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Diplostraca

Revisión feita o 2 de xaneiro de 2022 ás 17:44 por Miguelferig (conversa | contribucións)
Diplostraca
Rango fósil: Xurásico-Actualidade
Clasificación científica
Reino: Animalia
Filo: Arthropoda
subfilo = Crustacea
Clase: Branchiopoda
Subclase: Phyllopoda
Superorde: Diplostraca
Latreille, 1829
Ordes[1]
Sinonimia[1]
  • Cladocera Latreille, 1829
  • Eucladocera (non hai probas para agrupar todos os outros cladóceros como un taxon irmán dos monotípicos Haplopoda (Leptodora))

Os Diplostraca (diplostracos) ou Cladocera (cladóceros[2]), xeralmente chamados pulgas de auga[2], son unha superorde de pequenos crustáceos que se alimentan de partículas diminutas de materia orgánica (hai tamén algunhas formas predadoras).[1] .[3] The part of the head which projects in front of the first antennae is known as the rostrum or "beak".[3]

The mouthparts are small, and consist of an unpaired labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and an unpaired labium.[3] They are used to eat "organic detritus of all kinds" and bacteria.[3]

The thorax bears five or six pairs of lobed, leaf-like appendages, each with numerous hairs or setae.[3] Carbon dioxide is lost, and oxygen taken up, through the body surface.[3]

Lifecycle

 
A cladocera giving birth (100x magnification)

With the exception of a few purely asexual species, the lifecycle of diplostracans is dominated by asexual reproduction, with occasional periods of sexual reproduction; this is known as cyclical parthenogenesis.[4] When conditions are favourable, reproduction occurs by parthenogenesis for several generations, producing only female clones. As the conditions deteriorate, males are produced, and sexual reproduction occurs. This results in the production of long-lasting dormant eggs. These ephippial eggs can be transported over land by wind, and hatch when they reach favourable conditions, allowing many species to have very wide – even cosmopolitan – distributions.[3]

Evolutionary history

Diplostraca are nested within the clam shrimp, being most closely related to the order Cyclestherida, the only living genus of which is Cyclestheria. Though several fossils from the Paleozoic have been claimed to represent fossils of diplostracans, none of these records can be confirmed. The oldest confirmed records of diplostracans are from the Early Jurassic of Asia. Fossils from the Jurassic are assignable to modern as well as extinct groups, indicating that the intiial radiation of the group occurred prior to the beginning of the Jurassic, likely during the late Paleozoic.[5]

Ecology

 
Evadne spinifera, one of very few marine diplostracan species

Most diplostracan species live in fresh water and other inland water bodies, with only eight species being truly oceanic.[6] The marine species are all in the family Podonidae, except for the genus Penilia.[6] Some diplostracans inhabit leaf litter.[7] -->

Taxonomía

 
Daphnia magna

Segundo o World Registry of Marine Species (WORMS), Cladocera é sinónimo do superorde Diplostraca, que está incluído na clase Branchiopoda. Ámbolos nomes están actualmente en uso. O superorde forma un grupo monofilético de 7 ordes, unhas 24 familias e máis de 11.000 especies (crese que moitas máis están aínda sen describir).[1][8] Só o xénero Daphnia xa contén máis de 150 especies.[4]

As seguintes familias están recoñecidas:[1]

Superordr Diplostraca Gerstaecker, 1866 (=Cladocera)

Orde Anomopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
Familia Acantholeberidae Smirnov, 1976
Familia Bosminidae Baird, 1845
Familia Chydoridae Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894
Familia Daphniidae Straus, 1820[9]
Familia Dumontiidae Santos-Flores & Dodson, 2003
Familia Eurycercidae Kurz, 1875
Familia Gondwanothrichidae Van Damme, Shiel & Dumont, 2007[10][11]
Familia Ilyocryptidae Smirnov, 1976
Familia Macrothricidae Norman & Brady, 1867
Familia Moinidae Goulden, 1968
Familia Ophryoxidae Smirnov, 1976
Orde Ctenopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
Familia Holopediidae G.O. Sars, 1865
Familia Pseudopenilidae Korovchinsky & Sergeeva, 2008
Familia Sididae Baird, 1850
Orde Cyclestherida Sars G.O., 1899
Familia Cyclestheriidae Sars G.O., 1899
Orde Haplopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
Familia Leptodoridae Lilljeborg, 1861
Orde Laevicaudata Linder, 1945
Familia Lynceidae Stebbing, 1902
Orde Onychopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
Familia Cercopagididae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968
Familia Podonidae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968
Familia Polyphemidae Baird, 1845
Orde Spinicaudata Linder, 1945
Familia Cyzicidae Stebbing, 1910
Familia Eocyzicidae Schwentner, et al., 2020
Familia Leptestheriidae Daday, 1913: 44
Familia Limnadiidae Burmeister, 1843

Etimoloxía

A palabra "Cladocera" deriva das raíces gregas κλάδος, kládos, 'rama' e κέρας, kéras, 'corno').[12]

Notas

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 WoRMS (2021). Diplostraca. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=155670 on 2021-11-23
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para cladóceros.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Douglas Grant Smith; Kirstern Work (2001). "Cladoceran Branchiopoda (water fleas)". En Douglas Grant Smith. Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 453–488. ISBN 978-0-471-35837-4. 
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Ellen Decaestecker; Luc De Meester; Joachim Mergaey (2009). "Cyclical parthenogeness in Daphnia: sexual versus asexual reproduction". En Isa Schön; Koen Martens; Peter van Dijk. Lost Sex: The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis. Springer. pp. 295–316. ISBN 978-90-481-2769-6. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2770-2_15. 
  5. ↑ Van Damme, Kay; Kotov, Alexey A. (December 2016). "The fossil record of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): Evidence and hypotheses". Earth-Science Reviews (en inglés) 163: 162–189. Bibcode:2016ESRv..163..162V. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.10.009. 
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Denton Belk (2007). "Branchiopoda". En Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton. The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon (4th ed.). University of California Press. pp. 414–417. ISBN 978-0-520-23939-5. 
  7. ↑ Rubbo, Michael J.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. (2004). "Leaf litter composition and community structure: translating regional species changes into local dynamics". Ecology 85 (9): 2519–2525. doi:10.1890/03-0653. 
  8. ↑ L. Forró; N. M. Korovchinsky; A. A. Kotov; A. Petrusek (2008). "Global diversity of cladocerans (Cladocera; Crustacea) in freshwater" (PDF). Hydrobiologia 595 (1): 177–184. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9013-5.  doi 10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_19
  9. ↑ Norambuena, Juan-Alejandro; Farías, Jorge; De los Ríos, Patricio (2019-12-05). "The water flea Daphnia pulex (Cladocera, Daphniidae), a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems". Crustaceana 92 (11–12): 1415–1426. ISSN 0011-216X. doi:10.1163/15685403-00003948.  Parámetro descoñecido |s2cid= ignorado (Axuda)
  10. ↑ K. Van Damme; R. J. Shiel; H. J. Dumont (2007). "Notothrix halsei gen. n., sp. n., representative of a new family of freshwater cladocerans (Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) from SW Australia, with a discussion of ancestral traits and a preliminary molecular phylogeny of the order". Zoologica Scripta 36 (5): 465–487. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00292.x.  Parámetro descoñecido |s2cid= ignorado (Axuda)
  11. ↑ K. Van Damme; R. J. Shiel; H. J. Dumont (2007). "Gondwanotrichidae nom. nov. pro Nototrichidae Van Damme, Shiel & Dumont, 2007". Zoologica Scripta 36 (5): 623. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00304.x.  Parámetro descoñecido |s2cid= ignorado (Axuda); Parámetro descoñecido |doi-access= ignorado (Axuda)
  12. ↑ Modelo:Cite dictionary
  • Brusca, R.C.; Brusca, G.J. (1990). Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA (USA). ISBN 0-87893-098-1. 922 pp
  • Martin, J.W., & Davis, G.E. (2001). An updated classification of the recent Crustacea. Science Series, 39. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles, CA (USA). 124 pp.
  • Norambuena, J., J. Farías & P. De los Ríos. (2019). he water flea Daphnia pulex (Cladocera, Daphniidae), a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems. Crustaceana, (11-12): 1415-1426.

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