Pertempuran Lexington dan Concord

Lexington
Pertempuran Lexington dan Concord
	Bagian dari Perang Revolusi Amerika
	; Gambaran Pertempuran Lexington
Tanggal	19 April 1775
Lokasi	County Middlesex, Massachusetts; Lexington: 42°26′58.7″N 71°13′51.0″W / 42.449639°N 71.230833°W; Concord: 42°28′08.54″N 71°21′02.08″W / 42.4690389°N 71.3505778°W
Hasil	Kemenangan koloni; dimulainya Perang Revolusi Amerika
Pihak terlibat
Provinsi Teluk Massachusetts	Britania Raya
Tokoh dan pemimpin
John Parker; James Barrett; Major John Buttrick; William Heath; Joseph Warren	Francis Smith; John Pitcairn; Walter Laurie; Hugh Percy
Kekuatan
; Lexington: 77; Concord: 400; Akhir pertempuran: 3,800	Departing Boston 700; Lexington: 400; Concord: 100; End of Battle: 1,500
Korban
49 tewas,; 39 terluka,; 5 hilang	73 tewas,; 174 terluka,; 53 hilang

Pertempuran Lexington dan Concord (Inggris: Battles of Lexington and Concord) adalah pertempuran pertama dalam sejarah terjadinya Perang Revolusi Amerika.^[9]^[10] Pertempuran ini pecah pada tanggal 19 April 1775, di County Middlesex, Provinsi Teluk Massachusetts, di kota Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (sekarang Arlington), dan Cambridge. Pertempuran ini menandai dimulainya konflik bersenjata antara Britania Raya melawan tiga belas koloninya di Amerika Utara.

Pada akhir tahun 1774, para pemimpin Kolonial mengadopsi Suffolk Resolves dalam melawan tindakan pemerintahan Massachusetts, karena parleme Inggris telah mengubah pemerintah kolonial Massachusetts oleh parlemen Inggris. Majelis kolonial menanggapinya dengan membentuk pemerintahan Patriot sementara yang dikenal dengan Kongres Provinsi Massachusetts dan menyerukan milisi lokal untuk melatih kemungkinan permusuhan. Pemerintah Kolonial menjalankan kontrol yang efektif terhadap koloni di luar Boston yang dikuasai Inggris. Sebagai tanggapan, pemerintah Inggris pada bulan Februari 1775 menyatakan Massachusetts berada dalam keadaan pemberontakan.

Sekitar 700 Angkatan Darat Britania Raya di bawah kepemimpinan Letnan Kolonel Francis Smith diberi perintah rahasia untuk menangkap dan menghancurkan markas militer Kolonial yang dilaporkan disimpan oleh milisi Massachusetts di Concord. Melalui pengumpulan Intelijen militer yang efektif, Patriot para pemimpin telah menerima kata minggu sebelum ekspedisi bahwa persediaan mereka mungkin berisiko dan telah memindahkan sebagian besar dari mereka ke lokasi lain. Pada malam sebelum pertempuran, peringatan ekspedisi Inggris telah dengan cepat dikirim dari Boston ke milisi di daerah tersebut oleh beberapa pengendara, termasuk Paul Revere dan Samuel Prescott, dengan informasi tentang rencana Inggris. Mode awal kedatangan Angkatan Darat dengan air ditandai dari Gereja Utara Lama di Boston untuk Charlestown menggunakan lentera untuk berkomunikasi "satu jika melalui darat, dua jika melalui laut".

Catatan kaki

^ ^a ^b Coburn, p. xii
^ The exact number of militia on the field for the conflict is a matter of debate. Fischer (notes on p. 400) cites contemporaneous counts and those of other historians of between 50 and 70 militia, and states (p. 183) that Sylvanus Wood, in an account taken 50 years later, recalled only counting 38 militia. Coburn (p. 60) identifies 77 individuals by name that mustered for the encounter.
^ Chidsey, p. 29 estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurs. Coburn, pp. 80–81 counts about 300 specifically, plus several uncounted companies.
^ Chidsey, hal. 6. This is the total size of Smith's force.
^ Coburn, hal. 64. This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn.
^ Coburn, hal. 77 and other sources indicate "three companies". Chidsey, p. 28 gives a company size "nominally of 28".
^ Coburn, hal. 114 gives the size of Percy's force at 1,000. This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength, less casualties.
^ ^a ^b Chidsey, p. 47 recites all casualty figures except MIA. Coburn, pp. 156–159 recites by town and name the American losses, and by company the British losses, including MIA (from Gage's report). Chidsey, Coburn, and Fischer disagree on some American counts: Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded, Coburn 42. Fischer, pp. 320–321 also records 50 American KIA vs Chidsey and Coburn's 49.
^ French, pp. 2, 272-273
^ A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant, six months earlier, was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War. Despite a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such, few, if any, historians subscribe to this interpretation.[1] Diarsipkan 2018-02-22 di Wayback Machine.

Pranala luar

National Park Service site for Minute Man National Historical Park
Why We Remember Lexington and Concord and the 19th of April
Rescued cannon returns to Concord
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Articles about the Concord Fight in Concord Magazine Diarsipkan 2005-04-11 di Wayback Machine.
Animated History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord Diarsipkan 2011-04-04 di Wayback Machine.
Concord Massachusetts
Merriam's Corner
"Colonial towns, by the numbers". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-05-13. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-25. Facts and figures on Acton, Bedford, Concord and Lexington of the period, including the rosters of the towns' Minute Men and Militia
Statements of American combatants at Lexington and Concord contained in supplement “Official Papers Concerning the Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord” to The Military Journals of Private Soldiers, 1758-1775, by Abraham Tomlinson for the Poughkeepsie, NY museum, 1855.
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[CoburnXII-1] Coburn, p. xii

[MilitiaSize-2] The exact number of militia on the field for the conflict is a matter of debate. Fischer (notes on p. 400) cites contemporaneous counts and those of other historians of between 50 and 70 militia, and states (p. 183) that Sylvanus Wood, in an account taken 50 years later, recalled only counting 38 militia. Coburn (p. 60) identifies 77 individuals by name that mustered for the encounter.

[ConcordMilitiaCount-3] Chidsey, p. 29 estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurs. Coburn, pp. 80–81 counts about 300 specifically, plus several uncounted companies.

[Chidsey6-4] Chidsey, hal. 6. This is the total size of Smith's force.

[Coburn64-5] Coburn, hal. 64. This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn.

[Coburn77-6] Coburn, hal. 77 and other sources indicate "three companies". Chidsey, p. 28 gives a company size "nominally of 28".

[Coburn114-7] Coburn, hal. 114 gives the size of Percy's force at 1,000. This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength, less casualties.

[Chidsey47-8] Chidsey, p. 47 recites all casualty figures except MIA. Coburn, pp. 156–159 recites by town and name the American losses, and by company the British losses, including MIA (from Gage's report). Chidsey, Coburn, and Fischer disagree on some American counts: Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded, Coburn 42. Fischer, pp. 320–321 also records 50 American KIA vs Chidsey and Coburn's 49.

[French-9] French, pp. 2, 272-273

[10] A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant, six months earlier, was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War. Despite a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such, few, if any, historians subscribe to this interpretation.[1] Diarsipkan 2018-02-22 di Wayback Machine.

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