View source for essere

{{also|èssere}}
==Afar==

===Pronunciation===
* {{aa-IPA|esseré}}

===Verb===
{{aa-verb}}

# {{lb|aa|transitive}} [[ask]]
#* {{RQ:aa:Qhuraan|1|5|Diggah nanu Ni Rabbow koo inkittosnaah Qibaada dibuk koo caglisna, nanu ni-caagiidah inkih cato koo '''esserra'''.|Our God, with strength we make you whole, only you we give [our] adoration, '''we''' as one '''ask''' you for help with our affairs.}}
# {{lb|aa|transitive}} [[visit]]

====Conjugation====
{{aa-conj/II|e|sse|r|ssé}}

===References===
* {{R:aa:Parker:1985|+}}

==Italian==

===Etymology===
{{root|it|ine-pro|*h₁es-|*bʰuH-|*steh₂-}}
{{inh+|it|la-eme|essere}}, from {{inh|it|la|sum|esse}}. The past participle {{m|it|stato}} is from {{inh|it|la|sto|stātus}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{it-pr|èssere<audio:It-essere.ogg>}}

===Verb===
{{it-verb|e\@}}

# {{lb|it|auxiliary|the non-perfect forms followed by a past participle, used to form composite (perfect) tenses of passive intransitive verbs and of their reflexive forms}} to have (done something); to [[be]] in the state of having (done something); ''See [[:Category:Italian verbs taking essere as auxiliary|Category:Italian verbs taking essere as auxiliary]].''
#: {{ux|it|'''Essendo''' partito e non '''essendo'''si ancora fermato, lui è tutt’ora in movimento.|'''Being''' started and not '''having''' stopped yet, he is still moving.|lit='''Being''' started and not '''having''' stopped yet, he is all now in movement.}}
#: {{ux|it|(io) sono<br/>(io) '''sono''' stato|I am<br/>I ('''have''') been}}
#: {{ux|it|(io) sto<br/>(io) '''sono''' stato|I stay<br/>I ('''have''') stayed}}
#: {{ux|it|(io) mi fermo<br/>(io) mi '''sono''' fermato|I stop me/myself<br/>I ('''have''') stopped myself}}
#: {{ux|it|(tu) ti fermi<br/>(tu) ti '''sei''' fermato|you stop yourself<br/>you ('''have''') stopped yourself}}
#: {{ux|it|(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa) si ferma<br/>(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa) si '''è''' fermato|he/she/it stops himself/herself/itself<br/>he/she/it ('''has''') stopped himself/herself/itself}}
#: {{ux|it|(noi) ci fermiamo<br/>(noi) ci '''siamo''' fermati|we stop ourselves<br/>we ('''have''') stopped ourselves}}
#: {{ux|it|(voi) vi fermate<br/>(voi) vi '''siete''' fermati|you stop yourselves<br/>you ('''have''') stopped yourselves}}
#: {{ux|it|(loro/essi/esse) si fermano<br/>(loro/essi/esse) si '''sono''' fermati|they stop themselves<br/>they ('''have''') stopped themselves}}
#: {{ux|it|accade<br/>'''è''' accaduto|it happens<br/>it ('''has''') happened}}
#: {{ux|it|(io) vado<br/>(io) '''sono''' andato|I go<br/>I ('''have''') gone}}
# {{lb|it|auxiliary|the non-perfect forms followed by a past participle, used to form composite (perfect) tenses of reflexive forms of transitive verbs}} to [[have]] (done something to oneself/oneselves); to [[be]] in the state of having (done something to oneself/oneselves); ''See [[:Category:Italian reflexive verbs|Category:Italian reflexive verbs]].''
#: {{uxi|it|Lui guardando verso lo specchio si '''era''' visto.|He, looking towards the mirror, ('''had''') seen himself.}}
#: {{ux|it|(io) mi ho<br/>(io) mi '''sono''' avuto|I have me/myself<br/>I ('''have''') had me/myself}}
#: {{ux|it|(io) mi faccio […]<br/>(io) mi '''sono''' fatto […]|I make myself [...]<br/>I ('''have''') made myself […]}}
# {{lb|it|auxiliary|both non-perfect and perfect forms followed by a past participle, used to form the passive forms of transitive verbs}} to [[be]] (done something); to [[be]] in the state of being (done something); ''See [[:Category:Italian transitive verbs|Category:Italian transitive verbs]].''
#: {{uxi|it|Lui '''è''' amato da lei.|He '''is''' loved by her.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Lei '''era stata''' amata da lui.|She '''had been''' loved by him.}}
#: {{ux|it|(io) avevo/possedevo<br/>(io) '''ero''' avuto/posseduto<br/>(io) '''ero stato''' avuto/posseduto|I owned/possessed<br/>I '''was''' owned/possessed<br/>I '''had been''' owned/possessed}}
#: {{ux|it|(io) amavo<br/>(io) '''ero''' amato<br/>(io) '''ero stato''' amato|I loved<br/>I '''was''' loved<br/>I '''had been''' loved}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|absolutive|as predicative verb|affirms the existence, the essence in itself, the pure act, without further determination}} to [[be]], to [[exist]] {{q|regionally, chiefly in Tuscany, can be found in the singular also when referring to plural subjects}}
#: {{syn|it|esistere}}
#: {{uxi|it|Dio '''è'''|God '''exists'''}}
#: {{uxi|it|ci '''sono''' varie specie di rose|there '''are''' various/many species of roses}}
#: {{uxi|it|discutere se vi '''siano''' il paradiso e l’inferno|discuss whether there '''is''' heaven and hell/heaven and hell '''exist'''}}
#: {{uxi|it|Ci '''sono''' molti laureati in legge.|There '''are''' many law graduates.}}
#* {{quote-book|it|chapter=1|title=CEI 2008 ({{w|it:Bibbia|Bibbia}})|trans-title={{w|Bible}}|genre={{w|religious text}}, {{w|creation myth}}|year=2008|url=https://www.bibbiaedu.it/CEI2008/at/Gen/1/?sel=1,3|origyear=c. 600 {{BCE}}|volume={{w|it:Genesi|Genesi}} [''{{w|Book of Genesis|Genesis}}'']|line=3|text=Dio disse: «'''Sia''' la luce!». E la luce '''fu'''.|t=God said: «'''Let there be''' light», and the light '''was'''.}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Dante Alighieri|chapter=[[s:it:Divina Commedia/Inferno/Canto III|III]]|title=Divina Commedia|trans-title=Divine Commedy|genre=allegorical-didactic {{w|poem}}, {{w|lyric poetry}}|year=1314 (volume), 1321 (full book)|volume=[[s:it:Divina Commedia/Inferno|Inferno]] [''hell'']|lines=7–8|text=Dinanzi a me non '''fuor''' cose create / se non etterne, […]|t=Before me '''existed''' not created things / if not eternal, […]|lit=Before me [there] '''were'''n’t created things / if not eternal, […]}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Dante Alighieri|chapter=[[s:it:Divina Commedia/Purgatorio/Canto XVI|XVI]]|title=Divina Commedia|trans-title=Divine Commedy|genre=allegorical-didactic {{w|poem}}|year=1316 (volume), 1321 (full book)|volume=[[s:it:Divina Commedia/Purgatorio|Purgatorio]] [''Purgatory'']|line=97|text=Le leggi [ci] '''son''', ma chi pon mano ad esse?|t=The laws '''exist''', but who put its hand on them?|lit=The laws '''are''' [there], but who put its hand on them?}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Alessandro Manzoni|chapter=[[s:it:I promessi sposi (1840)/Capitolo II|II]]|title=I Promessi Sposi|trans-title=The betrothed spouses|edition=3rd: ''la Quarantana'' [''the Forty'']|genre={{w|novel}}, {{w|historical fiction}}|year=1840|page=[[s:it:Pagina:I promessi sposi (1840).djvu/40|34]]|text=[…] “E poi c’'''è''' degli imbrogli” / “Degl’imbrogli? Che imbrogli ci può '''essere'''?” […]|t=[…] “And then there '''are''' some entanglements” / “Some entanglements? What entanglements may '''exist'''?” […]|lit=[…] “And then there '''is''' some cheats” / “Some cheats? What cheats may there '''be'''?” […]}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|also followed by [[presente]]}} to [[be]] ([[present]])
#: {{uxi|it|Il verbo “'''essere'''” '''è''' se stesso.|The verb “'''to be'''” '''is''' itself.}}
#: {{uxi|it|(L’)iddio '''è''' (presente) dappertutto.|(The) god '''is''' (present) everywhere.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Non c’'''erano''' persone lungo la strada.|There '''were''' no (present) people along the road.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''Siete''' già qui?|'''Are''' you already here?}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''Sono''' io in carne ed ossa|It'''’s''' me in person|lit=It'''’s''' me in meat and bones.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''Sono''' presente in carne ed ossa|I '''am''' present in person|lit=I '''am''' present in meat and bones.}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Annibale Caro|year=1507–1566|text=[…] fate che al mio ritorno la scena '''sia''' in essere […]|t=[…] let the scene '''be''' ready at my return […]}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:William Shakespeare|title={{w|it:Amleto|Amleto}}|trans-title={{w|Hamlet}}|genre={{w|Tragedy}}|year=1600–1602|section=atto III, scena V|trans-section=act III, scene V|line=1|text='''Essere''', o non '''essere''', questo '''è''' il dilemma: […]|t='''To be''', or not '''to be''', that '''is''' the problem: […]}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Francesco Redi|year=1626–1697|text=[…] le sue lettere '''son''' tutte in essere […]|t=[…] his letters '''are''' all in existence […]}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Giacomo Leopardi|chapter=[[s:it:Operette morali (Leopardi - Donati)/Dialogo di un Fisico e di un Metafisico|Dialogo di un fisico]] [[s:it:Operette morali/Dialogo di un fisico e di un metafisico|e di un metafisico]]|trans-chapter=Dialogue of a physicist and a metaphysician|title={{w|it:Operette morali|Operette morali}}|trans-title={{w|Small Moral Works|Moral operettas}}|genre=collection of {{w|philosophy|phylosophical}} {{w|novella}}s and {{w|dialogue}}s|year=14–19 May 1835|page=[[s:it:Pagina:Leopardi, Giacomo – Operette morali, 1928 – BEIC 1857808.djvu/72|66]]|text=[…] Ma se tu vuoi, prolungando la vita, giovare agli uomini veramente; trova un’arte per la quale '''sieno''' moltiplicate di numero e di gagliardia le sensazioni e le azioni loro. […]|t=[…] But if you want, prolonging life, to benefit men; find an art in which their sensations and actions '''are''' multiplied by number and vigor. […]|lit=[…] But if you want, prolonging life, to benefit men; find an art in which '''are''' multiplied by number and vigor, sensations and actions of them. […]}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Alessandro Manzoni|chapter=[[s:it:I promessi sposi (1840)/Capitolo XII|XII]]|title=I Promessi Sposi|trans-title=The bethroted spouses|edition=3rd: ''la Quarantana'' [''the Forty'']|genre={{w|novel}}, {{w|historical fiction}}|year=1840|page=[[s:it:Pagina:I promessi sposi (1840).djvu/257|251]]|text=[…] Spesso, in simili circostanze, l’annunzio d’una cosa la fa '''essere [presente]'''. […]|t=[…] Often, in similar circumstances, the announcement of a thing makes it '''present'''. […]|lit=[…] Often, in similar circumstances, the announcement of a thing makes it '''to be [present]'''. […]}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|also followed by {{l|it|vero}}}} to [[be]] [[true]]
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' (proprio) così|it '''is''' (just/exactly) that way}}
#: {{uxi|it|affermare ciò che (in realtà) non '''è (vero)'''|affirm what (in realty) '''is''' not '''(true)'''}}
#: {{uxi|it|non può '''essere (vero)'''|it can not '''be (true)'''}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|used to replace action verbs}} to [[be]]
#: {{uxi|it|'''ero stato''' io (a dare/fare qualcosa)|it '''had been''' me (who gave/did something)}} {{q|''which replace the clause ''l’avevo '''dato'''/'''fatto''' io}}
#: {{uxi|it|l’avevo '''dato'''/'''fatto''' io|it was '''given/done''' by me}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|impersonal|used to indicate a situation}} to [[be]]
#: {{uxi|it|oggi (c’)'''è''' bel tempo|today (the weather/it) '''is''' lovely}}
#: {{uxi|it|oggi (il clima) '''è''' freddo/caldo|today (the climate/it) '''is''' cold/hot}}
#: {{uxi|it|oggi (il cielo) '''è''' già buio|today (the sky/it) '''is''' already dark}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|impersonal|used to emphasize}} to [[be]]
#: {{uxi|it|'''È''' a te che mi rivolgo.|It '''is''' to you who I address (my speech).}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''È''' a te che rivolgo il mio discorso.|It '''is''' to you who I address my speech.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''È''' per questo che insisto.|It '''is''' for this reason that I insist.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''Quand’è''' che ci rivedremo?|'''When''' will we meet again?}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive}} to [[exist]]
#: {{syn|it|esistere|sussistere}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Dante Alighieri|quotee={{w|it:Publio Virgilio Marone|Virgilio}} [''{{w|Virgil}}'']|chapter=[[s:it:Divina Commedia/Inferno/Canto III|III]]|title=Divina Commedia|trans-title=Divine Commedy|genre=allegorical-didactic {{w|poem}}, {{w|lyric poetry}}|year=1314 (volume), 1321 (full book)|volume=[[s:it:Divina_Commedia/Inferno|Inferno]] [''Hell'']|lines=49–51|text=[…] Fama di loro il mondo '''esser''' non lassa; / misericordia e giustizia li sdegna: / non ragioniam di lor, ma guarda e passa.” […]|t=[…] Fame of them the world does not let '''exist'''; / mercy and justice disdains them: / do not reason about them, but look and pass.” […]|lit=[…] Fame of them the world does not allow '''to be'''; / mercy and justice disdains them: / do not reason about them, but look and pass.” […]}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive}} to [[be]], to [[consist]], to [[stay]], to [[lay]]
#: {{syn|it|consistere|stare}}
#: {{uxi|it|in questo '''è''' la difficoltà|the difficulty '''is'''/'''lies'''/'''consists''' in this}}
#: {{uxi|it|la vera felicità non '''è''' nel denaro|true happiness '''is''' not/'''does''' not '''consist''' in money}}
#: {{uxi|it|tutta la sua gioia '''è''' nel lavoro|all his joy '''is''' in (the) work}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive}} to [[live]]
#: {{syn|it|vivere}}
#: {{uxi|it|C’'''era''' una volta (ed ora non più) […]|(It '''lived''') once upon a time (and now no longer) […]|lit=It '''was''' once (and now no longer) […]}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Giovanni Boccaccio|chapter=[[s:it:Decameron/Giornata quinta|Giornata quinta]]|trans-chapter=Fifth day|title={{w|it:Decameron|Decameron}} or {{w|it:Decamerone|Decamerone}}|trans-title={{w|The Decameron}}|genre=collection of {{w|Novella}}s|year=1350–1353|section=[[s:it:Decameron/Giornata quinta/Novella nona|Novella nona]] [Ninth novella]|page=[[s:it:Pagina:Boccaccio - Decameron I.djvu/399|395]]|text=[…] Dovete adunque sapere che Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, il quale '''fu''' nella nostra cittá, e forse '''è''' ancora, uomo di grande e di reverenda autoritá ne’ di nostri, […]|t=[…] You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, who '''lived''' in our city, and maybe still '''lives''' there, '''was''', and maybe still '''is''', a man of great and reverend authority in our days […]|lit=[…] You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, who '''was''' in our city, and maybe still '''is''', a man of great and reverend authority in of our […]}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Alessandro Manzoni|title=s:it:Il cinque maggio|trans-title=The Fifth of May|genre={{w|poetry}}, {{w|ode}}|year=1821|line=1|page=[[s:it:Pagina:Opere varie (Manzoni).djvu/695|689]]|text=Ei '''fu'''. […]|t={{w|Napoleon|He}} '''lived'''. […]|lit=He '''was'''. […]}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive}} to [[have]] [[life]], to [[have]] [[origin]]
#: {{syn|it|[[avere]] [[vita]]|avere [[origine]]}}
#: {{uxi|it|Di dove '''siete'''?|From where '''are''' you?}}
#: {{uxi|it|Lui/Egli/Esso '''è''' di Milano/Napoli.|He '''was born'''/'''lives''' in Milan/Naples.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Lei/Ella/Essa '''è''' di Milano/Napoli.|She '''was born'''/'''lives''' in Milan/Naples.}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=[[w:Ugo Foscolo|Niccolò (Ugo) Foscolo]]; w:Ippolito Pindemonte; w:it:Giovanni Torti; w:Vincenzo Monti|chapter=[[s:it:Dei sepolcri (Bettoni 1808)/Dei Sepolcri|Carme di Ugo Foscolo]]|trans-chapter=Solemn Song of Ugo Foscolo|title={{w|it:Dei sepolcri|Dei Sepolcri}}|trans-title={{w|Dei sepolcri|Of the sepulchres}}|genre={{w|poetry}}|year=1808|lines=238–240|page=[[s:it:Pagina:Dei Sepolcri (Bettoni 1808).djvu/24|12]]|text=[…], ed a Giove diè Dárdano figlio / Onde '''fur''' Troja e Assáraco e i cinquanta / Talami e il regno della Giulia gente. […]|t=[…], and to Jove gave Dardanus his son / Where Troy and Assaracus '''were born''' and the fifty / Marriage beds and the kingdom of the Julia people. […]|lit=[…], and to [[Jove]] gave [[Dardanus]] his son / Where [[Troy]] and [[Assaracus]] '''were''' and the fifty / Thalamuses and the kingdom of the Julia people. […]}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive}} to [[occur]], to [[happen]], to [[take]] [[place]]
#: {{syn|it|avvenire|accadere}}
#: {{uxi|it|Cos’'''è stato'''?|What '''(has) happened'''?}}
#: {{uxi|it|Cosa '''sarà''' di noi?|What '''will happen'''/'''occur''' to us?}}
#: {{uxi|it|Quel che '''è stato''' '''è stato'''.|The thing which '''(has) happened''' it '''(has) happened'''.|lit=What '''(has) happened''' '''(has) happened'''.}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Ludovico Ariosto|chapter=[[s:it:Orlando furioso/Canto 1|Canto primo]]|trans-chapter=First song|title=Orlando furioso|trans-title=Furious Orlando|genre={{w|poetry}}, {{w|chivalric romance}}|year=1516|section=1|lines=2–4|text=[...], l’audaci imprese io canto, / che '''furo''' al tempo che passaro i Mori / d’Africa il mare, […]|t=[…], I sing the audacious enterprises, / which '''happened''' at the time the Moors / of Africa passed the sea, […]|lit=[…], the audacious enterpsrises I sing, / which were at the time the Moors / of Africa passed the sea, […]}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Guido Gozzano|chapter=Alle soglie|trans-chapter=On the thresholds|title=s:it:I colloqui|trans-title=The interviews|genre={{w|poetry}}|year=1911|section=[[s:it:I colloqui/Cocotte|Cocotte]]|lines=27–29|text=[…] Non amo che le cose / che potevano '''essere''' e non '''sono''' / '''state'''…. […]|t=[…] I do not like the things that / could '''happen''' but which '''did''' not / '''happened'''…. […]|lit=[…] I do not like that the things that / could '''be''' and '''did''' not / '''been'''…. […]}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|followed by [[in]], [[su]] or [[a]], or a locative adverb or phrase|also|figurative}} to [[be]] [[in]]/[[at]] [[a]] [[place]]; to [[be]] in a particular [[place]]/[[position]] compared to [[someone]]/[[something]] [[else]]
#: {{syn|it|stare}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in casa/nei campi/in ufficio|'''to be''' at home/in the fields/in the office}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' a casa/a scuola/a letto|'''to be''' at home/at school/in the bed}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' sulla strada di casa|'''to be''' on the way home}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' sul posto|'''to be''' on the spot}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' davanti a qualcuno/qualcosa|'''to be''' in front of someone/something}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' dietro a qualcuno/qualcosa|'''to be''' behind someone/something}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' sopra a qualcuno/qualcosa|'''to be''' over someone/something}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' sotto a qualcuno/qualcosa|'''to be''' under/below someone/something}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' dentro a qualcosa|'''to be''' inside something}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' fuori da qualcosa|'''to be''' outside something}}
#: {{uxi|it|la porta '''è''' lì|the door '''is''' there}}
#: {{uxi|it|la collina '''è''' a(d) ovest|the hill '''is''' to the west}}
#: {{uxi|it|(loro/essi/esse) '''erano''' tutti lì ad aspettarlo|they '''were''' all there waiting for him}}
#: {{uxi|it|quand’'''ero''' in collegio|when I '''was''' in college}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in compagnia di qualcuno|'''to be''' in someone’s company}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' fra/tra amici|'''to be''' among friends}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''Ero''' già '''stato''' in quella città.|I’'''ve''' (already) '''been''' to that city before.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Il nemico '''è''' alle porte.|The enemy '''is''' at the door(s).}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in guerra/pace|'''to be''' at war/peace}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' al sicuro|'''to be''' safe}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in pericolo|'''to be''' in danger}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' nei guai/pasticci|'''to be''' in trouble}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' nel vero|'''to be''' (in) true}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in colpa|'''to be''' at fault}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in errore|'''to be''' in error}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' all’oscuro di tutto|'''to be''' in the dark about everything}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' agli ordini di qualcuno|'''to be''' under someone’s orders}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' sotto il dominio di qualcuno|'''to be''' under someone’s domain}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' sotto la protezione di qualcuno|'''to be''' under someone’s protection}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in agonia|'''to be''' in agony}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in lutto|'''to be''' in mourning}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in simpatia/odio a qualcuno|'''to be''' in sympathy/have hatred for someone}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in/nella grazia di dio/Dio|'''to be''' in the grace of god/God}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in collera per qualcosa|'''to be''' angry at something}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in pena/ansia per qualcosa|'''to be''' worried/anxious about something}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|followed by {{l|it|''[[in]]'', ''[[su]]'' or ''[[a]]''}}, or a locative adverb or phrase}} to [[be]] [[in]]/[[at]] [[a]] [[place]], to [[come]] [[to]] a [[place]]; to [[be]] in/at a particular [[place]]/[[position]] compared to [[someone]]/[[something]] [[else]], to [[come]] to a particular [[place]]/[[position]] compared to [[someone]]/[[something]] [[else]]
#: {{syn|it|giungere|venire}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in/a casa/nei campi/in ufficio|'''to be''' at home/in the fields/in the office}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' a scuola/a tavola/a letto|'''to be''' at school/at the table/in bed}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' sulla via di/per casa/sul posto|'''to be''' on the way home/on the spot}}
#: {{uxi|it|quando '''saremo''' (arrivati) a casa|when we '''will have''' (arrived) at home}}
#: {{uxi|it|aspetta che '''sia''' vicino|wait for it to be/come close}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|also|figurative}} to [[be]] {{q|used in relation to the idea of motion}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in via (di arrivo)|'''to be''' on the way}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in via di partenza|'''to be''' in the start}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in cammino|'''to be''' on the way}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in viaggio|'''to be''' travelling/traveling}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in via di guarigione|'''to be''' on the mend}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' al principio/alla fine|'''to be''' at the beginning/end}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' avanti/indietro a fare qualcosa|'''to be''' ahead/back doing something}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' a buon punto a fare qualcosa|'''to be''' well advanced/on one’s way doing something}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' alla minestra/frutta|'''to be''' at the soup/fruit (time)}}
#: {{uxi|it|l’acqua '''è''' a bollore|the water '''is''' boiling}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''esser'''ci (quasi)|'''to be''' (almost) there}}
#: {{uxi|it|(noi) ci '''siamo''' quasi|we '''are''' almost there}}
#: {{uxi|it|coraggio, ci '''siamo''' quasi|courage, we '''are''' almost there}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive}} to [[be]] {{q|used in reference to time}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' presto/tardi|it '''is''' early/late}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Noi) '''siamo''' già a Natale.|We '''are''' already at Christmas.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' di cinque mesi|it '''is''' five months/five years old}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''era''' nato da cinque mesi|it '''was''' born five months ago}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' al quinto mese (di gravidanza)|it '''is''' in the fifth months (of pregnancy)}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''sono''' le nove|it'''’s''' nine o’clock}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' il tempo di agire|it'''’s''' time to act}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' primavera|It '''is''' spring}}
#: {{uxi|it|(noi) '''siamo''' in primavera|we '''are''' in spring}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Egli) '''è''' sulla quarantina|He '''is''' in his forties/He '''is''' about forty years old}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''È''' (da) un’ora (fa) che aspetto.|It'''’s''' (from) an hour (ago) that I’m here.}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Io) l’avevo incontrato quindici giorni '''or sono'''|I (had) met him fifteen days '''ago'''|lit=I him had met fifteen days '''now are'''.}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive}} to [[be]] {{q|used in reference to the spatial or temporal distance}}
#: {{syn|it|distare|mancare}}
#: {{uxi|it|Da qui al paese dovrebbero '''essere'''/'''esser'''ci almeno 6 miglia.|From here to the town there should '''be''' at least six miles.}}
#: {{uxi|it|C’'''è''' più di un’ora di cammino (ancora da percorrere)|there '''is''' more than an hour of walk (still to go)}}
#: {{uxi|it|Quanti giorni ci '''sono''' (ancora) per arrivare a Pasqua?|How many days '''are''' there (still) to get to Easter?}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|usually followed by the preposition ''{{l|it|di}}'' or a possessive adjective or pronoun}} to [[be]] (of)
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere di''' buon appetito|'''to be (of)''' good appetite}}
#: {{uxi|it|(esso/essa) '''è''' una persona '''di''' gusto|he/she '''is''' a person '''of''' taste}}
#: {{uxi|it|il fatto '''è di''' natura diversa|the fact '''is''' different in nature|lit=the fact '''is of''' different nature}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere di''' buon umore|'''to be in''' a good mood}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere d’'''aiuto|'''to be''' help'''ful'''|lit='''to be of''' help}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' utile/'''d’'''utilità|'''to be''' useful}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere di''' conforto|'''to be of''' comfort/consolation/support}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere di''' servizio|'''to be of''' service}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere di''' guardia|'''to be on''' guard}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere di''' turno|'''to be on''' duty}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere di''' giornata|'''to be of''' the day}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere de'''ll’opinione/'''de'''ll’avviso/'''de'''ll’idea (che)|'''to be of''' the opinion (that)}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere di''' ritorno|'''to be''' back|lit='''to be on''' return}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Dante Alighieri|chapter=[[s:it:Divina Commedia/Inferno/Canto IV|IV]]|title=Divina Commedia|trans-title=Divine Commedy|genre=allegorical-didactic {{w|poem}}, {{w|lyric poetry}}|year=1314 (volume), 1321 (full book)|volume=[[s:it:Divina_Commedia/Inferno|Inferno]] [''Hell'']|lines=16–18|text=[…] E io, che del color mi fui accorto, / dissi: “Come verrò, se tu paventi / che suoli al mio dubbiare '''esser''' conforto?”. […]|t=[…] And I, who has noticed the colo(u)r / I said: “How will I come, if you fear / that I have the habit to doubt '''be (of)''' comfort?”. […]|lit=[…] And I, who myself has noticed of the colo(u)r / I said: “How will I come, if you fear / that I have the habit to doubt '''be''' comfort?”. […]}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|usually followed by the preposition ''{{l|it|da}} + ''verb}} to [[be]] (to do something)
#: {{syn|it|dovere|doversi}}
#: {{uxi|it|c’'''è da''' spedire subito questo telegramma|This telegram must be sent immediately|lit=There '''is''' this telegram '''to''' be send immediately}}
#: {{uxi|it|C’'''è da''' attendere molto?|'''Is''' there much '''to''' wait for?}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Queste) non '''sono''' cose '''da''' dirsi.|These '''are''' not things '''to''' be said.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Non '''è da''' credere.|It '''is''' not '''to''' be believed.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''È da''' ancora (tutto) vedere.|It '''is''' still (everything) '''to''' be seen.}}
#: {{uxi|it|C’'''è da''' impazzire.|There '''is to''' become crazy.}}
#: {{uxi|it|C’'''è da''' mettersi le mani nei capelli.|lit=There '''is to''' put one’s hands in oneself/oneselves hair.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Ci '''sarebbe da''' guadagnare parecchio.|There '''would be''' a lot '''to''' gain.}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|usually followed by the preposition ''{{l|it|da}}''}} to [[be]] (from)
#: {{uxi|it|non '''è da''' tanto (tempo)|it '''is''' not '''from''' so long (time)}}
#: {{uxi|it|Non '''è da''' galantuomo/gentiluomo comportarsi così.|It '''is''' not a gentlemen'''’s''' behavio(u)r to do so.}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Dante Alighieri|chapter=[[s:it:Divina Commedia/Paradiso/Canto XXXIII|XXXIII]]|title=Divina Commedia|trans-title=Divine Commedy|genre=allegorical-didactic {{w|poem}}, {{w|epic poetry}}|year=1321 (volume and full book)|volume=[[s:it:Divina_Commedia/Paradiso|Paradiso]] [''Paradise'']|line=139|text=[…] Ma non '''eran da''' ciò le proprie penne: […]|t=[…] But their own pens '''were''' not '''from''' these […]|lit=[…] But their own feathers '''were''' not '''from''' these […]}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|followed by the preposition ''{{l|it|in}}''|by extension of the figurative use of the meaning 16|also|figurative}} to [[be]] (in)
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere in''' buon(o)/cattivo stato|'''to be in''' (a) good/bad condition(s)/state}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' male '''in''' arnese|'''to be''' bad '''in''' tools}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere in''' castigo/punizione|'''to be in''' punishment}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere in''' errore|'''to be in''' error}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere in''' vestaglia|'''to be in''' a robe}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere in''' pantofole|'''to be in''' slippers}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere in''' maniche di camicia|'''to be in''' shirt sleeves}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere in''' maniche corte/lunghe|'''to be in''' short/long sleeves}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere ne'''i panni di qualcuno|'''to be in''' someone’s shoes}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere in''' qualcuno|'''to be in''' someone}}
#: {{uxi|it|Se io '''fossi ne'''i tuoi panni.|If I '''were in''' your shoes, I would act differently.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Se io '''fossi in''' te.|If I '''were (in)''' you, I would act differently.}}
#: {{uxi|it|(non) '''essere in''' sé (stessi)|to '''be''' (not) '''in''' oneself/oneselves}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|followed by the preposition ''{{l|it|in}}''|also|figurative}} to [[be]] (in)
#: {{syn|it|[[stare]] (a/in)|[[dipendere]] (da)}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Io) farò tutto quanto '''è/sia in''' me.|I will do everything '''(is/be) in''' me.}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Io) farò tutto quanto '''è/sia ne'''i miei doveri.|I will do everything '''(is/be) in''' my duties.}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Noi) faremo tutto, per quant’'''è'''/quanto '''sia in''' noi.|We will do everything, as it '''(is/be) in''' us.}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Noi) faremo tutto, per quant’'''è'''/quanto '''sia ne'''lle nostre capacità.|We will do everything, as much as it '''(is/be) in''' our abilities.}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|followed by ''{{l|it|[[in]] [[grado]] [[di]]}} + ''verb|also|figurative}} to [[be able to]] (do something)
#: {{syn|it|[[sapere]]|[[potere]]|'''essere''' [[capace]] di}}
#: {{uxi|it|Io non '''sono in grado di''' risponderti.|I '''am''' not '''able to''' answer (to) you.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Loro non '''sono in grado di''' risponderti.|They '''are''' not '''able to''' answer (to) you.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Il ferito non '''era in grado di''' camminare.|The injured (man) '''was''' un'''able to''' walk.}}
#: {{uxi|it|L’uomo ferito non '''era in grado di''' camminare.|The injured man '''was''' un'''able to''' walk.}}
#: {{uxi|it|La (donna) ferita non '''era in grado di''' camminare.|The injured (woman) '''was''' un'''able to''' walk.}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|followed by ''{{l|it|a}}''|also|figurative}} to [[be]] (at)
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere a''' tavola|'''to be at''' the table|lit='''to be at''' table}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere a''' cavallo|'''to be on''' the horseback|lit='''to be at''' horse}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere a''' cavallo|to feel good|lit='''to be at''' horse}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere a''' spasso/passeggio|'''to be''' (out) '''for''' a walk}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere a'''lla disperazione|'''to be in''' despair}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere a'''lla fame|'''to be''' hungry}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere a'''l verde|'''to be''' without money|lit='''to be at''' green}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|preceded by a dative pronoun or pronominal phrase}} to [[have]]
#: {{syn|it|avere}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Giovanni Boccaccio|chapter=[[s:it:Decameron/Giornata prima|Giornata prima]]|trans-chapter=First day|title={{w|it:Decameron|Decameron}} or {{w|it:Decamerone|Decamerone}}|trans-title={{w|The Decameron}}|genre=collection of {{w|Novella}}s|year=1350–1353|section=[[s:it:Decameron/Giornata prima/Introduzione|Introduzione]] [Introduction]|page=[[s:it:Pagina:Boccaccio - Decameron I.djvu/24|20]]|
text=[…] E per ciò, acciò che noi per ischifiltá o per trascutaggine non cadessimo in quello di che noi per avventura per alcuna maniera volendo potremmo scampare, non so se a voi quello se ne parrá che a me ne parrebbe: io giudicherei ottimamente fatto che noi, sì come noi siamo, sì come molti innanzi a noi hanno fatto e fanno, di questa terra uscissimo, e fuggendo come la morte i disonesti esempli degli altri, onestamente a’ nostri luoghi in contado, de’ quali a ciascuna '''di noi è''' gran copia, ce n’andassimo a stare, e quivi quella festa, quell’allegrezza, quello piacere che noi potessimo, senza trapassare in alcuno atto il segno della ragione, prendessimo. […]|t=[…] And for these reason, to what we in disgust or neglect did not fall into what we as an adventure in some way wanting could escape, I do not know if for you it thinks that I think about it: I would judge excellently the fact that we, as we are, as many before us have made and currently do, we go out from this land, and escaping as the die from the dishonest examples, honestly to our places in the countryside, from which each '''of us''' (it) '''is''' a great copy, we went from there to stay, and there that feast, the joy, that pleasure that we could, without going beyond in any act the limit of reason, we took. […]|lit=[…] And for these reason, to what we, in disgust or neglect, did not fall into what we, as an adventure, for some way, wanting, could escape, I do not know if for you itself thinks about that I think about it: I would judge excellently fact that we, as we are, as many ahead to us have made and do, of this land we exit, and escaping as the die the dishonest examples of other, honestly to our places in the countryside, of which each '''of us''' it '''is''' a great copy, we went from there to stay, and there that feast, the joy, that pleasure that we could, without going beyond in any act the sign of reason, we took. […]}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|followed by the preposition ''{{l|it|a}}''|calque of the French use}} to [[be]] ([[given]]) to
#: {{uxi|it|La parola '''è''' (data) '''a'''l ministro.|The word '''is''' (given) '''to''' the minister.}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|followed by the preposition ''{{l|it|per}}''|also|figurative}} to [[be]] for
#: {{uxi|it|questo (pacco) '''è per''' te|this package '''is for''' you}}
#: {{uxi|it|questa non '''è''' roba '''per''' te|this '''is''' not (stuff) '''for''' you}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere per''' qualcuno|'''to be for''' someone}}
#: {{uxi|it|Io '''sono per''' chi supporta la mia causa.|I '''am for''' those who support the just cause.}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|followed by the preposition ''{{l|it|per}} + infinitive''|used to express a continous event which is near in the future|also|figurative}} to [[be]] ([[almost]]) {{q|+ [[-ing|gerund]]}}; to [[be]] [[going]] to {{q|+ infinitive}}
#: {{syn|it|[[stare]] [[quasi]] ''+ gerund''|q1=more common|[[stare]] [[per]] ''+ infinitive''|q2=more common}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Io) '''ero'''/stavo già '''per''' partire (per andare da qualche parte).|I '''was (almost)''' already leaving/starting (to go somewhere).}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Giacomo Leopardi|chapter=[[s:it:Canti (Leopardi - Donati)/XV. Il sogno|XV. Il sogno]]|trans-chapter=XV. The dream|title={{w|it:Canti (Giacomo Leopardi)|Canti}}|trans-title={{w|Canti (poetry collection)|Songs}}|genre={{w|poetry}} collection|year=1835|page=[[s:it:Canti (Leopardi - Donati).djvu/63|53]]|text=[…] Ma '''sei''' tu '''per''' lasciarmi un’altra volta? […]|t=[…] '''Are''' you going '''to''' leave me another time? […]|lit=[…] But '''are''' you '''to''' leave me another time? […]}}
# {{lb|it|followed by the prepositions {{l|it|''[[con]]'', ''[[su]]'' or ''[[tra]]''/''[[fra]]''}}, or the prepositional use of the adverb ''{{l|it|contro}}'', or of the adverbial phrase ''{{l|it|[[a]] [[favore]] [[di]]}}''}} to [[be]] with/against; to [[be]] on/over; to [[be]] between/among
#: {{uxi|it|Io '''sono con''' voi.|I '''am with''' you}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere contro''' la/'''a favore de'''lla guerra|'''to be against'''/'''in favor of''' the war}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere su'''lla bocca di tutti|'''to be on''' the everyone’s lips}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere su'''lle breccia|'''to be in''' the breach}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere tra'''/'''fra''' tanti|'''to be among'''/'''between''' others}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' (uno) '''tra'''/'''fra''' tanti|'''to be''' (one) '''among''' others}}
# {{lb|it|used to form prepositional phrases}} to [[be]]; to [[have]]
#: {{uxi|it|Quant’'''è''' (che costa) quest’orologio?|How much '''is'''/costs this watch?}}
#: {{uxi|it|Quant’'''è''' (che pesa/costa) questo cocomero/quest’anguria?|How much '''is''' heavy/costs this watermelon?}}
#: {{uxi|it|Quant’'''è''' (che pesa/costa) questo melone?|How much '''is''' heavy/costs this melon?}}
#: {{uxi|it|Cosa '''sarebbe''' a dire?|What '''would (be)''' that mean?}}
#: {{uxi|it|Vuol’essere un affare serio.|It wants '''to be''' a serious business.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Così sia.|So be it.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Allora che sia così.|So that '''be''' it.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Come se nulla '''fosse''' (accaduto).|As if nothing '''had''' happened.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''Sia''' così '''sia'''/'''che''' cosà.|'''Both''' in that way '''and''' in that other way.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''Sia che''' accada questo '''(sia) che''' accada quest’altro.|'''Either'''/'''Whatever if''' happen this '''and if''' happen that.}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Che) '''sia''' chi (si)/chiunque '''sia'''.|'''Be''' whoever it '''be'''.}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|copula|used to put a subject in relation with a predicate (an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, the infinitive form of a verb, an adverb, ...)}} to [[be]]
#: {{uxi|it|La neve '''è''' bianca.|The snow '''is''' white.}}
#: {{uxi|it|La neve bianca '''è''' qui/lì.|The white snow '''is''' here/there.}}
#: {{uxi|it|La neve bianca '''era stata''' qui/lì.|The white snow '''used to be''' here/there.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Carlo '''è''' un amico.|Charles '''is''' a friend.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Non so chi lui/egli/esso '''sia'''./Non so chi '''sia''' lui/egli/esso.|I don’t know who '''be''' he.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Questo non '''è''' vivere (bene).|This '''is''' not living (well).}}
#: {{uxi|it|Questo problema '''è''' difficile.|This problem '''is''' difficult.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Voglio fargli vedere chi '''sono''' (io/loro).|I want to show him/them who I '''am'''/they '''are'''.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Voglio mostrargli come '''sono'''/'''son''' fatto.|I want to show him/them how I '''am''' done.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Che '''è'''/Cos’'''è''' questo liquido?|What '''is''' that liquid?}}
#: {{uxi|it|Essente partito e non essendosi ancora fermato, lui '''è''' tutt’ora/ancora in movimento.|Being started and not having stopped yet, he '''is''' still moving.|lit=Being started and not having stopped yet, he '''is''' all now/'''is''' still in movement.}}
#: {{uxi|it|(Io) '''sono''' stanco/affamato/(am)malato.|I '''am''' tired/hungry/sick.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' seduto/seduta/seduti/sedute/a sedere|'''to be''' sitting}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' disteso/distesa/distesi/distese/sdraiato/sdraiata/sdraiati/sdraiate|'''to be''' lying (down)}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in piedi/in posizione eretta|'''to be''' standing}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' in ginocchio|'''to be''' on one's knees}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' genuflesso|'''to be''' genuflected}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' la metà/il doppio di ...|'''to be''' half/double of}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' primo|'''to be''' (the) first}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' il diciottesimo classificato|'''to be''' eighteenth ranked}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' (il) diciottesimo in classifica|'''to be''' eighteenth in the placings}}
#: {{uxi|it|Quanti '''siete''' (voi)?|How many '''are''' you?}}
#: {{uxi|it|Suo fratello '''è''' un professionista.|His brother '''is''' a professional.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Le tigri '''sono''' (dei) felini.|Tigers '''are''' felines.}}
#: {{uxi|it|«sedia» '''è''' un nome/sostantivo.|«chair» '''is''' a noun/substantive.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' bene tacere|it '''is''' good to be silent}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' meglio non parlarne|it '''is''' better to not speak about it/them}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' da più|'''to be''' for more}}
#: {{uxi|it|non '''essere''' da meno|'''to''' not '''be''' outdone}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' tutt’uno con qualcuno|'''to be''' (all in) one with someone|lit='''to be''' all one with someone}}
#: {{uxi|it|Quel bambino '''è''' tutto suo padre/papà/babbo.|That child '''is''' all his father/dad.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''essere''' tutt'orecchi/in ascolto|'''to be''' all ears/listening}}
#: {{uxi|it|Lo spettacolo '''sarà''' di grand’effetto|The show '''will be''' of great effect/impressive.}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' fama discussa/indiscussa/'''è''' di discussa/indiscussa fama|it '''is''' (of) disputed/undisputed fame}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' (una) voce comune che [...]|it '''is''' a common voice that [...]}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' d’uso comune/non comune|it '''is''' of common/uncommon use}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''è''' di tradizione (diffusa)/'''è''' di (diffusa) tradizione|it '''is''' of (widespread) tradition}}
# {{lb|it|intransitive|copula|used to put a subject in relation with a predicate (an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, the infinitive form of a verb, an adverb, ...)}} to [[be]]
#: {{syn|it|costituire|rappresentare|[[risolversi]] [[in]]}}
#: {{uxi|it|'''È''' un piacere vederti.|It '''is''' a pleasure to see you again.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Questo '''è''' niente.|This '''is''' nothing.}}
#: {{uxi|it|Per me '''è''' già molto.|For me it '''is''' already a lot.}}
#: {{uxi|it|L’impresa '''era stata'''/'''fu''' un disastro.|The activity '''was''' a disaster|lit=The company '''was''' a disaster.}}
#: {{uxi|it|L’attività '''era stata'''/'''fu''' un disastro.|The activity '''was''' a disaster}}
#: {{uxi|it|democrazia '''è''' libertà|democracy '''is''' freedom}}
#: {{uxi|it|volontà '''è''' potere|want '''is''' power}}
<ref name="essere1">{{R:it:Treccani|sense=1}}</ref>

====Usage notes====
* The present participle {{m|it|essente}} is very rare, and is usually replaced with {{m|it|stante}}, the present participle of {{m|it|stare}}, or with the present participles of its synonyms. Similarly the past participle {{m|it|essuto}} has disappeared, with {{m|it|stato}}, the past participle of {{m|it|stare}}, being used instead.<ref>[http://dizionari.hoepli.it/Dizionario_Italiano/parola/essuto.aspx?idD=1&Query=essuto&lettera=E]</ref>
* The verb [[essere]] (including all its forms) is the word that occurs most frequently in speech and the most necessary for the expression of thought. It differs from all other verbs because, in its absolute use, it does not ''determine'' the [[subject]], but only ''sets'' it as existing; used as a [[copula]] or as an [[auxiliary]], it only performs the function of introducing the [[nominal]] or [[verbal]] [[predicate]]; it is therefore never, strictly speaking, a true ''predicate''.<ref name="essere1"/>
* When stating an amount, for example amount of money to pay for a service, Italian, unlike English, uses the third plural {{m|it|sono}}, not third singular {{m|it|è}}. An example would be: "It will be €200”, which in Italian would read "Sono 200 €".

====Conjugation====
{{it-conj|e\@}}
'''Including lesser-used forms:'''
{{it-conj|essere<e\è\-,-,stàto:essùto[archaic]:sùto[archaic].
  presrow:sóno,sèi,è!,siàmo:sémo[archaic or regional],siéte:#siète:sète[archaic],sóno:ènno[archaic or regional]:èmmo[archaic].
  imperfrow:èro:èra[archaic or literary],èri,èra,eravàmo:eràmo[archaic]:èramo[archaic],eravàte:eràte[archaic],èrano.
  phisrow:fùi,fósti:fùsti[archaic],fù*,fùmmo,fóste:fùste[archaic],fùrono:fùro[archaic]:fóre[archaic]:fòro[archaic]:fuòro[archaic].
  futrow:sarò,sarài,sarà:fìa[archaic]:fìe[archaic],sarémo,saréte,sarànno:fìano[archaic]:fìeno[archaic].
  condrow:sarèi:sarìa[archaic]:fòra[archaic],sarésti,sarèbbe:sarìa[archaic]:fòra[archaic],sarémmo,saréste,sarèbbero:sarìano[archaic]:fòro[archaic].
  subrow:sìa,siàmo,siàte,sìano:sìeno[literary].
  impsub:fóssi:fùssi[archaic].
  improw:sìi,siàte.
  ger:essèndo:sèndo[archaic].
  presp:essènte[rare]:ènte[archaic]
>}}
* Truncated apocopic forms exist of many of the above forms:
{|class="wikitable"
! Form !! Inflection || Apocopic equivalent
|-
| {{m|it|essere|èssere}} || infinitive || {{m|it|esser|èsser}}
|-
| {{m|it|sono|sóno}} || 1st singular present indicative; 3rd plural present indicative || {{m|it|son|són}}
|-
| {{m|it|siamo|siàmo}} || 1st plural present indicative/subjunctive/imperative || {{m|it|siam|siàm}}
|-
| {{m|it|semo|sémo}} || archaic or regional 1st plural present indicative || {{m|it|sem|sém}}
|-
| {{m|it|enno|ènno}} || archaic or regional 3rd plural present indicative || {{m|it|en|èn}}
|-
| {{m|it|eravamo|eravàmo}} || 1st plural imperfect indicative || {{m|it|eravam|eravàm}}
|-
| {{m|it|eramo|eràmo}} || 1st plural imperfect indicative || {{m|it|eram|eràm}}<ref>[https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1400/280897]</ref>
|-
| {{m|it|erano|èrano}} || 3rd plural imperfect indicative || {{m|it|eran|èran}}
|-
| {{m|it|fummo|fùmmo}} || 1st plural past historic || {{m|it|fum|fùm}}
|-
| {{m|it|furono|fùrono}} || 3rd plural past historic || {{m|it|furon|fùron}}
|-
| {{m|it|furo|fùro}} || archaic 3rd plural past historic || {{m|it|fur|fùr}}
|-
| {{m|it|foro|fòro}} || archaic 3rd plural past historic || {{m|it|for|fòr}}
|-
| {{m|it|fuoro|fuòro}} || archaic 3rd plural past historic || {{m|it|fuor|fuòr}}
|-
| {{m|it|saremo|sarémo}} || 1st plural future || {{m|it|sarem|sarém}}
|-
| {{m|it|saranno|sarànno}} || 3rd plural future || {{m|it|saran|saràn}}
|-
| {{m|it|fiano|fìano}} || archaic 3rd plural future || {{m|it|fian|fìan}}
|-
| {{m|it|fieno|fìeno}} || archaic 3rd plural future || {{m|it|fien|fìen}}
|-
| {{m|it|siano|sìano}} || 3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative || {{m|it|sian|sìan}}
|-
| {{m|it|sieno|sìeno}} || literary 3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative || {{m|it|sien|sìen}}
|-
| {{m|it|fossimo|fóssimo}} || 1st plural imperfect subjunctive || {{m|it|fossim|fóssim}}
|}


====Derived terms====
* {{l|it|riessere|t=to be again}}
* {{l|it|[[essermi]]/[[essermelo]]|t=first-person singular reflexive/dative/accusative form}}
* {{l|it|esserci|t=first-person plural reflexive/dative/accusative form, third-person/impersonal strumental/locative/lative form}}/{{l|it|essercelo|t=first-person plural reflexive/dative/accusative form}}
* {{l|it|[[esserti]]/[[essertelo]]|t=second-person singular reflexive/dative/accusative form}}
* {{l|it|esservi|t=second-person plural reflexive/dative/accusative form, third-person/impersonal lative form}}/{{l|it|esservelo|t=second-person plural reflexive/accusative/dative form}}
* {{l|it|[[essersi]]/[[esserselo]]|t=impersonal/third-person reflexive form}}
* {{l|it|essergli|t=third-person masculine singular dative form, third-person plural dative form}}/{{l|it|esserglielo|t=third-person masculine singular accusative form, third-person plural dative form}}
* {{l|it|esserla|t=third-person feminine singular dative form}}/{{l|it|esserle|t=third-person plural feminine dative form, third-person singular feminine accusative form}}
* {{l|it|esserli|t=third-person plural masculine accusative form}}/{{l|it|esserlo|t=third-person masculine singular accusative form}}
* {{l|it|esserne|t=third-person/impersonal relative form}}

===Noun===
{{it-noun|m|dim=esserìno<q:informal>|end=esserùccio}}

# {{lb|it|uncountable|substantival use of the verbal voice|the condition of have life, reality, existence|the act of be living}} [[being]], [[living]]
#: {{syn|it|essenza|esistere|esistenza}}
#: {{uxi|it|l’'''essere''' ed il nulla|'''being''' and nothingness}}
# {{lb|it|countable|substantival use of the verbal voice|the condition of have life, reality, existence|the act of be living}} [[being]], [[living]]
#: {{syn|it|vivere|q=more common}}
#: {{uxi|it|passare dall’'''essere''' al non '''essere'''|to pass from the '''living''' to the non-'''living'''}}
#: {{uxi|it|scienza/problema dell’'''essere'''|science/problem of '''being'''}}
#: {{uxi|it|L’'''essere''' semplicissimo/Il semplicissimo '''essere'''|The very simple '''being'''}}
#: {{uxi|it|L’'''essere''' stesso/Il semplicissimo '''essere'''|The '''being''' itself}}
#: {{uxi|it|la totalità dell’'''essere'''|the totality of '''being'''}}
# {{lb|it|uncountable|substantival use of the verbal voice|the act/fact of exist|existence|life}} [[being]]
#: {{syn|it|esistenza|q1=countable|vita|q2=countable}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Giacomo Leopardi|chapter=[[s:it:Operette morali (Leopardi - Donati)/Dialogo di un Fisico e di un Metafisico|Dialogo di un fisico]] [[s:it:Operette morali/Dialogo di un fisico e di un metafisico|e di un metafisico]]|trans-chapter=Dialogue of a physicist and a metaphysician|title={{w|it:Operette morali|Operette morali}}|trans-title={{w|Small Moral Works|Moral operettas}}|genre=collection of {{w|philosophy|phylosophical}} {{w|novella}}s and {{w|dialogue}}s|year=14–19 May 1835|page=[[s:it:Pagina:Leopardi, Giacomo – Operette morali, 1928 – BEIC 1857808.djvu/72|66]]|text=[…] Nel qual modo, accrescerai propriamente la vita umana, ed empiendo quegli smisurati intervalli di tempo nei quali il nostro '''essere''' è piuttosto durare che vivere, ti potrai dar vanto di prolungarla. […]|t=[…] In this way, you will properly increase human life, and by filling up those immense intervals of time in which our '''being''' is rather lasting than living, you can boast of prolonging it. […]}}
# {{lb|it|uncountable|way of being, condition, state, in relation to intrinsic qualities and properties|usually accompanied by a determination}} [[being]]
#: {{syn|it|[[modo]] [[di]] [[essere]]|condizione|stato|essenza}}
#: {{uxi|it|conoscere una persona/una cosa/un fatto nel suo vero '''essere'''|to know a person/a thing/a fact in its true '''being'''}}
#: {{uxi|it|(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa/uno/una) gli domandò/chiese dell’'''esser''' suo|he/she/it/one asked him about his being.}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Niccolò Tommaseo|year=1802–1874|
text=[…] l’'''essere''' dell’uomo dista grandemente da quel delle bestie […]|t=[…] the '''being''' of the man is very far from that of the beasts […]}}
# {{lb|it|uncountable|in ancient phrases}} [[being]]; [[living]]; [[existence]]; [[condition]]
#: {{uxi|it|trovarsi in '''essere'''|to be in '''being'''/to be '''living'''|lit=to found oneself/oneselves in '''being'''}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Francesco Redi|year=1626–1697|text=[…] le sue lettere son tutte in '''essere''' […]|t=[…] his letters are all in '''existence''' […]}}
# {{lb|it|uncountable|in ancient phrases}} [[being]], [[condition]]
#: {{syn|it|condizione|q=countable}}
#: {{uxi|it|in buon/cattivo '''essere'''|in good/bad '''being'''/'''conditions'''}}
#: {{uxi|it|mobili/casa in cattivo '''essere'''|furniture/house/home in bad '''conditions'''}}
# {{lb|it|uncountable|in ancient phrases}} [[being]], in [[good]] [[condition]]s
#: {{syn|it|[[buone]] [[condizioni]]}}
#: {{uxi|it|mio nonno è sempre in '''essere'''|my grandad/grandfather is always in '''good conditions'''/'''healty'''/in '''prosperity'''}}
# {{lb|it|uncountable|in ancient phrases}} [[ready]]
#: {{syn|it|[[pronto]]|q=countable}}
#: {{uxi|it|avere '''in essere'''|to have '''ready'''}}
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Annibale Caro|year=1507–1566|text=[…] fate che al mio ritorno la scena sia in '''essere''' […]|t=[…] let the scene be '''ready''' at my return […]}}
# {{lb|it|uncountable|in ancient phrases}} [[place]], [[operation]]
#: {{syn|it|[[esercizio]]|q=uncountable}}
#: {{uxi|it|porre in '''essere'''|to put in '''place'''/into '''operation'''}}
# {{lb|it|uncountable|concrete}} [[being]]
#* {{quote-book|it|author=w:Dante Alighieri|chapter=[[s:it:Divina Commedia/Paradiso/Canto I|I]]|title=Divina Commedia|trans-title=Divine Commedy|genre=allegorical-didactic {{w|poem}}, {{w|epic poetry}}|year=1321 (volume and full book)|volume=[[s:it:Divina_Commedia/Paradiso|Paradiso]] [''Paradise'']|lines=110, 112–113|text=[…] Tutte nature […] si muovono a diversi porti / per lo gran mar de l’'''essere''' […]|t=[…] All natures […] move to different ports / via the great sea of '''being'''/'''god''' […]|lit=[…] All natures […] move themselves to different ports / via the great sea of '''being''' […]}}
# {{lb|it|countable|concrete}} [[being]], [[creature]]
#: {{uxi|it|È un '''essere''' spregevole.|it is a despicable '''being'''/'''creature'''.}}
# {{lb|it|countable|concrete|by extension}} [[living being]], [[creature]]
#: {{syn|it|essere vivente|creatura}}
#: {{uxi|it|Lo stesso '''essere (vivente)'''|The same '''(living) being'''/'''creature'''}}
# {{lb|it|uncountable|philosophy|followed by {{m|it|ci}}}} [[existence]]
#: {{syn|it|esistenza}}
#: {{uxi|it|l’'''esserci'''|the '''existence'''}}<ref name="essere2">{{R:it:Treccani|sense=2}}</ref>

====Derived terms====
* {{l|it|essere vivente|t=living being}}
* {{l|it|essere umano|t=human being}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|it|essenza|t=essence}}
* {{l|it|futuro|t=future}}

===References===
<references />

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|it|a=eeerss|eresse}}

==Latin==

===Verb===
{{head|la|verb form}} {{tlb|la|EML.}}

# {{altform|la|esse}}, {{inflection of|la|sum||pres|actv|inf|t=to be|nocap=1}}
#* Roman epitaph (uncertain date but after the 4th–5th c. AD)<ref>https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1201030367B</ref>
#*: {{quote|la|{{smc|omns·qvị[- - -]inhancavlamọ[- - -]/rationem·orateprmẹ/peccatoresid͞mabeatis/protectoremqviacod/estisfvi·etqvodsvm/'''essere'''abetisetsiqvis/sepresv̄seritcontra/hoctvmvlv̄mev̄biola/[- - -]ạbeāindeinqvisitio/[- - -]ṭetribvnald͞nin͞r͞i/[- - -]bivcatv̄cv̄/[- - -]irase}}|tr=omn[e]s quị ... in hanc aulam ... [o?]rationem orate pr[o] mẹ peccatore si d(eu)m [h]abeatis protectorem quia [qu]od estis fui et quod sum '''essere''' [h]abetis et si quis se pr[a]esu(m)[p]serit contra hoc tumulu(m) meu(m) [v]iola⟨re h⟩ạbea[t] inde inquisitio⟨nem an⟩ṭe tribunal d(omi)ni n(ost)ri ... ⟨sub?⟩iu[g?]atu(m) cu(m)...|t=All who... in this court... Pray for me, the sinner that I was, if you have God as your protector. For I once was what you are, and you will one day '''be''' what I am [''sc''. a corpse]. Should anyone dare desecrate this grave of mine, may he be judged for it before the tribunal of our Lord...}}
#* {{w|Lex Romana Curiensis|Lex Curiensis}} (8th c.)<ref>Meyer-Marthaler, Elisabeth. 1968. ''Römisches Recht in Rätien im frühen und hohen Mittelalter''. Zurich: Leemann. Page 114.</ref>
#*: {{quote|la|...tam de facultatem quam et de colonaria familia qui exinde causam cum altero habuerit infra annum prosequat cuius '''essere''' debeat...|t=...whose it ought '''to be'''...}}
#* {{w|Paul Albar|Alvarus}}' ''Confessio'' (mid-9th c. AD)<ref>Gil, Juan. 1973. ''Corpus scriptorum muzarabicorum''. Vol. I. Madrid: CSIC. Page 328.</ref>
#*: {{quote|la|Hic enim seritur quod illic metitur nec fas est credi illum lucifluum s''e''c''u''l''u''m pecca''n''tes recipere in quo tu eum sustinendo dignatus est abitare quem locum retributjonis iustitje '''essere''' uoluisti.|t=For here is sown what there is reaped, and it is impossible to believe that the brilliant world you have deigned to live in, and sustain, which you intended '''to be''' a place for the dispensing of justice, accepts sinners.}}
#* ''Cartulário de San Vicente de Oviedo'' n.ᵒ6 (AD 905)<ref>Cruz, Guilherme Braga da. 1979. ''Obras Esparsas''. Vol. 1. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora. Page 72.</ref>
#*: {{quote|la|Gundesalvus Nepotiani dum '''essere''' pausati in domo istius Gundefredi presentes fuimus.|t=I, Gundesalvus Nepotani, was present (as witness for the signing of this document) whilst '''being''' lodged at the home of this very same Gundefredus.}}

====Descendants====
{{see|la|sum}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

==Neapolitan==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|nap|la-eme|essere}}, from {{inh|nap|la|sum|esse}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nap|[ˈɛssərə]|a=Naples}}
* {{IPA|nap|[ˈɛssə]|a=numerous dialects}}

===Verb===
{{head|nap|verb}}

# to [[be]]

====See also====
* {{l|nap|stà}}

===References===
* {{R:roa:AIS|forme dell'infinito: dare, potere, volere, sapere, vedere, bere, venire, avere, essere; participio passato: bevuto|1701|place=713}}
* {{R:nap:VDN|essere}}

==Sardinian==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|sc|la-eme|essere}}, from {{inh|sc|la|sum|esse}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sc|/ˈessere/|[ˈɛs.sɛ.ɾɛ̆]}}

===Verb===
{{head|sc|verb}}

# {{lb|sc|intransitive}} to [[be]] {{gloss|to exist}}
#: {{ux|sc|Eo '''so''' su chi '''so'''|inline=1|I '''am''' who I '''am'''|lit=I am that which I am}}
# {{lb|sc|intransitive}} to [[be]] {{gloss|to occupy a place}}
#: {{ux|sc|'''Est''' in Tatari|inline=1|[He] is in Sassari}}

===Noun===
{{sc-noun|g=m|pl=esseres}}

# [[being]]
#: {{ux|sc|sos '''esseres''' umanos|inline=1|[the] human '''beings'''}}

==Tarantino==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|roa-tar|la-eme|essere}}, from {{inh|roa-tar|la|sum|esse}}.

===Verb===
{{head|roa-tar|verb}}

# {{lb|roa-tar|intransitive}} to [[be]]

====Usage notes====
* Not used as an auxiliary verb.

====Conjugation====
{{roa-tar-conj-essere}}