переводу В.Г. Тизенгаузена|year=1941|location=Soviet Union|pages=180–184}}</ref> The biography was commissioned during the reign of [[Ibrahim Sultan (Timurid)|Ibrahim Sultan]] the grandson of [[Timur]]. The [[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafarname]] has two versions from two different Persian authors named Nizam ad-Din Shami and Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Manz|first=Beatrice Forbes|title=Power, politics, and religion in Timurid Iran|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|location=Cambridge|pages=167}}</ref> Both biographies speak of the campaigns of [[Timur]] in the Caucasus, it is here where Simsir and its leader Gayur-Khan is first mentioned.<ref name=":0" /> Local Caucasian folklore such as the 19th century [[Ossetians|Ossetian]] poem "Alguziani" <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Джанашвили|first=М.Г|title=Описание Осетии, Дзурдзукии, Дидоэтии, Тушетии, Алании и Джикетии|publisher=Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа|year=1897|location=Tbilisi}}</ref> and 19th century [[Chechen people|Chechen]] Chronicle "Migration from Naxchuvan" also mentions Khour Ela.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Салгириев|first=А.М|date=2019|title=етопись об исходе чеченцев из Нахчувана (перевод и комментарии)|journal=Таллам|volume=2|pages=33–35}}</ref> He is also mentioned in the 18th century book "Russian history" as "Kair-Mek" alongside an [[Ossetians|Ossetian]] prince called Altanzibek.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Татищев|first=В.Н|title=История Российская (1055-1378 гг.)|publisher=Александрия|year=2015|location=Ryazan}}</ref> |
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[[File:Timur_granting_audience_on_the_occasion_of_his_accession_(right).jpg|thumb|Timur in the ''Zafarnama'']] |
[[File:Timur_granting_audience_on_the_occasion_of_his_accession_(right).jpg|thumb|Timur in the ''Zafarnama'']] |
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These Historical sources coupled with local folk tales presents Khour Ela as an important figure in the [[North Caucasus]] during the 14th century. His ancestry and genealogy was studied by the Sadoy clan historian Murtazaliev who did fieldwork in Chechnya during 1991-1999 by interviewing several Sadoy clan elders. Their genealogy of the famous folk heroes from clan Sadoy contributed a lot to the Chechen Historical sciences. The father of Khour was one Khasi who was the previous king while the son of Khour was a Muslim convert and Vassal of [[Timur]] named Makhama who is mentioned in the Zafarname as "Muhammad".<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Муртазалиев|first=В|title=К вопросу об истории государства и права чеченцев}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The Chechen-Arabic manuscript "Migration from Naxchuvan" from 1820 also gives insight on the family and religion of Khour-Ela. It mentions two brothers called "Kagar" (Kahir) and "Surak-khan" that were both Christians, the manuscript that is pro-[[Caucasian Imamate|Imamate]] describes the reach of these two brothers. Kagar rules lands in Chir-Yurt and his brother Surak extends his rule over [[Avar Khanate|Avaria]]. This manuscript has been understood to have described two important Chechen-Dagestani figures such as Kagar (Khour) and Surak (Surakat) who was the founder of the [[Avar Khanate|Avar Nutsaldom]].<ref name=":1" /> The [[Dagestan]]i chronicle "Tarikh Dagestan" also notes that the founder of [[Avar Khanate|Avar Nutsaldom]] is a certain Surakat that is descended from the "Urus Sultans".<ref>http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Kavkaz/XIV/1300-1320/Muchammadrafi/frametext.htm</ref> |
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== Early statehood of Simsir == |
== Early statehood of Simsir == |
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[[Simsir]] is believed to have started off as a vassal or tributary state of the [[Golden Horde]] and played an important role in its Caucasian politics. Khour-Ela is believed to have been an ally of Khan Khidir. This is noted by the historian A.Tesaev who refers to the 18th century book "History of Russia" that relates an event during Khan Khidir's rule. The event in question was the 1360 [[Kostroma]] pogrom where a mob of Christian [[Russians]] robbed and killed several Muslim [[Tatars]]. The Tatars in return did the same in the [[Volga]] region.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Tesaev|first=Amin|date=2018|title=Симсим|journal=РЕФЛЕКСИЯ|volume=2|pages=61–67}}</ref> To quell this violence the Khan sent three Christian [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] ambassadors to negotiate a peace with the Russians. These three ambassadors were called Urus, Altanzibek and Kair-Mek. The last two Ambassadors are noted for their similarity in name with the [[Ossetians|Ossetian]] prince Altanzibek and [[Chechen people|Chechen]] king Khour-Ela. The use of Caucasian |
[[Simsir]] is believed to have started off as a vassal or tributary state of the [[Golden Horde]] and played an important role in its Caucasian politics. Khour-Ela is believed to have been an ally of Khan Khidir. This is noted by the historian A.Tesaev who refers to the 18th century book "History of Russia" that relates an event during Khan Khidir's rule. The event in question was the 1360 [[Kostroma]] pogrom where a mob of Christian [[Russians]] robbed and killed several Muslim [[Tatars]]. The Tatars in return did the same in the [[Volga]] region.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Tesaev|first=Amin|date=2018|title=Симсим|journal=РЕФЛЕКСИЯ|volume=2|pages=61–67}}</ref> To quell this violence the Khan sent three Christian [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] ambassadors to negotiate a peace with the Russians. These three ambassadors were called Urus, Altanzibek and Kair-Mek. The last two Ambassadors are noted for their similarity in name with the [[Ossetians|Ossetian]] prince Altanzibek and [[Chechen people|Chechen]] king Khour-Ela. The use of Caucasian christian ambassadors to [[Russia]] was not an uncommon thing to do by the Khan of the [[Golden Horde]] as it happened in a similar situation in 1327 as well.<ref name=":4" /> |
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Chechen folk tales also report that Khour convened with the |
[[Chechen people|Chechen]] folk tales also report that Khour convened with the Mehk-Kela (National council) and after successfully completing the tasks given to him by the Siyr's (Sages) he was elected as the leader of the whole [[Chechen people|Chechen]] nation. The folktales about Khour are recorded far and wide in [[Chechnya]] so much so that he is considered as the main leader of the [[Chechen people|Chechens]] in the late 14th century by modern historians.<ref name=":4" /> It is also due to this that Khour is connected with an 18th century manuscript by Russian-Tatar general Sultan Kazi-Girey about a certain "Lamkerist" war with a certain "Mamai". The historian A.Tesaev notes that the manuscript coincides with events in the 14th century during the "Great Troubles" of the [[Golden Horde]] when the rogue warlord [[Mamai]] fought in several wars during this period. The 18th century manuscript by Kazi-Girey goes into detail about how a force of "Lamkerist" (Mountain Christians in Chechen) went to a certain fortress called "Tatar-Tup" and defeated [[Mamai]] but did not take the fortress. Later its described how the same army goes and defeats [[Nogai Horde|Nogay]] and [[Oirats|Oirat]] garrisons in the area near the [[Kuma (Russia)|Kuma]] river. The folktale gives us a date of the event as 1361-1362. This date is also accepted by the Russian historian V.Kuznetsov who notes that the attack showed the weakening of the [[Golden Horde]] in the [[North Caucasus]] It is therefore that the date 1362 is considered important by A.Tesaev for the [[Simsir]] kingdom as archaeological research shows that [[Golden Horde]] minted coins cease to exist on the territory of [[Chechnya]] after 1362 (after Khan Khidir's reign) and only resurface during the reign of Khan [[Tokhtamysh]] (an ally of Khour).<ref name=":4" /> Another important factor to note was the [[Georgian Kingdom]] which supported Khour in his campaign's according to folklore and Georgian reports from the reign of [[George V the Brilliant]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tesaev|first=Amin|date=2020|title=Чечено-грузинские контакты в XIV–XVII вв.|journal=РЕФЛЕКСИЯ|volume=5|pages=40–44}}</ref> |
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== Timurid |
== Timurid Invasion and fate of Khour == |
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The 18th century document from Kazi-Girey also mentions that |
The 18th century document from Kazi-Girey also mentions that [[Chechen people|Chechens]] were the main allies (in the vanguard) of the [[Tokhtamysh]] army against the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] invasions in the Caucasus.<ref name=":4" /> It was due to this that Timur invaded [[Simsir]] with such ferocity after the [[Battle of the Terek River]] in 1395. The invasion of [[Simsir]] is described in the Zafarname by both Nizam ad-Din Shami and Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. In that invasion Khour loses his power and Timur grants the title of vassalage to his son Muhammad (Makhama). Timur's campaign in [[Simsir]] went even into the mountains where Timur himself is described to have climbed the mountains themselves and defeated the Highlanders of Simsir.<ref name=":0" /> The fate of Khour and his son is unknown in historical references but folk tales speak of an assassination of Makhama. They also mention how Khour kept a resistance against vassals of Timur and eventually fought in another invasion of Timur where he treacherously murders Khour during negotiations.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Ossetians|Ossetian]] poem "Alguziani" gives a different version of the fate of Khour, the poem refers to Khour as "Kairkhan the Chechen" who was a powerful king that fought against the prince Alguz for the power of [[North Ossetia|Ossetia]]. In the poem Alguz is victorious in a battle and defeats Khour, however the poem is believed to have been fictitious but is regarded as a valuable source for [[North Caucasus|North Caucasian]] folk tales.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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| Line 50: | Line 46: | ||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Chechen people]] |
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== Bibliography == |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Khizriev|first=Kh. A.|year=1992|editor-last=Iriskhanov|editor-first=I. A.|url=https://m.vk.com/doc1410483_311705936?hash=g42A7rTBrkG6NWQYR2RtqEqUfOPbBXLFZE6OBOcV8EX&dl=OdxYK6jJE4mmyLjbvvxVljFf5SFZLxiYi1WTaiqOemD|title=Кавказцы против Тимура (Борьба народов Северного Кавказа против экспансии Тимура)|trans-title=Caucasians against Timur (The struggle of the peoples of the North Caucasus against the expansion of Timur)|language=ru|location=[[Grozny]]|publisher=Kniga|pages=1–168|isbn=5-7666-0320-7}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Rtveladze|first=E. V.|year=1976|chapter=О походе Тимура на Северный Кавказ|trans-chapter=About Timur's campaign in the North Caucasus|editor-last=Vinogradov|editor-first=V. B.|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/arheologo-etnograficheskij-sbornik-groznyj-tom-4-1976/|title=Археолого-этнографический сборник: вып. 4|trans-title=Archaeological and ethnographic collection: no. 4|language=ru|location=[[Grozny]]|publisher=|pages=103–128}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Shnirelman|first=V. A.|author-link=Victor Schnirelmann|year=2006|editor-last=Kalinin|editor-first=I.|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/shnirelman-v-a-byt-alanami-2006/|title=Быть Аланами: Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке|trans-title=To be Alans: Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century|language=ru|location=[[Moscow|Moskva]]|publisher=Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie|pages=1–348|isbn=5-86793-406-3|issn=1813-6583}} |
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{{refend}} |
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[[Category:Chechen politicians]] |
[[Category:Chechen politicians]] |
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Revision as of 00:34, 25 November 2023
| Khour Sado-Orsoy | |
|---|---|
 | |
| King of Simsir | |
| Reign | 1362-1395 |
| Predecessor | Khasi II |
| Successor | Makhama |
| Born | Unknown Simsir |
| Died | Unknown Simsir |
| Burial | |
| House | Sado-Orsoy |
| Father | Khasi II |
| Religion | Islam |
Khour Ela[a] was a Chechen King that ruled the Simsir Kingdom in the 14th century. The name "Khour-Ela" translates as "Wise king" in Chechen, "Khour" is an old Chechen name and Ela was a title for a King or Prince (Khan/Bek). Khour was born into the powerful Sado-Orsoy clan that historically ruled in the Chebarla and Vedeno regions of Chechnya. During the 14th century the very same clan managed to unify several Chechen clans into 1 Kingdom called Simsir that prospered until the invasion of Timur.[1]
Background and Historical references
The earliest Historical reference to Khour comes in the form of a biography about Timur called Zafarname from the 15th century.[2] The biography was commissioned during the reign of Ibrahim Sultan the grandson of Timur. The Zafarname has two versions from two different Persian authors named Nizam ad-Din Shami and Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi.[3] Both biographies speak of the campaigns of Timur in the Caucasus, it is here where Simsir and its leader Gayur-Khan is first mentioned.[2] Local Caucasian folklore such as the 19th century Ossetian poem "Alguziani" [4] and 19th century Chechen Chronicle "Migration from Naxchuvan" also mentions Khour Ela.[5] He is also mentioned in the 18th century book "Russian history" as "Kair-Mek" alongside an Ossetian prince called Altanzibek.[6]
.jpg)
These Historical sources coupled with local folk tales presents Khour Ela as an important figure in the North Caucasus during the 14th century. His ancestry and genealogy was studied by the Sadoy clan historian Murtazaliev who did fieldwork in Chechnya during 1991-1999 by interviewing several Sadoy clan elders. Their genealogy of the famous folk heroes from clan Sadoy contributed a lot to the Chechen Historical sciences. The father of Khour was one Khasi who was the previous king while the son of Khour was a Muslim convert and Vassal of Timur named Makhama who is mentioned in the Zafarname as "Muhammad".[7][2] The Chechen-Arabic manuscript "Migration from Naxchuvan" from 1820 also gives insight on the family and religion of Khour-Ela. It mentions two brothers called "Kagar" (Kahir) and "Surak-khan" that were both Christians, the manuscript that is pro-Imamate describes the reach of these two brothers. Kagar rules lands in Chir-Yurt and his brother Surak extends his rule over Avaria. This manuscript has been understood to have described two important Chechen-Dagestani figures such as Kagar (Khour) and Surak (Surakat) who was the founder of the Avar Nutsaldom.[5] The Dagestani chronicle "Tarikh Dagestan" also notes that the founder of Avar Nutsaldom is a certain Surakat that is descended from the "Urus Sultans".[8]
Early statehood of Simsir
Simsir is believed to have started off as a vassal or tributary state of the Golden Horde and played an important role in its Caucasian politics. Khour-Ela is believed to have been an ally of Khan Khidir. This is noted by the historian A.Tesaev who refers to the 18th century book "History of Russia" that relates an event during Khan Khidir's rule. The event in question was the 1360 Kostroma pogrom where a mob of Christian Russians robbed and killed several Muslim Tatars. The Tatars in return did the same in the Volga region.[9] To quell this violence the Khan sent three Christian Caucasian ambassadors to negotiate a peace with the Russians. These three ambassadors were called Urus, Altanzibek and Kair-Mek. The last two Ambassadors are noted for their similarity in name with the Ossetian prince Altanzibek and Chechen king Khour-Ela. The use of Caucasian christian ambassadors to Russia was not an uncommon thing to do by the Khan of the Golden Horde as it happened in a similar situation in 1327 as well.[9] Chechen folk tales also report that Khour convened with the Mehk-Kela (National council) and after successfully completing the tasks given to him by the Siyr's (Sages) he was elected as the leader of the whole Chechen nation. The folktales about Khour are recorded far and wide in Chechnya so much so that he is considered as the main leader of the Chechens in the late 14th century by modern historians.[9] It is also due to this that Khour is connected with an 18th century manuscript by Russian-Tatar general Sultan Kazi-Girey about a certain "Lamkerist" war with a certain "Mamai". The historian A.Tesaev notes that the manuscript coincides with events in the 14th century during the "Great Troubles" of the Golden Horde when the rogue warlord Mamai fought in several wars during this period. The 18th century manuscript by Kazi-Girey goes into detail about how a force of "Lamkerist" (Mountain Christians in Chechen) went to a certain fortress called "Tatar-Tup" and defeated Mamai but did not take the fortress. Later its described how the same army goes and defeats Nogay and Oirat garrisons in the area near the Kuma river. The folktale gives us a date of the event as 1361-1362. This date is also accepted by the Russian historian V.Kuznetsov who notes that the attack showed the weakening of the Golden Horde in the North Caucasus It is therefore that the date 1362 is considered important by A.Tesaev for the Simsir kingdom as archaeological research shows that Golden Horde minted coins cease to exist on the territory of Chechnya after 1362 (after Khan Khidir's reign) and only resurface during the reign of Khan Tokhtamysh (an ally of Khour).[9] Another important factor to note was the Georgian Kingdom which supported Khour in his campaign's according to folklore and Georgian reports from the reign of George V the Brilliant.[10]
Timurid Invasion and fate of Khour
The 18th century document from Kazi-Girey also mentions that Chechens were the main allies (in the vanguard) of the Tokhtamysh army against the Timurid invasions in the Caucasus.[9] It was due to this that Timur invaded Simsir with such ferocity after the Battle of the Terek River in 1395. The invasion of Simsir is described in the Zafarname by both Nizam ad-Din Shami and Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. In that invasion Khour loses his power and Timur grants the title of vassalage to his son Muhammad (Makhama). Timur's campaign in Simsir went even into the mountains where Timur himself is described to have climbed the mountains themselves and defeated the Highlanders of Simsir.[2] The fate of Khour and his son is unknown in historical references but folk tales speak of an assassination of Makhama. They also mention how Khour kept a resistance against vassals of Timur and eventually fought in another invasion of Timur where he treacherously murders Khour during negotiations.[7] The Ossetian poem "Alguziani" gives a different version of the fate of Khour, the poem refers to Khour as "Kairkhan the Chechen" who was a powerful king that fought against the prince Alguz for the power of Ossetia. In the poem Alguz is victorious in a battle and defeats Khour, however the poem is believed to have been fictitious but is regarded as a valuable source for North Caucasian folk tales.[4]
Notes
- ^ Template:Lang-ce; Persian: Gayur-Khan; Russian: Каир-мек
References
- ^ https://chechenlaw.ru/?p=1509
- ^ a b c d Тизенгаузена, В.Г (1941). "Книга Побед" Шереф-ад-Дина Йезди, по переводу В.Г. Тизенгаузена. Soviet Union. pp. 180–184.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2007). Power, politics, and religion in Timurid Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 167.
- ^ a b Джанашвили, М.Г (1897). Описание Осетии, Дзурдзукии, Дидоэтии, Тушетии, Алании и Джикетии. Tbilisi: Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа.
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