Jump to content

Rigakafin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Matsakaicin ma'ana don tantance cutar magunguna

Rigakafin cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda aka fi sani da rigakafin cin ganyayyaki, tsari ne wanda ke ƙoƙarin hana fara amfani da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi ko iyakance ci gaban matsalolin da ke tattare da amfani da abubuwa masu hankali. Kokarin rigakafi na iya mayar da hankali ga mutum ko kewayenta. Wani ra'ayi da aka sani da " rigakafin muhalli" yana mai da hankali kan sauya yanayin al'umma ko manufofi don a rage wadatar abubuwa da kuma bukatar.[1] Rigakafin Cin Hanci da Magunguna, wanda aka fi sani da rigakafin cin zarafin Magunguna ya haɗa da lokuta daban-daban dangane da mutum don taimakawa dakatar da ko rage amfani da abubuwa. Lokacin taimakawa wani mutum na iya bambanta bisa ga fannoni da yawa na mutum. Irin kokarin rigakafi ya kamata ya dogara da bukatun mutum wanda zai iya bambanta.Kokarin rigakafin amfani da kwayoyi yawanci yana mai da hankali kan kananan yara da matasa - musamman tsakanin shekaru 12-35. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su ta hanyar kokarin rigakafi sun haɗa da barasa (ciki har da shan giya, maye da tuki a ƙarƙashin tasirin), taba (ciki ma da sigari da nau'ikan taba mara hayaki), wiwi, inhalants (masu narkewa masu narkewa ciki har da sauran abubuwa manne, man fetur, aerosols, ether, hayaki daga ruwa mai gyarawa da alkalami), coke, methamphetamine, Steroids, magungunan kulob (kamar MDMA), da opioids. Tallafin al'umma game da amfani da kwayoyi yana da mahimmanci sosai saboda karuwar yawan maganin opioid a Amurka kadai. An kiyasta cewa kimanin mutum ɗari da talatin suna ci gaba da rasa rayukansu kowace rana saboda yawan maganin opioid kadai.[2]

Abubuwan kariya da haɗari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Muhalli da na ciki sune manyan dalilai guda biyu da ke taimakawa wajen bunkasa matsalar amfani da kwayoyi. Abubuwan muhalli a cikin ƙuruciya na mutum sun haɗa da: cin zarafin yara, fallasawa ga abubuwa, rashin kulawa, Tasirin kafofin watsa labarai, da matsin lamba. Ayyukan miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin al'ummar mutum na iya daidaita amfani da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi.[3]   [shafin da ake buƙata] Sakamakon amfani da abubuwa na iya haifar da yanayin damuwa a cikin gida wanda zai iya haifar da halayyar da aka koya na abubuwa don magance su. Hakazalika.[4] idan an sanya mutum ta hanyar magani sannan a mayar da shi cikin yanayin da suka bar, akwai babbar dama cewa mutum zai iya sake komawa ga halayensa na baya. Abubuwan ciki waɗanda ke cikin yaro ko mutuntaka sune Girman kai, ƙwarewar zamantakewa mara kyau, damuwa, halaye game da kwayoyi, rikicewar hankali da sauransu da yawa.[5] Wasu 'yan dalilai da ke taimakawa wajen amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na matasa sune rashin ko iyaye matalauta ga sadarwa ta yara, rashin samun barasa a gida, samun' yanci da yawa kuma an bar shi kadai na dogon lokaci. [6][7] Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidar cewa jinsi yana daidaita tasirin iyali, makaranta da abubuwan tsara akan amfani da kayan matasa.[8] Misali, wasu binciken sun ba da rahoton cewa rashin zama tare da iyayen halitta ko samun talauci na iyaye da matasa yana da alaƙa da amfani da kwayoyi, musamman a cikin mata matasa.[9][10]

Babban lokacin haɗari don amfani da kwayoyi yana faruwa a lokacin manyan sauye-sauye a rayuwar yaro. Wasu daga cikin wadannan lokutan canji wadanda zasu iya kara yiwuwar matasa ta amfani da kwayoyi sune balaga, motsawa, saki, barin tsaro na gida, da shiga makaranta. Canjin makaranta kamar waɗanda daga firamare zuwa makarantar sakandare ko makarantar sakandare zuwa makarantar sakandaren na iya zama lokutan da yara da matasa ke samun sabbin abokai kuma suna da saukin fadawa cikin mahalli inda akwai kwayoyi. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya bincika cewa a lokacin da tsofaffi ne a makarantar sakandare, "kusan kashi 70 cikin dari za su gwada barasa, rabin za su sha miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, kusan kashi 40 cikin dari za ta sha sigari, kuma fiye da kashi 20 cikin dari za Su yi amfani da maganin magani ba don manufar magani ba" (Johnston et al., 2013).[11] Binge Shan giya ya kuma, an nuna cewa yana ƙaruwa da zarar mutum ya bar gida don halartar kwaleji ko rayuwa da kansa.[12]

Yawancin matasa ba sa ci gaba zuwa yau da kullun, amfani da abubuwa masu nauyi bayan gwaji. Bincike ya nuna, lokacin da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya fara tun yana ƙuruciya, akwai yuwuwar kamuwa da jaraba. [13] Abubuwa uku masu ta'azzara da za su iya yin tasiri ga amfani da kayan don zama amfani da kayan su ne amincewar jama'a, rashin haɗarin haɗari, da samun magunguna a cikin al'umma . Matasa daga wasu ƙididdiga kuma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don jaraba. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da waɗanda ke fama da tabin hankali kuma waɗanda suka fito daga tarihin jarabar dangi. Duk da haka, wasu </link>Matasan da ke zaune tare da ganewar asali guda biyu Archived 2023-09-23 at the Wayback Machine cewa ba koyaushe ake samun alaƙa tsakanin rashin lafiyar hankali da matsalar amfani da kayan maye ba. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da jaraba ta faru, matasa suna iya buƙatar gyarawa matasa a matsayin nau'i na magani. [14] </link>[ <span title="Material appears to be promotional in nature. (February 2021)">promotion?</span> ] Yawancin matasa suna da ra'ayi na ƙarya cewa ba za su iya yin nasara ba. Waɗannan mutane sun yi imanin cewa ba za a yi canje-canje ba har sai wani mummunan lamari ya faru watau aboki ya yi yawa, haɗarin mota ko ma mutuwa . Ko da a lokacin ba zai yiwu ba za su ga alaƙa tsakanin amfani da rauni .

Amfani da abu ya haɗa da abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke da alaƙa da lafiyar mutum waɗanda zasu iya haɗa da HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, da cutar Hepatitis C . Ana iya yada waɗannan cututtuka cikin sauƙi ta hanyar allura daga allura. [15]

Tsare-tsare kan hana amfani da abubuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirye-shiryen rigakafi na tushen iyali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

"Shirye-shiryen rigakafin na iya ƙarfafa abubuwan kariya a tsakanin yara ƙanana ta hanyar koya wa iyaye ingantacciyar ƙwarewar sadarwa ta iyali, tsarin horon da ya dace, tabbatar da doka, da tabbatar da doka, da sauran hanyoyin gudanar da iyali. Bincike ya tabbatar da fa'idodin iyaye suna ba da ƙa'idodi masu dacewa da horo, magana da yara. game da kwayoyi, lura da ayyukansu, sanin abokansu, fahimtar matsalolinsu da damuwarsu, da kuma shiga cikin ilmantarwa muhimmancin dangantakar iyaye da yara yana ci gaba har zuwa lokacin samartaka da kuma bayan "(National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2003). [16] An gudanar da bincike da ke nuna cewa matakan da aka dauka a cikin rigakafin iyali an nuna sun rage haɗarin shan kwayoyi. [17]

Smit, Verdurmen, Monshouwer, da Smil sun gudanar da binciken bincike don auna tasirin ayyukan iyali game da matasa da samari da miyagun ƙwayoyi da amfani da barasa. [18] Dangane da bayanansu, amfani da barasa da sauran kwayoyi ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Turai. Misali, kashi 18% na matasa masu shekaru tsakanin shekaru 12-14 a Amurka sun yi shaye-shaye . Dangane da adadi a cikin 2006, 73% na ɗaliban Amurka masu shekaru 16 an ruwaito sun yi amfani da barasa; A Arewacin Turai, wannan shine 90%. Tun da farko amfani da barasa da sauran abubuwa na iya haifar da mummunar lafiya, ana buƙatar mafita nan da nan ga waɗannan matsalar. [19]

Shirye-shiryen rigakafi na tushen makaranta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jagoran Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka na 1st Michael Turner na Squadron Security Squadron Biyu (MSS-2) yana tattara bayanai a Babban Taron Rigakafin Abun Abu
Ilimin wasan kwaikwayo don kwadaitar da shiga cikin rigakafin amfani da abubuwa. (kafofin watsa labarai daga BioMed Central )

Akwai shirye-shiryen rigakafi da azuzuwan da dama waɗanda ke da nufin ilmantar da yara da iyalai game da illolin amfani da kayan maye. Makarantu sun fara gabatar da azuzuwan amfani da kayan maye ga ɗaliban su a maki mafi ƙarancin karatun sakandare . Shigar da nazarin rigakafin cikin manhajojin aji tun yana ƙuruciya an nuna don taimakawa wajen karya ɗabi'un farko waɗanda zasu iya zama alamun haɗarin haɓakar rashin amfani da abubuwa a gaba. Kusan kashi 40% na yara sun gwada barasa a lokacin da suka kai shekaru goma.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna ilmantarwa, bayar da shawarwari, da haɗin kai don hana amfani da kayan aiki. Wasu shirye-shirye na iya farawa ta hanyar ƙyale ɗalibai su kasance masu mu'amala da koyan ƙwarewa kamar yadda ake ƙin ƙwayoyi. An tabbatar da wannan hanya mafi inganci fiye da ƙwararrun ilimantarwa ko waɗanda ba su da alaƙa. Lokacin da aka magance tasirin kai tsaye (misali, takwarorinsu) da kuma taswirar kai tsaye (misali, tasirin kafofin watsa labarai), shirin zai fi iya ɗaukar tasirin tasirin zamantakewa wanda yawancin shirye-shiryen ba sa la'akari da su. Shirye-shiryen da ke ƙarfafa sadaukarwar zamantakewa don kaurace wa kwayoyi suna nuna ƙananan ƙimar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Samun al'umma a wajen makaranta don shiga da kuma amfani da shugabannin takwarorinsu don sauƙaƙa hulɗar yakan zama tasiri mai tasiri na waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Ko da yake matasa galibi suna sane da mummunan sakamakon amfani da kayan maye, suna iya farawa da kiyaye wannan ɗabi'a. Matasa, iyayensu, da sauran ƴan uwa su ne abin da ke mayar da hankali ga cikakken shirye-shiryen rigakafi da sarrafawa a makarantu da al'umma. Waɗannan ingantattun ayyuka suna taimakawa haɓaka haɓakar yara na kyakkyawar ma'anar kima da isa, don dakatar da haɗarin samari, da kuma taimaka musu haɓaka ƙarfi, ƙwarewar jurewa lafiya. [20] A ƙarshe, koya wa matasa da matasa dabarun haɓaka haɓaka juriya a cikin yanayin zamantakewa na iya ƙara abubuwan kariya a cikin wannan yawan. [21] [22]

Shirye-shiryen rigakafin al'umma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirye-shiryen rigakafin suna aiki a matakin al'umma tare da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, addini, tilasta doka, da sauran ƙungiyoyin gwamnati don haɓaka ƙa'idodin yaƙi da miyagun ƙwayoyi da halayen zamantakewa. Yawancin shirye-shirye suna taimakawa tare da ƙoƙarin rigakafin a duk faɗin saitunan don taimakawa aika saƙonni ta hanyar makaranta, aiki, cibiyoyin addini, da kafofin watsa labarai. Bincike ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen da ke kai ga matasa ta hanyar saiti da yawa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga ƙa'idodin al'umma. Shirye-shiryen tushen al'umma kuma yawanci sun haɗa da haɓaka manufofi ko aiwatar da ƙa'idodi, ƙoƙarin kafofin watsa labarai, da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a gaba ɗaya. [23] Haɓaka ilimin kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma kuma yana taka rawa wajen taimakawa wajen rage illar amfani da kayan maye.

A matakin al'umma, kafa amintattun wuraren allura waɗanda ke ba da sararin tsafta wanda kwararrun likitocin kiwon lafiya ke kulawa suna ba da damar sa ido lafiya ga mahalarta da kuma ba da ilimin lafiya da kulawa don hana wuce gona da iri. Wata hanyar da za ta taimaka wajen hana wuce gona da iri, musamman game da opioids, ita ce karuwar samun dama da sanin naloxone . Naloxone shine ma'auni mai jujjuya yawan abin da ya wuce kima na opioid. [24] Nazarin ya nuna Ilimin Abin da ya wuce kima da shirye-shiryen Rarraba Naloxone (OEND) yana rage yawan adadin mace-mace daga wuce gona da iri. [25] Naloxone yana zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban na gudanarwa kamar, alluran da ake yi ta cikin jini, na cikin jiki, ko kuma ta hanyar subcutaneously da kuma feshin hanci. Allurar Naloxone da feshin hanci ana amfani da su duka a cikin manya da yara waɗanda ke fama da wuce gona da iri na miyagun ƙwayoyi saboda yana samun nasara wajen sake juyar da abubuwan da ke haifar da wuce gona da iri [26] [27] A matsayin kariya ta aminci, ana ba da shawarar marasa lafiya da ke shan opioids don ɗaukar naloxone koyaushe tare da. su kuma yakamata su maye gurbin naloxone akai-akai, ta hanyar la'akari da ranar karewa. [28] Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙarin ƙoƙari na samar da abubuwan ƙarfafawa, jadawali masu sassauƙa, tuntuɓar juna, da goyon bayan jama'a na manyan shugabannin al'umma suna taimakawa wajen jawo hankalin mahalarta shirin.

Shirye-shiryen rigakafin tushen magani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rigakafi a cikin fannin likitanci yana taka rawa sosai wajen hana shan kayan maye. Ana ganin wannan galibi lokacin kallon rawar da ma'aikatan jinya ke takawa a rikicin opioid a Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da ma'aikatan jinya za su iya shiga ciki game da cutar ta opioid shine tsarin kulawa da magani (MAT). Wannan tsarin tsarin shaida ne wanda ke amfani da duka jiyya da magani don kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da jarabar opioid. [29] Ana buƙatar horo na musamman ga ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda ke son shiga cikin wannan shirin, ma'ana akwai iyakacin adadin ma'aikatan jinya da za su iya cin abinci, duk da haka, ya sauya yawan adadin abubuwan da suka wuce kima da mutuwar daga opioids a Amurka. Wani nau'in shirin da ma'aikatan jinya za su iya taimakawa don rage jarabar opioid ana kiran su "ci, barci, wasan bidiyo." Wannan wata hanya ce da ma'aikatan jinya za su iya bi yayin jinyar marasa lafiya wanda zai iya rage magungunan da majiyyaci ke buƙata da tsawon lokacin da suke zaune a asibiti. Ana amfani da wannan ga jariran da suka kamu da cutar opioids a cikin mahaifa, kuma yana ba ma'aikatan jinya damar ilmantar da majiyyatan su yadda za su rage illar jaraba. [30] Idan aka kalli shi gabaɗaya, akwai shirye-shirye daban-daban a cikin fannin likitanci waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance shaye-shaye.

Matakan Rigakafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai nau'ikan rigakafi guda uku waɗanda duk an yi nufin taimakawa ragewa da kuma taimakawa magance matsalolin lafiya waɗanda amfani da kayan maye ke iya haifarwa. Sa baki na farko lokacin da ake hulɗa da amfani da abu shine amfani da farko wanda ya haɗa da dakatar da sakamakon abubuwan da ake amfani da su kafin ya faru. Misalan rigakafin farko sun haɗa da hana haɓaka abubuwan haɗari (misali, baƙin ciki) waɗanda ke ƙara yuwuwar mutum na haɓaka matsalar amfani da kayan abu nan gaba. Misalan rigakafi na farko shine haɓakar rashin hulɗa da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Rigakafin na uku shine lokacin da mutum ya sami magani don abin da aka sha. Misalai sun haɗa da rehab & tsantsar jiyya na marasa lafiya misalan ƴan rigakafi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Rigakafi na uku ya ƙunshi mutum kamar wanda ke fama da amfani da kayan abu don karɓar magani kamar gyaran fuska ko jiyya mai ƙarfi amma tsarin farfadowa zai daɗe saboda tsananin yawan ci a cikin jiki. [31]

Amincewa da ƙasa game da rigakafin amfani da abubuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2011 Shugaba Obama ya ba da Oktoba a matsayin Watan Rigakafin Abu na Ƙasa. Yana ba da yabo ga duk mutanen da ke aiki tuƙuru don hana amfani a cikin al'ummomi da yin aiki tuƙuru don samar da ƙasar da ba ta da muggan ƙwayoyi. [32]

Miliyoyin jama'ar Amirka a halin yanzu suna shiga ayyukan Makon Red Ribbon, bisa ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Iyali ta Ƙasa (NFP) - mai shirya gangamin Red Ribbon na kasa. The Drug Enforcement Administration, Tarayya abokin tarayya a cikin Red Ribbon Week, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi nisa da kuma sanannen rigakafin miyagun ƙwayoyi faru a Amurka." Ta hanyar ƙoƙarin NFP, sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, hukumomin Tarayya da na Jiha, da al'ummomi, Red Ribbon Week ya zama fiye da kira ga aiki. Ya girma ya zama alamar haɗin kai na sadaukar da iyali da al'umma don hana shan barasa, taba, da miyagun ƙwayoyi a tsakanin matasa. [33]

A cikin 2017, FDA ta ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Gudanar da Manufofin Opioid (OPSC) don taimakawa jagorar ƙoƙarin FDA don yaƙar wannan annoba ta opioid musamman mai da hankali kan batutuwan sabbin jita-jita, tallafin jiyya da haɓakawa, kimanta haɗarin haɗari akan fa'ida da aiwatar da gabaɗaya. [34]

A cikin Amurka, akwai Hukumar Kula da Abun Abu da Kula da Lafiyar Haihuwa wanda ke ba da sabis na waya na awa 24 kyauta na kwanaki 365 a kowace shekara. Manufar su ita ce samar da bayanai ko masu neman magani ga duk wanda ke fuskantar matsalar amfani da kayan maye ko al'amuran lafiyar hankali. Wannan lambar layin taimako ta ƙasa ita ce (1800-662-HELP (4357)). [35]

NIH ta samar da jagororin tushen bincike don taimakawa hana amfani da kayan maye da jaraba a cikin matasa. [36] Jagora ɗaya yayi magana akan rigakafi don ƙuruciya. [37] Wani yayi magana game da rigakafi a cikin yara da matasa. [38]

Shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani na nasara yawanci sun ƙunshi babban matakan hulɗa, ƙarfin lokaci, da hanyoyin duniya waɗanda ake bayarwa a cikin shekarun makarantar tsakiya. Waɗannan halayen shirye-shiryen sun yi daidai da yawancin ingantattun abubuwan shirin da aka samu a cikin sharhin da suka gabata da ke bincika tasirin rigakafin ƙwayar cuta ta makaranta kan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Kwanan nan, an zartar da wani kudurin kashe kudi na dala biliyan 3.3 daga Majalisa, wanda za a yi amfani da shi don tallafawa ayyukan rigakafi, jinya, da aiwatar da doka, tallafawa gwamnatocin jihohi da kananan hukumomi. [39]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • 0-0-1-3
  • Shirin rigakafin cin zarafi
  • Cibiyar Kare Abun Abu
  • Kai Kai (ba riba)
  • Martanin sashen ilimi game da shaye-shaye

Kara karantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

  • "Nursing plays a critical role in addressing the opioid crisis". Consult QD. 2019.
  • "Nurses' role in the opioid epidemic". EIU online. Eastern Illinois University. 2022.
  • Phillips, J.; Bakerjian, D.; Malliaris, A. (2021). "Nursing and patient safety". Patient Safety Network.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Drug use

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Drug Prevention". www.scodc.org/tag/drug-prevention/. Archived from the original on 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
  2. ↑ "Understanding the Epidemic | Drug Overdose | CDC Injury Center". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  3. ↑ Futures Of Palm Beach. (2014). Contributing Factors of Drug Abuse. Retrieved from http://www.futuresofpalmbeach.com/drug-abuse/contributing-factors/ Archived 2015-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Kilpatrick, Dean G (2000). "Risk Factors for Adolescent Substance Abuse and Dependence: Data from a National Sample". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 68 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.1.19. PMID 10710837.
  5. ↑ "What are risk factors and protective factors? | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)". Drugabuse.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-04-30. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  6. ↑ Carver, Hannah; Elliott, Lawrie; Kennedy, Catriona; Hanley, Janet (2017-03-04). "Parent–child connectedness and communication in relation to alcohol, tobacco and drug use in adolescence: An integrative review of the literature". Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 24 (2): 119–133. doi:10.1080/09687637.2016.1221060. ISSN 0968-7637. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  7. ↑ "Causes of Teen Drug Abuse — CDAC". cdac.info. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06.
  8. ↑ Whaley, Rachel Bridges; Hayes-Smith, Justin; Hayes-Smith, Rebecca (2010-11-28). "Gendered Pathways? Gender, Mediating Factors, and the Gap in Boys' and Girls' Substance Use". Crime & Delinquency (in Turanci). 59 (5): 651–669. doi:10.1177/0011128710389581. ISSN 0011-1287. S2CID 145157054.
  9. ↑ Richter, Matthias; Kunst, Anton E.; Kannas, Lasse; Willemsen, Marc; Bendtsen, Pernille; de Looze, Margreet; Nagelhout, Gera E.; Pförtner, Timo-Kolja; Lenzi, Michela (2015-06-01). "Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking across 35 countries: a multilevel analysis of the role of family, school and peers". European Journal of Public Health (in Turanci). 25 (3): 457–463. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cku244. ISSN 1101-1262. PMID 25713016.
  10. ↑ Picoito, João; Santos, Constança; Loureiro, Isabel; Aguiar, Pedro; Nunes, Carla (2019-05-10). "Gender-specific substance use patterns and associations with individual, family, peer, and school factors in 15-year-old Portuguese adolescents: a latent class regression analysis". Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 13 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0281-4. ISSN 1753-2000. PMC 6511212. PMID 31110558.
  11. ↑ Johnston, L.D.; O’Malley, P.M.; Bachman, J.G.; Schulenberg, J.E. (2003). "Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings". Focus. 1 (2): 213–234. doi:10.1176/foc.1.2.213., 2013. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents". Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
  13. ↑ Lynskey MT, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Slutske WS, Madden PA, Nelson EC, Statham DJ, Martin NG (2003). "Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls". JAMA. 289 (4): 427–33. doi:10.1001/jama.289.4.427. PMID 12533121.
  14. ↑ "About Teen Rehab". Teen Rehab. Archived from the original on 2020-11-23. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
  15. ↑ Meade, Christina S.; Weiss, Roger D. (March 2007). "Substance abuse as a risk factor for HIV sexual risk behavior among persons with severe mental illness: Review of evidence and exploration of mechanisms". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice (in Turanci). 14 (1): 23–33. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00059.x. ISSN 1468-2850.
  16. ↑ National Institute of Drug Abuse (2003). "Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents". www.drugabuse.gov/. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  17. ↑ Hogue, Aaron; Liddle, Howard A. (July 1999). "Family-based preventive intervention: An approach to preventing substance use and antisocial behavior". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (in Turanci). 69 (3): 278–293. doi:10.1037/h0080403. ISSN 1939-0025. PMID 10439843.
  18. ↑ Barnes, Kate. "Are Teen Drug Intervention Letters Helpful?". keytransitions.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  19. ↑ Smit, Evelien; Verdurmen, Jacqueline; Monshouwer, Karin; Smil, Filip (2008). "Family interventions and their effect on adolescent alcohol use in general populations; a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 97 (3): 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.032. PMID 18485621.
  20. ↑ Jiloha RC (2017). "Prevention, early intervention, and harm reduction of substance use in adolescents". Indian J Psychiatry. 59 (1): 111–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.204444. PMC 5418996. PMID 28529370.
  21. ↑ O'Connell, M.E.; Boat, T.; Warner, K.E. (2009). Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions. Institute of Medicine; National Research Council. ISBN 978-0-309-12674-8. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  22. ↑ Faggiano, Fabrizio; Minozzi, Silvia; Versino, Elisabetta; Buscemi, Daria (2014). "Universal school-based prevention for illicit drug use". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (12): CD003020. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003020.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6483627. PMID 25435250.
  23. ↑ National Institute of Drug Abuse. "Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents". www.drugabuse.gov/. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  24. ↑ Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (2019-09-25). "Information about Naloxone". FDA (in Turanci).
  25. ↑ Walley, Alexander Y.; Xuan, Ziming; Hackman, H. Holly; Quinn, Emily; Doe-Simkins, Maya; Sorensen-Alawad, Amy; Ruiz, Sarah; Ozonoff, Al (2013-01-31). "Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis". BMJ (in Turanci). 346: f174. doi:10.1136/bmj.f174. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4688551. PMID 23372174.
  26. ↑ "Naloxone — FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  27. ↑ "Narcan — FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  28. ↑ lynne.walsh (2015-06-16). "Naloxone". www.samhsa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  29. ↑ Moore, Dorothy James (2019-05-01). "Nurse Practitioners' Pivotal Role in Ending the Opioid Epidemic". The Journal for Nurse Practitioners (in English). 15 (5): 323–7. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2019.01.005. ISSN 1555-4155. S2CID 86853490.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  30. ↑ "Nurses Can Help Minimize Opioid Crisis". Northeastern State University Online (in Turanci). 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  31. ↑ "Prevention". Diagnosis and Treatment of Drug Abuse in Family Practice. American Family Physician Monograph. Archives, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health. 2003. Adapted from Cherubin CE, Sapira JD (November 1993). "The medical complications of drug addiction and the medical assessment of the intravenous drug user: 25 years later". Ann Intern Med. 119 (10): 1017–28. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-10-199311150-00009. PMID 8214979.
  32. ↑ "October 2014 is National Substance Abuse Prevention Month". Office of National Drug Control Policy. 12 March 2015 – via National Archives.
  33. ↑ "Focus On Prevention". Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2020. SMA10–4120.
  34. ↑ Commissioner, Office of the (2019-08-13). "Opioid Policy Steering Committee". FDA (in Turanci).
  35. ↑ chanell.baylor (2014-05-14). "National Helpline". www.samhsa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  36. ↑ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Preventing Drug Misuse and Addiction: The Best Strategy". www.drugabuse.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  37. ↑ Abuse, National Institute on Drug (7 March 2016). "Principles of Substance Abuse Prevention for Early Childhood". www.drugabuse.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  38. ↑ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Preface". www.drugabuse.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  39. ↑ "Opioid Epidemic". ANA (in Turanci). 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigakafin_shan_miyagun_ƙwayoyi&oldid=528603"