Turner's eremomela
| Turner's eremomela | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Cisticolidae |
| Genus: | Eremomela |
| Species: | E. turneri
|
| Binomial name | |
| Eremomela turneri Van Someren, 1920
| |
Turner's eremomela (Eremomela turneri) is a species of bird formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage, but now placed in the family Cisticolidae.
It is found in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Taxonomy
[edit]Turner's eremomela is a member of the family Cisticolidae. This species was once considered conspecific with rufous-crowned eremomela, but was recognized as a separate species when areas of overlap between these taxa were discovered in the Congo Rainforest.[2]
Regional Variation
[edit]Two subspecies are currently recognized.
| Subspecies | Authority | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| E. t. turneri | van Someren, 1920 | Central Kenya (Kakamega and Nandi Forests)[3] |
| E. t. kalindei | Prigogine, 1958 | Central-Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo; one old specimen presumed to be this race from far western Uganda[2] |
The nominate E. t. turneri is named for Henry John Allen Turner, a settler in Kenya of British origin.[3] The western E. t. kalindei is named for Kalinde Musiko, a Congolese hunter who collected birds on behalf of Alexandre Prigogine and Musée du Congo belge.[2]
Description
[edit]Turner's eremomela is a small, discreet bird being only 9 centimetres long and weighting 6 to 9 grams. It does not exhibit a sexual dimorphism. All adults have pale grey underparts with the rear of the head, back and upper wings being darker grey. They are easily distinguishable by a bright rufous forehead which extends to the top of the head. Under their dark eye streak, they have a white throat and a dark band right underneath. Unlike the adults, juveniles are a duller olive-brown above and pale yellow below. They also do not have the rufous forehead or the throatband[3].
This species is very similar to the Rufous-crowned Eremomela, its former conspecific[4]. Turner's eremomela is smaller and has less rufous on the head.
Like most rainforest species, Turner's eremomela is shy and difficult to spot in the dense canopy. It is more easily heard: a series of very high “titititititititi”, followed by louder “si-si-chick” or “weet-su-sweet”[3].
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Found in several small patches of Central and East Africa, Turner's eremomela's distribution is quite patchy and not very well known. It is estimated they occupy only about 1 400 km2 in 11 to 20 distinct locations. In Kenya they are currently present in Kakamega and Nandi Forests, with the type specimen for this species collected in the Yala River, in western Kenya. This species is also found in the south-eastern corner of the equatorial forest belt in Central-Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo[5].
It is a sedentary species, it does not migrate between areas with the seasons. Therefore, it heavily relies on its current distribution and habitat for survival. However, its area of occupancy is continually declining[5].
Turner's eremomela occupies the canopy of large trees in lowland to mid-altitude forests[2]. In Kenya, the rainforest fragments they inhabit are between 1500 and 1700 meters of elevation. But in the Democratic Republic of Congo, these altitudes are lower. Overall, this species' elevation limits have been recorded to be from 470 meters to 1900 meters[5]. They are usually found in the open parts of the forest: clearings, edges, along streams and can live in isolated mature trees outside of the forest. However, it is sometimes also in the closed primary forest, more dense areas[3].
Conservation
[edit]Population status
[edit]From recent observations, the population of Turner's eremomela was estimated at around 14 000 birds in Nandi forest and another 4 300 in Kakamega forest. With abundance estimation, this would place the population at between 20 to 50 thousand individuals in total and around 13 000 to 34 000 mature individuals[6]. Although this number is important, it seems to be continually decreasing due to the threats this species' habitat faces, justifying its conservation status as near threatened[5].
Threats
[edit]The main threat to Turner's eremomela's population is a significant loss of habitat. Their native rainforests are destroyed by cultivation encroachment, illegal charcoal production, grazing and logging[7]. Especially in the species' stronghold, Nandi Forest, commercial logging is highly destructive. In addition, one of the species' favourite trees, Croton megalocarpus, is largely targeted by this illegal activity.[8]
Overall, non-timber crops, small-holder farming, livestock ranching and farming, and logging, wood harvesting are the main causes of the ongoing destruction of Turner's eremomela's habitat[5]. This restricts even more the already very small and patchy range of the species.
Conservation measures
[edit]A few conservation measures are in place to help Turner's eremomela and other threatened birds in these areas. The measures, of course, are focused on the habitat, the forests they inhabit. The northern part of Kakamega forest was designated as a national reserve. This makes it better protected and completely bans logging activities. Educating the local population on the importance of conservation work is crucial to ensure these efforts will be carried on by future generations. Thus, a small group of local guides have started educational programs around Kakamega and are working towards replicating them around Nandi forest.[5][8]
Other actions have been proposed to the same ends. They include more thorough and large scale protection of the forest patches this species lives in. A better study of the species, from its life history and ecology to actual, precise status and distribution would help understand its needs and inform useful measures[2]. Finally, efficiently enforcing the logging bans, especially on indigenous trees, present both and Kenya and Democratic Republic of Congo would be hugely beneficial to all remaining rainforest birds that need these pristine, undisturbed habitats[5].
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Eremomela turneri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22715064A154453539. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22715064A154453539.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Prigogine, Alexandre (1958). "The status of Eremomela turneri van Someren and the description of a new race from the Belgian Congo". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 78 (8): 146–148.
- ^ a b c d e Pearson, David; de Juana, Eduardo (2020). "Turner's Eremomela (Eremomela turneri), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.turere1.01.
- ^ "Turner's Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g "IUCU Redlist, Eremomela turneri (Turner's eremomela)".
- ^ Otieno, Nickson E.; Nalianya, Nicodemus; Chirchir, Shadrack; Mitei, Barnabus (April 2011). "Effect of habitat alteration on density and distribution of Turner's Eremomela Eremomela turneri in south Nandi forest, Kenya". Ibis. 153 (2): 436–437. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01112_2.x. ISSN 0019-1019.
- ^ Kagombe, J. 2015. North and South Nandi Forest forests strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 -2040. Kenya Forest Service, Nairobi.
- ^ a b Bennun, Leon A.; Njoroge, Peter (1999). Important bird areas in Kenya /. Nairobi: Nature Kenya, East Africa Natural History Society.
External links
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