Al'adar nau'ikan abincin afrika

Al'adar nau'ikan abincin afrika
	aspect in a geographic region (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	cuisine (en)
Al'ada	Al'adun Afirka
Indigenous to (en)	Afirka
Nada jerin	list of African cuisines (en)

A al'adance, nau'ikan abinci daban-daban na Afirka suna amfani da hada shuka da iri, kuma galibi ba sa shigo da abinci daga waje. A wasu sassa na nahiyar, abincin gargajiya yana nuna yawan kayan tushen tube,

.

Afirka ta Tsakiya, Gabashin Afirka, Arewacin Afirka, Kudancin Afirka da Afirka ta Yamma kowanne yana da jita-jita daban-daban, dabarun shirye-shirye, da abubuwan amfani.

Tarihi

Tushen abincin Afirka ya kuma samo dubban shekaru, zuwa zamanin Bronze a Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, lokacin da wayewar farko ta fara samuwa, noman hatsi irin su sha'ir da alkama. An haɗa wani ɓangare na Afirka a cikin Crescent mai Haihuwa, kuma Masarawa na dā sun fara haɓaka aikin noma a wannan yanki. Dabbobi irin su jakuna da tumaki suma ana zaman gida ne, kuma noma ya yadu zuwa Arewa, Gabas da Yammacin Afirka, kuma duk da cewa galibin kabilun suna rayuwa cikin saukin abincin mafarauci.

An kuma bullo da abubuwa da yawa daga baya lokacin da Turawa suka yi wa Afirka mulkin mallaka. Abincin da ke da mahimmanci a yanzu a cikin abincin Afirka kamar masara da dankali ba a samo su a nan ba sai karni na 19. ^[1]

Afirka ta Tsakiya

Afirka ta tsakiya ta taso daga tsaunin Tibesti da ke arewa zuwa babban dajin dajin kogin Kongo, da tsaunukan Kivu da savannah na Katanga.

Wannan yanki ya sami tasirin dafa abinci na Swahilis (al'adar da ta samo asali ta hanyar haɗin Bantu, Yemeni, Omani da al'adun Indiya) kuma a lokacin cinikin bayi na sahara . Ana iya samun tasirin dafa abinci na Swahili a cikin jita-jita kamar: mandazi, shinkafa pilaf, kachumbari, sambusa, kuku paka, da sauransu.

Har ila yau, ƴan ƙasar Portugal, ta hanyar Masarautar Kongo da Ndongo sun rinjayi abincin Afirka ta Tsakiya. Sannan An gabatar da kifin gishiri ne bayan ciniki a ƙarshen karni na 17, kuma kalmar Kikongo na kifi gishiri, makayabu, ya fito ne daga kalmar bacalhau (ba-cal-ha-u). ^[2]

Tasirin kayan abinci na Portuguese ya shahara musamman a Angola, Sao Tomé da Equatorial Guinea. Afirka ta tsakiya kuma abincin yankunan Gabas, Yamma da Kudancin Afirka sun yi tasiri saboda kusancinsu, misali babuté / bobotie suna raba kudanci, nyama choma da gabas da gombos da yammacin Afirka. Babban sinadaran sune plantain, rogo, shinkafa, kwanga ( dumpling rogo) da dawa. Fufu -kamar sitaci abinci yawanci ana yin su ne daga tushen rogo da aka haɗe, amma kuma ana iya yin su da plantain, masara da dawa. Kuma Ana ba da Fufu salon buffet tare da gasasshen nama, kifi, stews, ganye da piment . Ana amfani da kayan abinci iri-iri na gida yayin shirya wasu jita-jita kamar stew da aka dafa da tumatir, barkono, chilli, albasa, da man gyada. Gabashin tsakiyar Afirka kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna kaɗan a Afirka waɗanda ke amfani da dankali a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushensa, tunda dankali yana girma cikin sauƙi a yankin gaba daya.

Ana kuma cinye tsire-tsiren rogo kamar dafaffen ganye . Ana kuma shirya stew ɗin gyada (gyada), yana ɗauke da kaza, okra, ginger, da sauran kayan yaji. Naman sa da kaza sune jita-jita na nama da aka fi so, amma shirye-shiryen naman wasan da ke ɗauke da kada, giwa, tururuwa da warthog kuma ana yin hidima lokaci-lokaci.

Kasashe

Abincin Angola
Abincin Kamaru
Abincin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
Abincin Chadi
Abincin Kongo
Abinci na Equatorial Guinea
Gabon abinci
Abincin Sao Tomé da Principe

Gabashin Afirka

Abincin Gabashin Afirka ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. A cikin yankin savannah na cikin ƙasa, abincin gargajiya na mutanen kiwon shanu ya bambanta ta yadda kayan nama gabaɗaya baya nan. Shanu, tumaki, aladu da awaki ana ɗaukarsu azaman nau'in kuɗi da tarin dukiya, kuma galibi ba a cinye su azaman abinci.

A wasu yankuna, al'ummar gabashin Afirka na gargajiya na cin madara da jinin shanu, amma ba kasafai ake cin naman ba. A wani wuri kuma, wasu mutane manoma ne masu noman hatsi da kayan lambu iri-iri. Masara (masara) ita ce tushen ugali, sigar gida ta Fufu ta Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka. Ugali abinci ne na sitaci da ake ci da nama ko miya. Kuma A Uganda, ayaba kore mai tururi da ake kira matoke na samar da sitaci na abinci da yawa.

Kusan shekaru kusan 1000 da suka gabata, 'yan kasuwa Omani da Yemen sun zauna a gabar tekun Swahili . Tasirin Gabas ta Tsakiya musamman yana nunawa a cikin abincin Swahili na bakin teku - shinkafa mai tuƙa ko dafaffe da kayan yaji a cikin salon Farisa ; saffron, cloves, kirfa da sauran kayan yaji; da ruwan rumman .

Ƙarnuka da yawa bayan haka, Birtaniya da Indiyawa sun zo, kuma dukansu sun zo da abinci irin su Indiyawan kayan lambu masu yaji, miyan lentil, chapattis da nau'in pickles iri-iri waɗanda suka yi tasiri ga jita-jita daban-daban na gida. Wasu sinadarai na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su a wannan yanki sun haɗa da lemu, lemo, lemun tsami, chillis, barkonon capsicum, masara, tumatur, da strawberries.

A cikin ƙahon Afirka, manyan jita-jita na gargajiya a cikin abincin kasar Eritiriya da abincin Habasha shi ne tsebhis (stews) da aka yi amfani da su tare da injera ^[3] (bread da aka yi da tef, ^[3] alkama, ko dawa ) da hilbet (manna da aka yi daga ciki). legumes, yafi lentil da fava wake ). Abincin Eritrea da Habasha (musamman a rabin arewa) sun yi kama da juna, idan aka yi la'akari da tarihin kasashen biyu.

Halin abinci na Eritiriya da Habasha sun bambanta a yanki. A cikin tsaunuka, injera ita ce abinci mai mahimmanci kuma ana ci a kowace rana tsakanin Tigrinya . Ana yin Injera da Tef, alkama, sha'ir, dawa ko masara, kuma yayi kama da soso mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano. Lokacin cin abinci, masu cin abinci gabaɗaya suna raba abinci daga babban tire da aka ajiye a tsakiyar ƙaramin teburin cin abinci. Injera da yawa an jera su a kan wannan tire kuma an ɗora su da miya daban-daban. Masu cin abinci sai su kutsa cikin sashin injera a gabansu, suna yayyage su suna tsoma su cikin miya.

A cikin ƙananan wurare, babban tasa shine akelet, wani nau'i-nau'i mai kama da porridge wanda aka yi da kullu na alkama. Ana amfani da leda don diba saman, wanda kuma aka cika da berbere da miya da man shanu da kuma kewaye da madara ko yoghurt. Ana karya karamin kullu sannan a rika dibar miya.

Mafi sanannen abinci na Ethio-Eritrea ya ƙunshi kayan lambu iri-iri ko naman gefen jita-jita da kayan shiga, yawanci wat, ko stew mai kauri, ana yin hidima a saman injera, babban gurasa mai tsami da aka yi da garin teff. Mutum ba ya cin abinci da kayan aiki, a maimakon haka yana amfani da injera don dibar kayan shiga da abinci na gefe.

Tihlo, wanda aka shirya daga gasasshen gari na sha'ir, ya shahara sosai a Amhara, Agame, da Awlaelo (Tigray). Abincin Habashawa na gargajiya ba ya amfani da naman alade ko kifi kowane iri, kamar yadda aka hana su a cikin addinan Kiristan Orthodox na Yahudawa da Habasha . Sannan kuma Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a ci abinci ɗaya a tsakiyar tebur tare da gungun mutane.

Abincin Somaliya ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki kuma ya ƙunshi nau'i mai ban sha'awa na tasiri daban-daban na dafa abinci. Kuma Ya kuma samo asali ne daga al'adun kasuwanci da kasuwanci na Somaliya . Duk da iri-iri, akwai sauran abu ɗaya wanda ya haɗa nau'ikan abinci na yanki: duk abinci ana ba da shi na halal . Don haka babu abincin naman alade, ba a ba da barasa ba, babu abin da ya mutu da kansa ba a ci ba, kuma ba a haɗa jini ba. Qaddo ko abincin rana yakan yi bayani dalla-dalla.

Iri-iri na bariis (shinkafa), mafi mashahuri mai yiwuwa shine basmati, yawanci yakan zama babban abinci. Ana amfani da kayan yaji kamar cumin, cardamom, cloves, kirfa da sage don ƙamshin waɗannan nau'ikan shinkafa daban-daban. Somaliya suna yin abincin dare har zuwa karfe 9 na dare. A lokacin Ramadan, ana yawan cin abincin dare bayan Sallar Tarawihi, wani lokacin har zuwa karfe 11 na dare.

Xalwo (halwo) ko halva sanannen kayan zaki ne da ake yi a lokuta na musamman kamar bukukuwan Idi ko liyafar aure. Ana yin shi daga sukari, masara, foda, foda, nutmeg, da ghee . kuma Ana kuma ƙara gyada a wasu lokuta don ƙara laushi da ɗanɗano. ^[4] Bayan an ci abinci, a al'adance ana yin turare ta hanyar amfani da turaren wuta ( lubaan ) ko turare ( cuunsi ), wanda ake shiryawa a cikin ƙona turare da ake kira dabqaad .

Arewacin Afirka

Fresh *couscous* tare da kayan lambu da chickpeas.

Arewacin Afirka yana kusa da Tekun Bahar Rum kuma ya ƙunshi ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Morocco, Aljeriya, Libya, Tunisia, Masar da Sudan . Tushen abincin Arewacin Afirka ana iya samo su tun daga tsoffin daulolin Arewacin Afirka, sannan kuma musamman a Masar, inda yawancin jita-jita da al'adun gargajiya na ƙasar suka samo asali tun zamanin da na Afirka .

Fiye da ƙarni da dama 'yan kasuwa, matafiya, mahara, ƙaura da baƙi duk sun yi tasiri a kan abincin Arewacin Afirka. Phoenicians na karni na 1 sun kawo tsiran alade, yayin da Carthaginians suka gabatar da alkama da samfurin sa, semolina . Berbers sun daidaita semolina zuwa couscous, ɗayan manyan abinci masu mahimmanci. Kuma An gabatar da zaitun da man zaitun kafin zuwan Romawa.

Daga karni na bakwai zuwa gaba, Larabawa sun gabatar da kayan yaji iri-iri, kamar saffron, nutmeg, kirfa, ginger da cloves, wanda ya ba da gudummawa da tasiri ga al'adun dafa abinci na Arewacin Afirka. Turkawa Ottoman sun kawo irin kek da sauran kayan burodi, kuma daga Sabuwar Duniya, Arewacin Afirka sun sami dankali, tumatir, zucchini da barkono barkono.

Yawancin kasashen Arewacin Afirka suna da jita-jita iri-iri iri-iri, wani lokacin kusan jita-jita iri ɗaya tare da kuma suna daban-daban ( Tangia Moroccan da coucha na Tunisiya duka jita-jita iri ɗaya ne, stew nama da aka shirya a cikin urn kuma ana dafa shi cikin dare a cikin tanda na jama'a), wani lokacin tare da ɗan canji a cikin kayan abinci da salon dafa abinci. Don ƙara rikicewa, jita-jita guda biyu daban-daban na iya raba suna iri ɗaya (misali, tajine tasa shine stew a hankali a cikin Maroko, yayin da tajine na Tunisiya shine gasa omelet / quiche ). Kuma Akwai bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa tsakanin salon dafa abinci na al'ummomi daban-daban, daga nagartaccen abinci mai cike da daɗi na dafa abinci na fadar Moroccan zuwa jita-jita masu zafi na abincin Tunisiya da masu tawali'u, mafi sauƙin abinci na Masar da Aljeriya .

Kudancin Afirka

Dafa abinci na yankin Kudancin Afirka (kada a ruɗe shi da ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ) wani lokaci ana kiransa "abincin bakan gizo", kamar yadda abinci a wannan yanki ya haɗu da al'adu da yawa: al'ummomin Afirka na asali, Turai, da kuma Asiya . Don fahimtar abincin ƴan asalin Afirka, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci ƴan asalin kudancin Afirka. ’Yan asalin Afirka na Kudancin Afirka an raba kusan kashi biyu da ƙungiyoyi da yawa.

Ƙungiya mafi girma ta ƙunshi masu magana da Bantu, waɗanda zuriyarsu a yau za su iya bayyana kansu da sunaye daban-daban kamar Ndebele ( arewa da kudanci ), Shona, Venda, Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Sotho, Tswana, Pedi da Tsonga . Sun isa yankin kimanin shekaru 2,000 da suka wuce, suna kawo noman amfanin gona, kiwon dabbobi, da kuma yin kayan aikin ƙarfe tare da su. Don haka masu magana da Bantu suka yi noman hatsi da yawa suna kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki. Sun kuma girma kuma suna ci gaba da shuka kabewa, wake, sannan da ganyen ganye a matsayin kayan lambu.

Karamin rukuni su ne mazauna yankin na farko, wato Khoisan, wadanda wasu masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi suka yi imanin sun rayu a yankin na akalla shekaru 10,000. Yawancin zuriyar mutanen Khoisan yanzu an shigar da su cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu. Asalinsu Khoisan ƴan farauta ne (waɗanda masu magana da Bantu suka fi kiran su da sunan “San” da kuma “yan daji” na Turawa). Kuma Bayan zuwan masu magana da Bantu, sai wasu Khoisan suka rungumi kiwon Bantu, amma ba su yi noma ba. Khoisan da suka yi kiwon shanu suna kiran kansu "Khoi-Khoi" wanda Turawa suka san su da "Hottentots."

*Potjiekos stew* ne na gargajiya na Afirka (wanda Afrikaners ya shahara) wanda aka yi da nama da kayan lambu kuma an dafa shi akan garwashi a cikin tukwane da aka jefar .

Mutane, a wasu kalmomi, an ayyana su zuwa wani matsayi ta nau'in abincin da suke ci. Masu magana da harshen Bantu suna cin abinci irin na hatsi da nama da madara da kayan lambu, haka nan kuma suna cin abinci mai datsi da haɗe-haɗe, yayin da Khoi-Khoi ke cin nama da kuma madara, kuma San na farautar namun daji da tattara ɓangarorin daji da kayan lambu. Ta hanyoyi da yawa, ana iya gano abincin yau da kullun na iyalai na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa abincin ƴan asalin da kakanninsu na Afirka suka ci. Khoisan da Bantu bisa ga al'ada suna cin gasasshen nama, sannan kuma sun busar da nama don amfani da su.

Tasirin abincin su yana nunawa a cikin ƙaunar barbecue na Kudancin Afirka na duniya (wanda ake kira gaba ɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu da sunan Afrikaans, "braai") da biltong (busashen nama). Giyar gargajiya ta kasance a ko'ina a cikin abincin kudancin Afirka, kuma fermentation ya ƙara ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki ga abincin. Wajibi ne na al'ada ga kowane iyali su iya ba wa baƙo giyar da yawa. Mata ne ke yin shayar da giya, kuma matsayin matar aure a kudancin Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka ya dogara sosai kan ƙwarewarta wajen yin giya mai daɗi sosai.

Milk a tarihi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan abinci na kudancin Afirka. An dauki shanu a matsayin mafi muhimmanci ga mutum, kuma idan ya yi aure, sai mutum ya biya wa surikinsa da kyautar shanu a matsayin sadaki ga amaryarsa. Ana so mai aure ya ba matarsa da ’ya’yansa nono mai yawa, tare da nama a duk lokacin da ya yanka shanu, tumaki ko awaki. Domin babu firiji, yawancin madarar da aka yayyafa su cikin wani nau'in yogurt.

Sau da yawa samarin gidan suna kula da shanun da ke nesa da ƙauyuka a “masu kiwon shanu,” kuma sukan aika da ruwan yoghurt gida a madadin ubanninsu. A yau, yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu da suka fito daga Afirka suna jin daɗin shan samfuran madara mai tsami waɗanda ake siyarwa a cikin manyan kantuna, kwatankwacin madarar man shanu na Amurka, yogurt, da kirim mai tsami. Sannan kuma A karshen mako za su yi “braai”, kuma abincin ya kan kunshi “pap and vleis”, wanda shi ne porridge na masara da gasasshen nama kamar yadda tarihi ya yi a yankin.

Abubuwan da ake buƙata sun haɗa da abincin teku, kayan nama (ciki har da wasan daji), kaji, da hatsi, sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sun haɗa da apples, inabi, mango, ayaba da gwanda, avocado, lemu, peaches da apricots . Kayan zaki na iya zama 'ya'yan itace kawai, amma akwai wasu nau'ikan puddings irin na yamma, irin su Malva Pudding yana tunawa da pudding mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, wanda abinci na Burtaniya da abinci na Dutch suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. Kuma Abubuwan nama sun haɗa da rago, da wasa kamar nama, jimina, da impala . Abincin teku ya hada da crayfish, prawns, tuna, mussels, oysters, calamari, mackerel, da lobster . Hakanan akwai nau'ikan giya na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da yawancin giya irin na Turai.

Sanannen jita-jita

Inyama Yenhloko

Kasashe

Botswana abinci
Abincin Eswatini
Abincin Lesotho
Abincin Namibia
Abincin Afirka ta Kudu
Abincin Mozambique

Afirka ta Yamma

Abincin da aka saba yi a Yammacin Afirka ana yin shi da kayan sitaci kuma yana iya ƙunsar nama, kifi da kayan yaji da ganya iri-iri. Sannan Ana cin abinci iri-iri a duk faɗin yankin, ciki har da fufu, banku, kenkey (wanda ya fito daga Ghana ), foutou, couscous, tô, da garri, waɗanda ake hadawa tare da miya da miya. Ana yin Fufu sau da yawa daga kayan lambu masu sitaci irin su dawa, cocoyams, ko rogo, amma kuma daga hatsin hatsi kamar gero, sorghum ko plantains.

Babban hatsi ko sitaci ya bambanta tsakanin yankuna da ƙungiyoyin kabilanci, kodayake masara ya sami ƙasa mai mahimmanci saboda yana da arha, yana kumbura zuwa mafi girma kuma yana haifar da kyakkyawan samfurin ƙarshe na ƙarshe wanda ake so. Banku da kenkey na kullu ne na masara, kuma ana yin garin gari da busasshiyar rogo. Sannan Ana kuma cin abincin shinkafa sosai a yankin, musamman a busasshen bel na Sahel a cikin kasa. Misalan wadannan sun hada da benachin daga Gambiya da Jollof rice, shinkafa pan-West African shinkafa irin na Arab kabsah .

Tsaba barkono Guinea ( Aframomum melegueta , wanda kuma ake kira hatsin aljanna ko barkono melagueta), wani tsire-tsire na Afirka ta Yamma, an yi amfani da shi azaman yaji har ma ya kai Turai, ta hanyar tsakiyar Afirka ta Arewa, a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai. Shekaru da yawa kafin tasirin Turawa, Yammacin Afirka suna kasuwanci tare da ƙasashen Larabawa da kayan yaji kamar kirfa, cloves, da mint ba a san su ba kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na dandano na gida. Ƙarnuka daga baya, Portuguese, Faransanci da Birtaniya sun rinjayi abincin yanki, amma iyakacin iyaka.

Abincin gida da girke-girke na Afirka ta Yamma na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin al'ada da al'adun gida, tare da kayan abinci kamar shinkafa na gida ( Oryza glaberrima ), shinkafa, fonio, gero, dawa, gyada Bambara da gyada Hausa, baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa. wake, da kayan lambu masu tushe kamar su dawa, koko, dankali mai dadi, da rogo. Dabarun dafa abinci sun haɗa da gasa, yin burodi, tafasa, soya, dusar ƙanƙara, da yaji. Sannan Ana kuma shirya kewayon kayan zaki da kayan marmari.

*Klouikloui*, zoben soyayyen man gyada kamar yadda ake yi a Benin .

Dabarun dafa abinci na yammacin Afirka suna canzawa. A baya mutanen yammacin Afirka suna cin nama da yawa kuma suna amfani da mai na asali ( man dabino a bakin teku da man shea a yankunan Sahelian). Ganyen Baobob da yawancin ganyen gida sune abubuwan yau da kullun a wasu lokuta na shekara. A yau abincin ya fi nauyi a cikin nama, gishiri, da mai. Jita-jita da yawa suna haɗa kifi da nama, gami da busasshen kifi da haɗe-haɗe. Kuma Ana soya busasshen kifi da busasshen kifi da mai, wani lokacin kuma ana dafa shi da miya da barkono mai zafi, albasa, tumatur, da kayan kamshi iri-iri (kamar <i id="mwAik">sumbala</i> ) da ruwa don shirya miya mai daɗi sosai.

A wasu wuraren an fi son naman sa da naman naman naman, kuma naman akuya shine jajayen nama. Suya, sanannen gasasshen nama mai ɗanɗano kebab mai ɗanɗano da gyada da sauran kayan yaji, masu siyar da titi suna siyar da su azaman abun ciye-ciye ko abincin yamma kuma yawanci ana yin su da naman sa ko kaza. Kuma An saba samun yawan abincin teku da abincin teku, kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, wani lokaci kuma ana haɗe su da sauran kayan nama. Kwai tsuntsayen Guinea, kwai da kaza kuma an fi so.

Dangane da abin sha, ruwa yana da ma'anar al'ada mai ƙarfi a yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka (musamman a wuraren busassun) kuma ruwa shine abu na farko da mai masaukin baki na Afirka zai ba baƙonsa. Itacen dabino shima abin sha ne na yau da kullun da ake yin shi daga ɗumbin ruwan ' ya'yan itacen dabino iri-iri kuma galibi ana siyar da shi a cikin nau'ikan zaki (marasa ƙima, riƙe da yawan sukarin sap) ko tsami (mai tsayi mai tsayi, yana sa ya fi ƙarfi da ƙasa mai daɗi) iri. . Giyar gero wani abin sha ne na kowa.

Kasashe

Benin abinci
Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso
Abincin Gambiya
Abincin Ghana
Abincin Gine-Bissau
Abincin Gine
Abincin Ivory Coast
Abincin Laberiya
Abincin Mali
Abincin Mauritaniya
Abincin Najeriya
Abincin Nijar
Abinci na Saint Helena
Abincin Senegal
Abincin Saliyo
Abincin Togo

Duba wasu abubuwan

AfroFoodtv.com
Jerin jita-jita na Afirka
Abinci na Seychelles
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Manazarta

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↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "Eritrean Food Practices." Webcitation.org Archived 2017-11-12 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed July 2011.
↑ Barlin Ali, Somali Cuisine, (AuthorHouse: 2007), p.79

Kara karantawa

Samfuri:Cuisine of Africa Samfuri:Africa topics Samfuri:Cuisine

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[webcitation-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "Eritrean Food Practices." Webcitation.org Archived 2017-11-12 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed July 2011.

[4] Barlin Ali, Somali Cuisine, (AuthorHouse: 2007), p.79

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