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{{Ficha de atentado|parte_de=[[Guerra Israel-Gaza (2023-presente)|Guerra Israel-Gaza]] y [[Guerra libanesa-israelí (2023-presente)|Guerra libanesa-israelí]]|título=Bombardeo del ayuntamiento de Nabatieh|lugar=[[Nabatieh]] ([[Líbano]])|blanco=El edificio del ayuntamiento de la ciudad|fecha={{Fecha|16|10|2024}}|muertos=16|heridos=52|perpetrador=[[Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel]]|tipo=[[Ataque aéreo]], [[crimen de guerra]], [[masacre]]|armas=Varias bombas|hora=10.:15}}
{{Ficha de atentado|parte_de=[[Guerra Israel-Gaza (2023-presente)|Guerra Israel-Gaza]] y [[Guerra libanesa-israelí (2023-presente)|Guerra libanesa-israelí]]|título=Bombardeo del ayuntamiento de Nabatieh|lugar=[[Nabatieh]] ([[Líbano]])|blanco=El edificio del ayuntamiento de la ciudad|fecha={{Fecha|16|10|2024}}|muertos=16|heridos=52|perpetrador=[[Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel]]|tipo=[[Ataque aéreo]], [[crimen de guerra]], [[masacre]]|armas=Varias bombas|hora=10.:15}}


{{nihongo|'''''Gunka'''''|軍歌||{{Literal translation|military song}}}} is the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term for military music. While in standard use in Japan it applies both to Japanese songs and foreign songs such as "[[The Battle Hymn of the Republic]]", as an English language category it refers to songs produced by the [[Empire of Japan]] in between roughly 1877 and 1943.
El '''bombardeo del ayuntamiento de Nabatieh''' fue una serie de ataques aéreos llevados a cabo el 16 de octubre de 2024, por las [[Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel]] (FDI) contra el consejo municipal de la localidad de [[Nabatieh]] en el sur del [[Líbano]],<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-lebanon-gaza-hamas-10-16-24-intl-hnk/index.html?t=1729102601105 |título=Israel’s plan to strike Iran is ready, source says |fechaacceso=2024-10-16 |apellido=Stambaugh |nombre=Alex |fecha=2024-10-16 |sitioweb=CNN |idioma=en |last2=Magramo |first2=Kathleen |last3=Yeung |first3=Jessie |last4=Radford |first4=Antoinette}}</ref> matando al menos a dieciséis concejales y empleados municipales, incluido el alcalde, e hirieron a más de 52.<ref name=":1">{{Cita web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy43z81nnvlo |título=Lebanon: Mayor and 15 others killed in Israeli strike |fechaacceso=2024-10-16 |fecha=2024-10-16 |sitioweb=BBC |idioma=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cita noticia |título=Israeli strike hits municipal building in south Lebanon, mayor and five others killed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strike-rocks-beirut-suburbs-after-us-says-it-opposes-scope-air-assault-2024-10-16/ |fecha=2024-10-16 |fechaacceso=2024-10-16 |idioma=en |last=Bassam |first=Laila |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cita noticia |título=Israeli strike kills Lebanese mayor at meeting to coordinate aid deliveries |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/16/israeli-airstrike-kills-mayor-city-southern-lebanon |fecha=2024-10-16 |fechaacceso=2024-10-16 |issn=0261-3077 |idioma=en-GB |sitioweb=The Guardian |last=Christou |first=William}}</ref>


== Antecedentes ==
==History==
===Meiji Restoration period===
El 23 de septiembre de 2024, [[Ataques en Líbano de septiembre de 2024|Israel inició una serie de bombardeos]] contra posiciones de [[Hezbolá]] en el [[Líbano]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/24/israel-attacks-lebanon-live-global-calls-for-restraint-as-492-killed |título=Israel hits Beirut as death toll in Israeli attacks on Lebanon tops 550 |fechaacceso=2024-09-24 |apellido=Marsi |nombre=Federica |sitioweb=[[Al Jazeera]] |idioma=en}}</ref> Las [[Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel]] informaron que aviones israelíes atacaron 1600 posiciones de Hezbolá.<ref name=":52">{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-lebanon-hezbollah-e3ca9c83642056f962fdf76319e3b8de |título=Israeli strikes kill 492 in Lebanon's deadliest day of conflict since 2006 |fechaacceso=2024-09-24 |fecha=2024-09-23 |sitioweb=AP News |idioma=en}}</ref> Según el Ministerio de Salud libanés,<ref>{{Cita noticia |título=Live updates: Thousands flee homes in Lebanon as toll from Israeli strikes rises to 558, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/24/israel-lebanon-hezbollah-hamas-war-news-gaza/ |fecha=2024-09-24 |fechaacceso=2024-09-24 |periódico=Washington Post |idioma=en}}</ref> estos ataques mataron al menos a 558 personas (incluidos 50 niños, 94 mujeres y 4 médicos) e hirieron al menos a 1835.<ref name=":6">{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/24/israel-attacks-lebanon-live-global-calls-for-restraint-as-492-killed |título=Death toll in Israeli attacks on Lebanon rises: Health Ministry |fechaacceso=2024-09-24 |apellido=Marsi |nombre=Federica |fecha=2024-09-24 |sitioweb=Al Jazeera |idioma=en |cita=The death toll from Israeli attacks across Lebanon since Monday has risen to 558, including 50 children and 94 women, according to Lebanon’s Health Minister Firass Abiad. He added that at least 1,835 people were wounded in Israeli air raids that hit Beirut and southern Lebanon.}}</ref> Los ataques también provocaron que decenas de miles de civiles libaneses abandonaran sus hogares y huyeran al norte.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/9/24/tens-of-thousands-flee-israeli-bombardment-of-lebanon |título=Photos: Tens of thousands flee Israeli bombardment of Lebanon |fechaacceso=2024-09-24 |sitioweb=[[Al Jazeera]] |idioma=en}}</ref>
During the [[Meiji Restoration|Meiji Restoration Period]], Western composers and teachers taught Japanese people to write and make music in the [[Classical Music|Western classical tradition]]. [[March (music)|Military marches]] were adopted in Japan, as part of a trend of Western customs integrating into the [[Japanese culture]]. ''Gunka'' was one of the major Western-influenced musical forms that emerged in this period and were used to encourage patriotism in the post-restoration era.<ref name="jgunka">{{Cita web |url=https://mehter-gunka.weebly.com/japanese-gunka.html |título=The Japanese Gunka |fechaacceso=11 March 2021 |sitioweb=The Sound of War: Comparing Military Music from Japan and Turkey}}</ref>


===Empire of Japan ===
El 1 de octubre de 2024, las [[Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel]] (FDI) iniciaron una [[Invasión israelí del Líbano de 2024|ofensiva militar terrestre]] «selectiva y delimitada» en el sur del Líbano. La invasión forma parte de una escalada en el [[Guerra libanesa-israelí (2023-presente)|conflicto libanés-israelí en curso]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-israel-lanza-ofensiva-militar-terrestre-selectiva-sur-libano-20241001010303.html|título=Israel lanza una ofensiva militar terrestre "selectiva" en el sur de Líbano|fechaacceso=2024-10-01|apellido=Press|nombre=Europa|fecha=2024-10-01|sitioweb=www.europapress.es}}</ref> La ofensiva se enmarca en la llamada operación «Flechas del Norte», la campaña militar israelí contra objetivos de Hezbolá y se desarrollará «al mismo tiempo que los combates en Gaza y otras áreas».<ref name=":3">{{Cita web|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-ejercito-libano-niega-retirada-tropas-frontera-israel-habla-reposicionamiento-20241001104003.html|título=El Ejército de Líbano niega una retirada de tropas de la frontera con Israel y habla de "reposicionamiento"|fechaacceso=2024-10-01|fecha=2024-10-01|sitioweb=Europa Press}}</ref>
In 1871, Japan founded the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy band. During the late nineteenth century, Japanese conductors [[Japanization|japanized]] the band repertoire.<ref name="mclimon" /> In the period of [[Empire of Japan|imperialist expansion of Japan]] in Asia and the Pacific, ''gunka'' was used to glorify anyone that "fought" on the home front.<ref name="mclimon">{{cite thesis |last1=McClimon |first1=Sarah Jane |title=Music, politics and memory : Japanese military songs in war and peace |date=Dec 2011 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii at Manoa]] |location=[[Honolulu]] |hdl=10125/101482 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10125/101482 |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> Japanese ''gunka'' were consciously constructed to engender loyalty and warm feelings towards the nation.


In 1921, a disarmament agreement signed at the Washington Conference of 1921 obligated Japan to reduce its army during the [[Taishō Era]] (1912-1926) and the first years of [[Shōwa era|Shōwa]], which included the suspension of five of six army bands.<ref name="mclimon" /> As the Japanese Navy was not affected by the agreement, the Navy bands remained without problems.<ref name="mclimon" /> In this peace period, the main topic of ''gunkas'' was the importance of working hard, such as happened the songs "Battleship Duties" (''Kansen Kinmu'', by Setouguchi Tōkichi), and "Monday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Friday" (''Getsu Getsu Ka Sui Moku Kin Kin'', by Egucho Yoshi).<ref name="mclimon" />
En la noche del 16 al 17 de agosto de 2024, aviones de la Fuerza Aérea israelí [[Bombardeo de Nabatieh de agosto de 2024|atacaron un almacén en Nabatieh]], matando al menos a once personas e hiriendo a otras cuatro.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/17/at-least-six-killed-in-latest-israeli-strike-on-southern-lebanon |título=At least six killed in latest Israeli strike on Southern Lebanon |fechaacceso=2024-11-13 |fecha=2024-08-17 |sitioweb=[[Al Jazeera]] |idioma=en}}</ref>


Up until the surrender of the wartime Japanese [[government]] in 1945, ''gunka'' were taught in schools both in Japan proper and in the larger Empire. Some ''gunka'' songs derived from children songs called [[shōka (music)|''shōka'']].<ref name="mclimon" /> In 1893, the Japanese educator [[Isawa Shūji]] released the ''shōka'' public school song "Come, Soldiers, Come" (''Kitare ya Kitare''). This song became a melody in military marches, called "Defense of the Empire" (''Teikoku no Mamori'').<ref name="mclimon" /> Another ''gunka'' derived from a ''shōka'' was ''War Comrade'', released in 1905 and remains popular.<ref name="mclimon" /> The song talks about loyalty and friendship and advocated assisting a fellow soldier in battle, which was against the Japanese military code. For that reason, the song was banned during the Asia-Pacific War.<ref name="mclimon" /> ''Shōka'' songs "Lieutenant Hirose" (''Hirose Chūsa'', 1912), "The Meeting at Suishiying", (''Suishiei no Kaiken'', 1906) are other examples of public school songs that became part of the ''gunka'' repertory.<ref name="mclimon" />
El domingo 13 de octubre de 2024, varias personas murieron como consecuencia de los ataques aéreos israelíes contra el mercado de la época otomana de la ciudad. En el lugar del ataque se encontró restos de munición de fabricación estadounidense. <ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/19/nabatieh-israeli-attacks-airstrikes-lebanon-hezbollah|título=‘All of this is to displace people’: Nabatieh reels from Israeli attacks on Lebanon|fechaacceso=2024-11-13|autor=William Christou|fecha=2024-10-19|sitioweb=The Guardian|idioma=en}}</ref> Debido al incendio que provocó el ataque no se pudo determinar el número de heridos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/13/apocalyptic-israel-destroys-mosque-bombs-market-in-southern-lebanon |título=‘Apocalyptic’: Israel destroys mosque, bombs market in southern Lebanon |sitioweb=aljazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-lebanon-hezbollah-news-10-13-2024-a8cd5df3e2bb4ab08405a78251244bb2 |título=Israeli strikes kill a family of 8 in Gaza and destroy a century-old market in Lebanon |sitioweb=Associated Press}}</ref>


===Post-war period===
Nabatieh es una de las localidades libanesas más castigadas por la campaña de bombardeos israelíes iniciada a finales de septiembre.<ref name=":4" />
During the Occupation ''gunka'' performance was banned. However, the ban was lifted with the signing of the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] in 1952, and these ''gunka'' experienced a mild "boom" in the late 1960s, and by the early 1970s they had regained popularity in Japanese-controlled [[Micronesia]] and parts of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>Sugita 1972, iv-v</ref> A famous example of a Japanese ''gunka'' was the song "[[Sen'yū]]" written during the [[Russo-Japanese War]].


''Gunka'' were common in pachinko parlors and are still commonly played in karaoke bars and shrine gates.<ref name="mclimon" />
== Ataque aéreo ==
Israel llevó a cabo diez ataques aéreos contra la sede municipal de Nabatieh''',''' situado en el centro de la localidad, mientras el concejo municipal se encontraba reunido en el interior y coordinaba la ayuda para los civiles que se encontraban en la ciudad y los refugiados que habían huido de los bombardeos y de la invasión israelí del sur del país. El ataque aéreo mató al menos a dieciséis concejales y empleados municipales, incluido el alcalde de la localidad, Ahmad Kahil, e hirió al menos a otras 52 personas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> La gobernadora de la [[Gobernación de Nabatiye]], Howaida Turk, calificó el ataque de «masacre»<ref name=":4">{{Cita web|url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20241016/israel-mata-alcalde-nabatiyeh-bombardeo-sur-del-libano/16290003.shtml|título=Israel mata al alcalde de la localidad de Nabatiyeh en un bombardeo en el sur del Líbano que deja 16 muertos|fechaacceso=2024-11-14|fecha=2024-10-16|sitioweb=RTVE|idioma=es}}</ref> e informó que el número de muertos podría aumentar ya que todavía se están buscando entre los escombros.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cjwdx0y5nj9t?post=asset:881e6ef1-f1db-4276-b299-82456e1352cd#post |título=Israel Gaza Lebanon live updates: Israeli air strike hits Lebanese crisis meeting, killing mayor and five others |fechaacceso=2024-10-16 |sitioweb=BBC News |idioma=en-GB}}</ref>


==Characteristics==
Israel afirmó haber atacado «objetivos de Hezbolá», incluidos «edificios militares, cuarteles militares y depósitos de municiones», sin aportar ninguna prueba.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-air-strike-kills-mayor-nabatieh-official-meeting |título=Israeli air strike kills mayor of Nabatieh during official meeting |fechaacceso=2024-10-16 |fecha=2024-10-16 |sitioweb=Middle East Eye |idioma=en}}</ref>
Instruments of [[Western culture#Music|Western musical tradition]] are common in ''Gunka'' songs, such as [[trumpet]], [[trombone]], [[tuba]], [[timpani]], [[cymbal]]s, [[glockenspiel]], [[snare drum|snare]], and [[woodwind instruments]] as [[clarinet]], [[flute]] and [[piccolo]].<ref name="jgunka" />


Due to its origin in military marches, ''gunka'' has a [[Metre (music)|metre]] in four-four time. The most common [[Motif (music)|rhythmical motif]] is a music theme of six quarters and a triplet pair. ''Gunka'' marches are composed in a [[major tone]].<ref name="jgunka" />
== Reacciones ==
{{VT|Anexo:Reacciones internacionales a la Guerra Israel-Gaza (2023-presente)|l1=Reacciones internacionales a la Guerra Israel-Gaza}}


Fighting on the battlefield, sending a son to war, and waiting for a father's return were common topics in Japanese war songs.<ref name="mclimon" />
El primer ministro libanés, [[Najib Mikati]], condenó el ataque y dijo que «tenía como objetivo una reunión del consejo municipal para discutir la situación de los servicios y la ayuda en la ciudad».<ref name=":0" />


{{blockquote|Almost all early war songs were epics, in which the state of war was described in a concrete narrative form. As time went by, however, the motifs present in the war songs were narrowed down almost exclusively to the enhancement of hostility and morale ... on the basis of the fact that the single unit of recording time was three minutes.|''Gunka to Nipponjin'', quoted in Sugita 1972, 33}}
La Coordinadora Especial de las Naciones Unidas para el Líbano, [[Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert]], dijo que el sufrimiento de los civiles en el Líbano está alcanzando un nivel sin precedentes y destacó que «los civiles y la infraestructura civil deben estar protegidos en todo momento».<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/16/live-ten-killed-as-israel-hits-homes-healthcare-centre-in-lebanons-qana?update=3251217 |título=Israel kills Lebanon mayor in air attack on southern municipal offices |fechaacceso=2024-10-16 |apellido=Pietromarchi |nombre=Virginia |sitioweb=Al Jazeera |idioma=en |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid}}</ref>

== Véase también ==
* [[Ataques contra trabajadores e instalaciones sanitarias durante la guerra Israel-Gaza (2023-presente)|Ataques contra trabajadores e instalaciones sanitarias durante la guerra Israel-Gaza]]
* [[Ataques contra periodistas durante la guerra Israel-Gaza (2023-presente)|Ataques contra periodistas durante la guerra Israel-Gaza]]
* [[Crímenes de guerra en la guerra Israel-Gaza (2023-presente)|Crímenes de guerra en la guerra Israel-Gaza]]
* [[Víctimas de la guerra Israel-Gaza (2023-presente)|Víctimas de la guerra Israel-Gaza]]


== Referencias ==
== Referencias ==
{{listaref|2}}
{{listaref|2}}

==Bibliography==
* Satoshi Sugita (1972). "[http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=osu1170788993 Cherry blossoms and rising sun: a systematic and objective analysis of gunka (Japanese war songs) in five historical periods (1868-1945)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153318/http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=osu1170788993 |date=2011-07-16 }}". Dissertation submitted to Ohio State University.


== Enlaces externos ==
== Enlaces externos ==
* {{Traducido ref|en|Attack on Nabatieh municipal council|oldid=1252886287}}
* {{Traducido ref|en|Gunka|oldid=1252886287}}


{{Control de autoridades}}
{{Control de autoridades}}

Revisión del 10:07 15 nov 2024

Artículos para el Reto de los Monumentos (2021): Total artículos creados en el marco del desafío. DOS

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Hong Shen

Hong Shen
Información personal
Nombre nativo 洪深
Nacimiento 31 de diciembre de 1894
Wujin, Jiangsu (China)
Fallecimiento 29 de agosto de 1955 (60 años)
Pekín (China)
Causa de muerte Cáncer de pulmón
Nacionalidad China
Lengua materna chino
Información profesional
Ocupación Dramaturgo, director de cine, guionista y teórico del cine y el teatro
Años activo Siglo XX
Miembro de Liga de Escritores de Izquierda

Ouyang Yuqian (en chino simplificado, 欧阳予倩; May 12, 1889 – September 21, 1962) was a Chinese playwright, Peking opera actor and writer, film screenwriter and director, and drama educator. He is considered by drama historians as one of the three founders of the modern Chinese spoken drama, together with Tian Han and Hong Shen.[1]​ He was also one of the top Peking opera performers, regarded as a southern counterpart of Mei Lanfang.

Ouyang Yuqian was the founding president of the Central Academy of Drama from 1950 until his death in 1962. He also served as vice chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, vice chairman of the Chinese Dramatists Association, and chairman of the Chinese Dancers Association.[2]​

Names

Ouyang Yuqian's name at birth was Ouyang Liyuan (欧阳立袁), and his hao was Nanjie (南杰). He also used the stage names and pen names including Lanrong (兰容), Liansheng (莲笙), and Taohua Buyi'an Zhu (桃花不疑庵主).[2]​

Early life and education

Ouyang Yuqian born on 12 May 1889 into a wealthy and highly educated family in Liuyang, Hunan Province. His father was Ouyang Ligeng (en chino simplificado, 欧阳力耕), and mother Liu Yixia (en chino simplificado, 刘倚霞). His grandfather Ouyang Zhonghu (en chino simplificado, 欧阳中鹄) was a scholar who served as governor of Guilin Prefecture during the Qing dynasty.[2]​[3]​

When he was 15, Ouyang went to study in Japan.[4]​ He graduated from Seijo School (成城学校) in Tokyo, and then studied business at Meiji University and literature at Waseda University.[3]​ In 1906, Ouyang and other Chinese students in Japan co-founded the Spring Willow Society (春柳社, Chunliu She), which marked the beginning of modern Chinese theatre.[5]​

Career

Early career — Peking opera and drama

Ouyang Yuqian playing a female dan role in a Peking opera

He returned to China in 1911 and founded the New Play Comrade Society (en chino simplificado, 新剧同志会) with his Spring Willow colleague Lu Jingruo (陆镜若). They later established the Spring Willow Theatre in Shanghai, but it went out of business when Lu died in 1915.[2]​

In 1914, Ouyang Yuqian began to write and act in Peking operas. From 1914 to 1928, he wrote 18 operas, and directed and performed in 29. He also adapted more than 50 traditional stories into Peking opera, including many from the classic novel Dream of the Red Chamber.[2]​ His acting was so highly acclaimed that he was considered the southern counterpart of the master Mei Lanfang.[4]​[3]​ In 1918, he was invited by Zhang Jian to establish an actors' school and the Gengsu Theatre (en chino simplificado, 更俗剧场) in Nantong, Jiangsu.[2]​

Although a famous Peking opera performer, Ouyang was also active in promoting the "New Play" (spoken drama). He joined several New Play societies in the 1910s and co-founded several pioneering drama troupes, including the Masses Theatre Society, the Drama Cooperative Society (戏剧协社), and the Southern Drama Society.[5]​ During this period, he collaborated with like-minded dramatists and directors Hong Shen, Ying Yunwei, Zhang Shichuan, Zheng Zhengqiu, and Zhou Jianyun.[2]​[6]​ In 1922, he wrote the play After Returning Home (回家以后), considered one of the earliest satirical comedies in China.[1]​ In his 1928 play Pan Jinlian, he depicted Pan Jinlian, the archetypal femme fatale of classical Chinese culture, as a free-spirited woman victimized by a male-dominated traditional society.[7]​ He played the title role himself.[2]​

1920s and 1930s — film and drama

Ouyang Yuqian

After Zhang, Zheng, and Zhou started the Mingxing Film Company in 1922, they invited Ouyang Yuqian to join their studio, but Ouyang declined because, according to himself, he was earning a "substantial salary" as a Peking opera performer.[6]​ He did help out on several occasions, but at the same time wrote three films for the rival China Sun Motion Picture Company from 1926 to 1928. He acted in two of the three films, Why Not Her? (玉潔冰清) and A Wandering Songstress (天涯歌女), and directed the third, Three Years Later (三年以后).[2]​

In 1929, Ouyang Yuqian was invited by Chen Mingshu, chairman of Guangdong Province, to establish the Guangdong Drama Research Institute in Guangzhou. His political view turned increasingly left-wing, especially after the 1932 Japanese attack of Shanghai. He joined the Left-Wing Dramatist League in Guangzhou and participated in the first drama festival in the Soviet Union. In 1933, he joined Chen Mingshu's Fujian Rebellion, and was forced to escape to Japan after its failure.[2]​

After returning to Shanghai in 1934, Ouyang Yuqian joined Xinhua Film Company and wrote his first sound film New Peach Blossom Fan (新桃花扇).[2]​ In 1935, he joined Mingxing, by then one of the largest Chinese film studios, and helped the studio secure a crucial bank loan using his own family resources.[6]​ He made three films with Mingxing: Qingming Festival (清明时节), Xiao Lingzi (小玲子), and Red Haitang (海棠红).[2]​

Japanese invasion and Civil War

Ouyang Yuqian joined Lianhua Film Company in 1937. While he was shooting the film So Busy (如此繁华), the Empire of Japan launched a full-scale invasion of Shanghai, which destroyed most of the city's film studios. After Japan occupied the Chinese sections of Shanghai, Ouyang made several anti-Japanese plays in the Shanghai International Settlement, before fleeing to British Hong Kong, where he wrote the screenplay for the patriotic film Mulan Joins the Army.[2]​

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ouyang Yuqian spent most of his time in Guilin, Guangxi in southwest China, which was largely free from Japanese occupation. He studied Guilin opera and established a school for the art. He established Guangxi Provincial Art Museum in 1940, and an art theatre 1944. In 1944, he and Tian Han organized the First Southwest Opera Expo in Guilin, which lasted three months and attracted almost a thousand performers.[2]​

After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II, he returned to Shanghai in 1946 and served as the playwright-director of New China Drama Society (en chino simplificado, 新中国剧社). He also taught at Shanghai Experimental School of Drama. In January 1947, he led a delegation to perform in Taiwan, but had to leave when the February 28 Incident broken out. Because of the Chinese Civil War, Ouyang left again for Hong Kong, and worked as the screenwriter-director of Yonghua Film Company.[2]​

People's Republic of China

Ouyang Yuqian and Mei Lanfang in 1956

In March 1949, he was invited by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party to attend the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He was elected director of the Chinese National Opera Improvement Committee and a Standing Committee member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles.[2]​

Ouyang Yuqian became the founding president of Central Academy of Drama in April 1950. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1955. He also served as vice chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, vice chairman of the Chinese Dramatists Association, and chairman of the Chinese Dancers Association. He was a member of the first National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the first and second National People's Congress.[2]​

In his later years, he published several memoirs and books on film and drama theory, and a book on Tang dynasty dances. On 21 September 1962, Ouyang Yuqian died of an illness in Beijing.[2]​

Personal life

Ouyang Yuqian and wife Liu Yunqiu

Ouyang Yuqian married Liu Yunqiu (en chino simplificado, 刘韵秋), also known as Liu Wenqiu (en chino simplificado, 刘问秋), in 1906.[2]​ They had a daughter, Ouyang Jingru (en chino simplificado, 欧阳敬如; 13 September 1928–2013) and an adopted son Ouyang Shanzun (en chino simplificado, 欧阳山尊; 24 May 1914–2 July 2009), who was also a dramatist.

Véase también

Referencias

  1. ↑ a b Chen, 2014, p. 5.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r «Ouyang Yuqian (1889—1962)» (en chino). Ministry of Culture of China. Archivado desde el original el 4 March 2016. Consultado el 6 de mayo de 2015. 
  3. ↑ a b c People's Daily (en chino). 18 de agosto de 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20160204224455/http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2006-08/18/content_10175906.htm |archive-url= sin título (ayuda). Archivado desde el original el 4 de febrero de 2016. Consultado el 1 de mayo de 2015.  Parámetro desconocido |script-title= ignorado (ayuda); Parámetro desconocido |url-status= ignorado (ayuda)
  4. ↑ a b Cody, 2007, p. 1024.
  5. ↑ a b Huang, 2014, p. 123.
  6. ↑ a b c Huang, 2014, p. 124.
  7. ↑ Yeh, 2000, p. 273.

Bibliography

Enlaces externos



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Gunka (軍歌? Plantilla:Literal translation) is the Japanese term for military music. While in standard use in Japan it applies both to Japanese songs and foreign songs such as "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", as an English language category it refers to songs produced by the Empire of Japan in between roughly 1877 and 1943.

History

Meiji Restoration period

During the Meiji Restoration Period, Western composers and teachers taught Japanese people to write and make music in the Western classical tradition. Military marches were adopted in Japan, as part of a trend of Western customs integrating into the Japanese culture. Gunka was one of the major Western-influenced musical forms that emerged in this period and were used to encourage patriotism in the post-restoration era.[1]​

Empire of Japan

In 1871, Japan founded the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy band. During the late nineteenth century, Japanese conductors japanized the band repertoire.[2]​ In the period of imperialist expansion of Japan in Asia and the Pacific, gunka was used to glorify anyone that "fought" on the home front.[2]​ Japanese gunka were consciously constructed to engender loyalty and warm feelings towards the nation.

In 1921, a disarmament agreement signed at the Washington Conference of 1921 obligated Japan to reduce its army during the Taishō Era (1912-1926) and the first years of Shōwa, which included the suspension of five of six army bands.[2]​ As the Japanese Navy was not affected by the agreement, the Navy bands remained without problems.[2]​ In this peace period, the main topic of gunkas was the importance of working hard, such as happened the songs "Battleship Duties" (Kansen Kinmu, by Setouguchi Tōkichi), and "Monday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Friday" (Getsu Getsu Ka Sui Moku Kin Kin, by Egucho Yoshi).[2]​

Up until the surrender of the wartime Japanese government in 1945, gunka were taught in schools both in Japan proper and in the larger Empire. Some gunka songs derived from children songs called shōka.[2]​ In 1893, the Japanese educator Isawa Shūji released the shōka public school song "Come, Soldiers, Come" (Kitare ya Kitare). This song became a melody in military marches, called "Defense of the Empire" (Teikoku no Mamori).[2]​ Another gunka derived from a shōka was War Comrade, released in 1905 and remains popular.[2]​ The song talks about loyalty and friendship and advocated assisting a fellow soldier in battle, which was against the Japanese military code. For that reason, the song was banned during the Asia-Pacific War.[2]​ Shōka songs "Lieutenant Hirose" (Hirose Chūsa, 1912), "The Meeting at Suishiying", (Suishiei no Kaiken, 1906) are other examples of public school songs that became part of the gunka repertory.[2]​

Post-war period

During the Occupation gunka performance was banned. However, the ban was lifted with the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952, and these gunka experienced a mild "boom" in the late 1960s, and by the early 1970s they had regained popularity in Japanese-controlled Micronesia and parts of Southeast Asia.[3]​ A famous example of a Japanese gunka was the song "Sen'yū" written during the Russo-Japanese War.

Gunka were common in pachinko parlors and are still commonly played in karaoke bars and shrine gates.[2]​

Characteristics

Instruments of Western musical tradition are common in Gunka songs, such as trumpet, trombone, tuba, timpani, cymbals, glockenspiel, snare, and woodwind instruments as clarinet, flute and piccolo.[1]​

Due to its origin in military marches, gunka has a metre in four-four time. The most common rhythmical motif is a music theme of six quarters and a triplet pair. Gunka marches are composed in a major tone.[1]​

Fighting on the battlefield, sending a son to war, and waiting for a father's return were common topics in Japanese war songs.[2]​

Almost all early war songs were epics, in which the state of war was described in a concrete narrative form. As time went by, however, the motifs present in the war songs were narrowed down almost exclusively to the enhancement of hostility and morale ... on the basis of the fact that the single unit of recording time was three minutes.
Gunka to Nipponjin, quoted in Sugita 1972, 33

Referencias

  1. ↑ a b c «The Japanese Gunka». The Sound of War: Comparing Military Music from Japan and Turkey. Consultado el 11 March 2021. 
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l McClimon, Sarah Jane (Dec 2011). Music, politics and memory : Japanese military songs in war and peace (Tesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/101482. Consultado el 11 March 2021. 
  3. ↑ Sugita 1972, iv-v

Bibliography

Enlaces externos


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