累

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See also: 纍
累 U+7D2F, 累
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D2F
← 紮
[U+7D2E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 細 →
[U+7D30]
累 U+F94F, 累
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F94F
← 漏
[U+F94E] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 縷 →
[U+F950]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
11 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
11 strokes

Han character

[edit]

累 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田女戈火 (WVIF), four-corner 60903, composition ⿱田糸)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 919, character 35
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27343
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1351, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3381, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+7D2F

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Characters in the same phonetic series (畾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
摞 *roːl, *roːls
騾 *roːl
螺 *roːl
蔂 *roːl, *rul
虆 *roːl, *rul
瘰 *roːlʔ
礌 *ruːl, *ruːls
雷 *ruːl
擂 *ruːl, *ruːls
攂 *ruːl, *ruːls
礧 *ruːll, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls
儡 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls
瓃 *ruːl, *rul, *ruls
櫑 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ
鑘 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ
鐳 *ruːl
畾 *ruːl
轠 *ruːl, *rulʔ
罍 *ruːl
蕾 *ruːlʔ
癗 *ruːlʔ
磥 *ruːlʔ
累 *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols
儽 *ruːls, *rul
樏 *rolʔ, *rul
鸓 *rul, *rulʔ
嫘 *rul
纍 *rul, *ruls
欙 *rul
纝 *rul
壘 *rulʔ
櫐 *rulʔ
蘽 *rulʔ
藟 *rulʔ
讄 *rulʔ

Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田).

Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸).

Etymology

[edit]

Various semantic fields can be distinguished:

“to add; to accumulate”
Related to 壘 (OC *rulʔ, “rampart; to build by piling rocks”), 厽 (OC *rolʔ), 絫 (OC *rolʔ) (Wang, 1982).
“to damage; exhausted; tired”
Related to 儽 (OC *ruːls, *rul, “tired”), 儡 (OC *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls, “to injure”) (Schuessler, 2007). It can be compared with Khmer រួយ (ruəy, “tired; exhausted”), Mizo rawih (“weak; worn out; broken down”), Tibetan རུལ (rul, “to decay; to rot”), འབྲུལ ('brul, “to fall; to come out”), ཧྲུལ་པོ (hrul po, “torn; ragged”), སྲུལ (srul, “(archaic) to rot; to decompose”) (ibid.).
“to bind; to wind around”
See 纍 (OC *rul, *ruls).

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
trad. 累/纍*
simp. 累
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 累 (累積)
Mandarin Beijing /lei²¹⁴/
Harbin /lei²¹³/
Tianjin /lei¹³/
Jinan /luei⁵⁵/
Qingdao /le⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /luei⁵³/
Xi'an /luei⁵³/
Xining /luɨ⁵³/
Yinchuan /luei⁵³/
Lanzhou /luei⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /luei⁵¹/
Wuhan /nei⁴²/
Chengdu /nuei⁵³/
Guiyang /nuei⁴²/
Kunming /luei⁵³/
Nanjing /luəi²¹²/
Hefei /le²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /luei⁵³/
Pingyao /luei⁵³/
Hohhot /luei⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /le²³/
Suzhou /le̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /lei⁵³/
Wenzhou /lai³⁵/
Hui Shexian /le³⁵/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /lei⁴¹/
Xiangtan /nəi⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /lui²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /lui⁴⁴/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²³/
Nanning /lui²⁴/
Hong Kong /løy²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lui⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /luɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ly²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /lui⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /lui²¹³/
Rime
Character 累
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 支 (12)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力委切
Baxter ljweX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/liuᴇX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lʷiɛX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ljuɛX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lwiə̆X/
Li
Rong 		/liueX/
Wang
Li 		/lǐweX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lwie̯X/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lěi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		leoi5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 累
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lěi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljweX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]ojʔ/
English accumulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 累
Reading # 2/3
No. 7733
Phonetic
component 		畾
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		絫
Old
Chinese 		/*rolʔ/
Notes 同絫

Definitions

[edit]

累

  1. to pile up; to heap up; to mount up; to accumulate
    積累／积累  ―  jīlěi  ―  to accumulate
    累計／累计  ―  lěijì  ―  to accumulate
  2. repeated; numerous; unremitting; continuous; persistent
    經年累月／经年累月  ―  jīngniánlěiyuè  ―  for years and years
  3. (obsolete) to repeat; to replicate; to overlap
  4. (obsolete) to add (to); to increase; to grow
  5. (obsolete) to amount (to); to sum up (to)
  6. (obsolete) Alternative form of 絫 (lěi, “ancient weight unit”)
  7. a surname

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
trad. 累/纍*
simp. 累
Note:
  • “To implicate”, “burden” and “to damage”:
    • lěi (Mainland standard, Taiwan variant);
    • lèi (Taiwan standard).
  • All other senses:
    • lèi.
Note:
  • lia6 - vernacular;
  • lei5 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 累 (連累)
    Mandarin Beijing /lei⁵¹/
    Harbin /lei⁵³/
    Tianjin /lei⁵³/
    Jinan /luei²¹/
    Qingdao /le⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /luei³¹²/
    Xi'an /luei⁰/
    Xining /luɨ⁵³/
    Yinchuan /luei¹³/
    Lanzhou /luei¹³/
    Ürümqi /luei²¹³/
    Wuhan /nei³⁵/
    Chengdu /nuei¹³/
    Guiyang /nuei²¹³/
    Kunming /luei²¹²/
    Nanjing /luəi⁴⁴/
    Hefei /le⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /luei⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /luei³⁵/
    Hohhot /luei⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /le²³/
    Suzhou /le̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /lei¹³/
    Wenzhou /lai³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /le²²/
    Tunxi /li¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /lei⁵⁵/
    /lei¹¹/
    Xiangtan /nəi²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /lui²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /lui⁵³/
    Taoyuan /lui⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²²/
    Nanning /lui²²/
    Hong Kong /løy²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lui²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /luɔi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ly⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /lui³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /lui³³/
    Rime
    Character 累
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 支 (12)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 良僞切
    Baxter ljweH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/liuᴇH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lʷiɛH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ljuɛH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lwiə̆H/
    Li
    Rong         		/liueH/
    Wang
    Li         		/lǐweH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/lwie̯H/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		leoi6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 累
    Reading # 3/3
    No. 7735
    Phonetic
    component         		畾
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		累
    Old
    Chinese         		/*rols/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    累

    1. to involve; to implicate; to embroil; to entangle; to hinder
      連累／连累  ―  liánlei  ―  to implicate
      累人累物 [Cantonese]  ―  leoi6 jan4 leoi6 mat6 [Jyutping]  ―  to bring burden on others
    2. (obsolete) burden; tribulation; affliction; problem
    3. (obsolete) to damage; to hurt; to do harm to; to stain; to sully
    4. (obsolete) to entrust; to delegate; to devolve
    5. to strain; to wear out; to cause to be tired
      別累著眼睛／别累着眼睛  ―  bié lèi zhe yǎnjīng  ―  Do not tire your eyes.
      1. to cause trouble to; to trouble (someone)
        真係唔好意思，累你白行一趟。 [Cantonese, trad.]
        真系唔好意思，累你白行一趟。 [Cantonese, simp.]
        zan1 hai6 m4 hou2 ji3 si1, leoi6 nei5 baak6 haang4 jat1 tong3. [Jyutping]
        I'm really sorry for making you come here for nothing.
    6. (obsolete) suffering; misery; harm; disaster
    7. (obsolete) fault; crime; slip; defect
    8. to work hard; to toil; to overwork
      我今天累了一整天。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      Wǒ jīntiān lèi le yī zhěng tiān. [Pinyin]
      I've been working hard all day today.
    9. tired; weary; fatigued; exhausted
      我很累。  ―  Wǒ hěn lèi.  ―  I'm tired.
      他會累得精疲力竭的。 [MSC, trad.]
      他会累得精疲力竭的。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā huì lèi dé jīngpílìjié de. [Pinyin]
      He'll wear himself out.
    10. (obsolete) wife and children; one's family
    11. (Changsha Xiang, polite) please; asking for help
      累你幫下忙囉。 [Xiang, trad.]
      累你帮下忙啰。 [Xiang, simp.]
      From: 1998, 鮑厚星 et al. (editors), 長沙方言詞典, page 66
      lia6 nyi3 ban1 ha5 man2 lo [Wiktionary]
      Please help.

    Synonyms

    [edit]
    • (tired):
    edit
    Dialectal synonyms of 累 (“tired”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 疲倦, 疲乏, 疲累, 疲憊, 疲勞
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 累, 乏
    Taiwan 累
    Malaysia 累
    Singapore 累
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 累, 乏
    Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 乏
    Xi'an 乏, 累
    Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 乏
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 累
    Wuhan 累
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 累, 痿
    Hefei 累
    Cantonese Guangzhou 攰
    Hong Kong 攰
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 攰
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 攰
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 攰
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 攰
    Macau 攰
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 攰
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 攰
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 疚
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 攰
    Foshan 攰
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 疚
    Foshan (Shunde) 攰
    Foshan (Sanshui) 疚攰
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 疚攰
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 疓
    Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 疓
    Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 疚, 攰
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 疚, 攰
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 疚
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 疚
    Taishan 疚, 攰, 疓
    Kaiping (Chikan) 疚, 攰
    Enping (Niujiang) 疚, 攰
    Heshan (Yayao) 疚算
    Dongguan 攰
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 攰
    Qingyuan 攰
    Fogang 攰
    Yingde (Hanguang) 攰
    Yangshan 攰
    Lianshan (Butian) 累
    Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 攰
    Shaoguan 攰
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 攰
    Renhua 攰
    Lechang 攰
    Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 攰
    Sihui 攰
    Guangning 攰
    Deqing 攰
    Huaiji 攰
    Fengkai (Nanfeng) 疓, 攰
    Yunfu 攰
    Xinxing 疓
    Luoding 攰
    Yunan (Pingtai) 攰
    Yangjiang 攰, 疓
    Xinyi 攰
    Lianjiang 攰
    Nanning 攰
    Wuzhou 攰
    Yulin 攰, 累
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 攰
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 攰
    Singapore (Guangfu) 攰
    Gan Nanchang 累
    Hakka Meixian 𤸁, 渴
    Xingning 𤸁
    Huidong (Daling) 𤸁
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 𤸁
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 𤸁
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 𤸁
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 𤸁
    Wengyuan 𤸁
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 𤸁
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 𤸁
    Liannan 𤸁
    Jiexi 渴
    Luhe 悿 Hetian, 渴 Xintian
    Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 悿
    Changting 累
    Wuping 𤸁
    Wuping (Yanqian) 𤸁
    Wuping (Pingyu) 𤸁
    Liancheng 𤸁
    Ninghua 累
    Ningdu 累
    Ruijin 𤸁
    Shangyou (Shexi) 𤸁
    Tonggu (Sandu) 累
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 𤸁, 悿
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 𤸁, 悿
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 悿
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 悿, 𤸁
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 悿
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 悿
    Hong Kong 𤸁
    Xinyi (Sihe) 𤸁
    Xinyi (Qianpai) 𤸁
    Gaozhou (Xindong) 𤸁
    Lianjiang (Shijiao) 𤸁
    Lianjiang (Qingping) 𤸁
    Mengshan (Xihe) 𤸁
    Luchuan 𤸁
    Senai (Huiyang) 𤸁
    Kuching (Hepo) 𤺪
    Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 渴
    Singkawang 渴
    Huizhou Jixi 吃力
    Jin Taiyuan 乏, 累
    Xinzhou 累
    Northern Min Jian'ou 累, 軟
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 弱
    Southern Min Xiamen 𤺪, 厭
    Quanzhou 𤺪, 厭
    Zhangzhou 𤺪, 厭
    Zhao'an 厭, 悿
    Taipei 悿
    Taipei (Wanhua) 悿, 𤺪
    New Taipei (Tamsui) 悿, 𤺪
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 悿
    New Taipei (Pingxi) 悿, 𤺪
    Kaohsiung 悿
    Kaohsiung (Cijin) 悿, 𤺪
    Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 悿
    Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 悿, 𤺪
    Kaohsiung (Tianliao) 悿
    Yilan 悿, 懶
    Yilan (Toucheng) 悿, 𤺪
    Changhua (Lukang) 悿
    Taichung 𤺪
    Taichung (Wuqi) 悿
    Tainan 悿, 𤺪
    Tainan (Anping) 悿, 𤺪
    Taitung 悿
    Hsinchu 悿, 𤺪
    Kinmen 悿
    Penghu (Magong) 悿, 𤺪
    Penghu (Xiyu) 悿, 𤺪
    Penang (Hokkien) 𤺪
    Singapore (Hokkien) 𤺪
    Manila (Hokkien) 𤺪
    Chaozhou 乏, 累
    Shantou 乏, 𤺪
    Shantou (Chenghai) 乏
    Jieyang 乏
    Haifeng 悿
    Bangkok (Teochew) 乏
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 乏
    Singapore (Teochew) 𤺪, 累, 乏
    Leizhou 乏
    Wenchang 乏
    Haikou 乏
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 瞓
    Wu Shanghai 吃力, 衰瘏
    Suzhou 吃力
    Hangzhou (Yuhang) 吃力
    Ningbo 着力, 吃力 rare
    Wenzhou 㾯, 吃力
    Xiang Changsha 傫
    Shuangfeng 鶴累

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Pronunciation 3

    [edit]
    trad. 累/纍*
    simp. 累
    Rime
    Character 累
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 支 (12)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 良僞切
    Baxter ljweH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/liuᴇH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lʷiɛH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ljuɛH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lwiə̆H/
    Li
    Rong         		/liueH/
    Wang
    Li         		/lǐweH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/lwie̯H/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		leoi6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 累
    Reading # 3/3
    No. 7735
    Phonetic
    component         		畾
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		累
    Old
    Chinese         		/*rols/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    累

    1. Used in 累贅／累赘 (léizhui, “cumbersome”).

    Pronunciation 4

    [edit]
    For pronunciation and definitions of 累 – see 纍 (“rope; to tie; bull in mating season”).
    (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 纍).
    Notes:

    Pronunciation 5

    [edit]
    simp. and trad.
    		 累

    Definitions

    [edit]

    累

    1. Only used in 謼遫累／呼遫累.

    Pronunciation 6

    [edit]
    simp. and trad.
    		 累

    Definitions

    [edit]

    累

    1. Only used in 肥累.

    Pronunciation 7

    [edit]
    For pronunciation and definitions of 累 – see 裸 (“bare; nude; naked; to undress; to strip”).
    (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as an ancient form of 裸).

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    累

    (Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 纍)

    1. accumulate

    Readings

    [edit]

    Korean

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]

    累 (eumhun 묶을 루 (mukkeul ru), word-initial (South Korea) 묶을 누 (mukkeul nu))

    1. hanja form? of 루/누 (“tired”)
    2. hanja form? of 루/누 (“implicate, involve”)
    3. hanja form? of 루/누 (“bother”)

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Chữ Hán

    [edit]

    累: Hán Nôm readings: lụy/luỵ, lủi, lũy/luỹ, mệt, luy, luệ

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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