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Ike nwa agbọghọ

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Ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ Okwu mmeghe nke na-agba ume ma na-eme emume maka ike ụmụ nwanyị, nnwere onwe, obi ike na ike. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ ndị otu egwu US punk Bikini Kill mepụtara okwu ahụ, bụ ndị bipụtara zine a na-akpọ Bikini Kill #2: Girl Power [1] na 1991.[2] Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka otu ụmụ agbọghọ Britain bụ Spice Girls mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.[3] Dị ka magazin Rolling Stone si kwuo, ojiji Spice Girls ji "ike nwa agbọghọ" mee ihe bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akọwa ọdịbendị nke kpụrụ ọgbọ Millennial, ọkachasị n'oge ha bụ nwata n'Afọ ndị 1990. Otú ọ dị, kemgbe ntozu nke ndị okenye Millenials na ngwụcha Afọ 2000, a na-ahapụwanye ya iji kwado ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ụwa nke ghọrọ ihe a ma ama site na ntozu nke Generation Z nke Afọ 2020.

Ojiji mbụ na mmalite

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Ụmụ agbọghọ na-eyi akwa "Girl power" na 2017 Women's March na New York City

N'afọ 1990, otu egwu US punk Bikini Kill malitere ime ka aha ha bụ zine feminist. Mbipụta mbụ ya nwere ndepụta okwu, A color and activity book.[4] Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ndị otu ahụ bipụtara mbipụta nke abụọ nke Bikini Kill zine ha, ya na isiokwu ọhụrụ Girl Power . [5] Onye na-agụ egwú nke otu ahụ, Kathleen Hanna, kwuru na ọ bụ okwu Black Power kpaliri ya. Ndị dere Young Femininity: Girlhood, Power and Social Change na-ekwu na okwu ahụ na-esikwa n'aka nwanyị ojii nke afọ 80, asụsụ hip hop, "Ị na-aga nwa agbọghọ".[6]

Okwu a ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na mbido na etiti 90s punk omenala. The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll na-eto zine site n'ichepụta okwu ahụ: "N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị ha bụ Bikini Kill, ha kwupụtara atụmatụ maka ụmụ agbọghọ n'ime na n'èzí egwu; ndị otu ahụ na-etinye echiche ndị ahụ n'ọrụ. Bikini Kill nwetara aha ọma n'ime ndị punk n'okpuru ala maka ịlụso ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ nke ụdị ahụ ọgụ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-arịọ ndị mmadụ ka ha ghara ịpụ n'ihu, ma kpọọ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha were igwe okwu ma kwuo maka mmetọ mmekọahụ. " [7]

A na-asụpụta ahịrịokwu ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ "ike grrrl", dabere na mkpụrụ okwu nke "riot grrrl". [8] [9]

Ụfọdụ ndị na-ese egwu ndị ọzọ jiri okwu ahụ mee ihe n'egwú ha bụ ndị otu egwu Welsh Helen Love, na ọ na-apụta na abụ nke egwu ha nke 1992 "Formula One Racing Girls", [10] na pop-punk duo Shampoo, [11] bụ ndị wepụtara abọm na otu akpọrọ Girl Power na 1995.

Ụmụ agbọghọ Na-esi Nri

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Ndị na-eti egwu na Britain bụ Spice Girls wetara mantra n'ime ndị mmadụ n'etiti afọ ndị 1990. [12] Ụdị Spice Girls nke "ike nwa agbọghọ" lekwasịrị anya na mkpa ọbụbụenyi siri ike na nke na-eguzosi ike n'ihe n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, na ozi nke inye ikike nke masịrị ụmụ agbọghọ, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ụmụ nwanyị toro eto.[13][14][15][16] Dị ka magazin Billboard si kwuo, ha gosipụtara ezigbo ọbụbụenyi nwanyị na-abụghị asọmpi, na-abụ abụ: "Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịbụ onye m hụrụ n'anya, ị ga-eso ndị enyi m. Mee ka ọ dịgide ruo mgbe ebighị ebi; ọbụbụenyi anaghị akwụsị".[14][17]

In all, the focused, consistent presentation of "girl power" formed the centrepiece of their appeal as a band.[16][18] Some commentators credit the Spice Girls with reinvigorating mainstream feminism in the 1990s,[19] with the "girl power" mantra serving as a gateway to feminism for their young fans.[14][20] On the other hand, some critics dismissed "girl power" as no more than a shallow marketing tactic, while others took issue with the emphasis on physical appearance, concerned about the potential impact on self-conscious and/or impressionable youngsters:[15] As American feminist Jennifer Pozner famously remarked, it was "probably a fair assumption to say that a 'zig-a-zig-ah' is not Spice shorthand for 'subvert the dominant paradigmTempleeti:'".[21] Regardless, the phrase became a cultural phenomenon,[22] adopted as the mantra for millions of girls[16][14] and even making it into the Oxford English Dictionary.[23] In summation of the concept, author Ryan Dawson said, "The Spice Girls changed British culture enough for Girl Power to now seem completely unremarkable."[24]

N'afọ 2018, Rolling Stone kpọrọ akara Spice Girls nke "ike nwa agbọghọ" na The Millennial 100, ndepụta nke mmadụ 100, egwu, ihe omuma omenala na mmegharị nke kpụrụ ọgbọ Millennial.

Mmụta agụmakwụkwọ

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N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2002 Girl Heroes: The New Force in Popular Culture, Susan Hopkins tụrụ aro njikọ dị n'etiti "ike nwa agbọghọ", Spice Girls, na Ndị dike ụmụ nwanyị na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 20. Akwụkwọ e mechara dee, Growing Up With Girl Power, nke Rebecca Hains dere (2012) chọpụtara na ahịrịokwu ahụ bụ "ike nwa agbọghọ" na mgbasa ozi metụtara ya - dị ka Spice Girls na ụmụ agbọghọ dike - mere ka mmetụta nke ahịrịokwu a site na ebumnuche nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ghara ịdị, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ maka ahịa na ire echiche nke inye ike karịa maka ịkwalite ike ụmụ agbọghọ n'ezie.[25][26]

A tụlekwara okwu a n'ime ihe gbasara ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ Buffy ọmụmụ.[31]  Onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi Kathleen Rowe Karlyn n'akwụkwọ ya "Scream, Popular Culture, and Feminism's Third Wave: Abụghị M Nne M"[32] na Irene Karras na "The Third Wave's Final Girl: Buffy the Vampire Slayer" na-atụ aro njikọ na nke atọ.  - ife feminism.[31]  Frances Early na Kathleen Kennedy na mmalite nke Athena's Daughters: Television's New Women Warriors, na-atụle ihe ha kọwara dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti ike nwa agbọghọ na ihe oyiyi "ọhụrụ" nke ndị dike nwanyị na omenala a ma ama.[33]

Oxford English Dictionary

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Mmelite nke afọ 2001 na Oxford English Dictionary kọwara "ike nwa agbọghọ" dị ka:   Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ na-enyekwa ihe atụ nke okwu a site n'ihota "Angel Delight", isiokwu dị na mbipụta March 24, 2001 nke Dreamwatch banyere usoro telivishọn Dark Angel:  

Okwu mmeghe Girl Power na-egosi na ngagharị ụmụ nwanyị na Sacramento, California

Onye ọkà mmụta nkwukọrịta Debbie Ging katọrọ echiche "ike nwa agbọghọ", ma jikọta ya na mmekọahụ nke ụmụaka, ọkachasị ụmụ agbọghọ.[34]

Onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze bụ Amy McClure na-adọ aka ná ntị megide itinye olileanya dị ukwuu na ike nwa agbọghọ dị ka echiche na-enye ike. Ọ na-ekwu, "Echiche nke dabeere na ịzụ ahịa enweghị ike ịbụ usoro mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na o yiri ka ọ bụ usoro mgbanwe bụ ụgha dị ize ndụ nke ọ bụghị naanị ndị ahịa na-ere anyị kamakwa na anyị na-enwekarị obi ụtọ na-ere onwe anyị".[35] Rebecca Hains katọrọ "ike ụmụ nwanyị" maka ọrụ azụmahịa ya, na-arụ ụka na Women's Studies in Communication na ọ "na-emebi ezi ọrụ maka ịha nhata, na-ejere ọdịmma ụlọ ọrụ na-efu ọdịmma onwe onye, na-ere ụmụ nwanyị".[36]

N'agbanyeghị mmalite okwu ahụ na Black Power na Black hip hop, Raisa Alvarado na-arụ ụka na Girl Power Movement "na-adabereghị na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọcha, etiti na nke elu."  Ọzọkwa, Alvarado na-ekwu na "usoro okwu nke ike ụmụ agbọghọ, dị ka gbasaa na omenala ndị a ma ama ... na-akwalite ọcha site na neoliberal, postfeminist, na postrace nnọchiteanya nke ikike ụmụ agbọghọ."[37] Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ Femininity na-eto eto Sinikka Aapola, Marnina Gonick, Jo Campling  , na Anita Harris rịba ama na The Girl Power ije "kwesịrị ekwesị[es]... oyiyi na okwu nke nwa nwanyị ike, ike na gị n'ụlọnga ijere a tumadi ọcha n'etiti klas ụmụ agbọghọ" agenda.[8]

Mgbasa ozi na ihe eji egwuri egwu nwere ike inye nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ nwa agbọghọ, dịka Mattel's Barbie. "M nwere ike ịbụ" Barbie [38] gosipụtara echiche a nke "ike nwa agbọghọ": na ụmụ agbọghọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọ bụla ha chọrọ mgbe ha tolitere. N'ụzọ a na-ekwu na onyinyo Barbie na-egosikwa nhọrọ dị warara nke ụmụ agbọghọ nwere ike ịmata, na-egbochi ikike nke "ike nwa agbọghọ" ọ bụla.[39]

Na mgbakwunye na nchegbu banyere mmetụta ike ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ jụrụ iji ya eme ihe site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Hannah Jane Parkinson nke The Guardian katọrọ okwu ahụ bụ "ike nwa agbọghọ" dị ka ihe "ụmụ agbọghọ na-enwe obi ike karị banyere ịkpọ onwe ha ndị inyom na iguzo maka ụkpụrụ nke ịha nhata" zoro n'azụ. Ọ katọrọ ahịrịokwu ahụ maka itinye okwu "nwa agbọghọ", na-azọrọ na ọ na-agba ume itinye okwu "nwatakịrị nwanyị" na ụmụ nwanyị toro eto.[40]

Hụkwa

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Bikini Kill Girl Power. Kathleen Hanna. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved on September 15, 2021.
  2. ↑ Garcia Paja (26 March 2021). Bikini Kill. LCC Zine Collection.
  3. ↑ Taylor (24 May 2019). Spice Girls: What happened to Girl Power?. BBC News. Retrieved on 23 February 2021.
  4. ↑ Bikini Kill: A Color and Activity Book. ArtZines. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.
  5. ↑ Coscarelli (July 11, 2016). Kathleen Hanna on Hit Reset, Her Recovery and Her Feminist Path. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2017-06-13.
  6. ↑ Aapola (2005). Young Femininity: Girlhood, Power, and Social Change. United Kingdom: Macmillan Education UK. 
  7. ↑ Bikini Kill Bio. RollingStone.com. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved on 2017-06-13.
  8. ↑ Gonick (2008). "Girl Power", Girl Culture. Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press, 310–314. ISBN 978-0-313-33909-7. 
  9. ↑ Leonard (1997). "'Rebel Girl, You Are the Queen of My World': Feminism, 'Subculture' and Grrrl Power", in Whiteley: Sexing The Groove: Popular Music and Gender. London: Routledge, 230–55. ISBN 978-0-415-14670-8. 
  10. ↑ Helen Love - Gabba Gabba We Accept You. Homepage.ntlworld.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
  11. ↑ Shampoo - Interview by Alexander Laurence. Free Williamsburg (April 2001). Archived from the original on 2019-06-04. Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
  12. ↑ "Girl power | You've come a long way baby", BBC News, December 30, 1997. Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
  13. ↑ "Girl Power is just a Nineties way of saying it." How feminism went pop during the reign of the Spice Girls. stylist.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved on February 12, 2017.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Girl Power!: The Spice Girls and Feminism. The 13th Floor. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved on July 9, 2016.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "How the Spice effect still packs punch", BBC News, July 7, 2016. Retrieved on February 9, 2017.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 You've come a long way baby. BBC (30 December 1997). Retrieved on 18 February 2024.
  17. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named girl power 4
  18. ↑ Sweeney. "20 years of Girl Power: Were the Spice Girls feminists or just opportunists?", Irish Independent, 6 July 2016.
  19. ↑ Blay (August 6, 2015). It's Time To Give The Spice Girls The Credit They Deserve. The Huffington Post. Retrieved on February 18, 2024.
  20. ↑ Cosslett (13 December 2012). The Spice Girls were my gateway drug to feminism. The Guardian. Retrieved on 18 February 2024.
  21. ↑ Harris. "Girl power as anarchism", The Guardian, July 16, 2006. Retrieved on 8 November 2021.
  22. ↑ Collier. "Will there ever be another girl band like the Spice Girls?", New Statesman, 14 July 2016. Retrieved on 18 February 2024.
  23. ↑ "Article on "Girl Power" being added to the Oxford English Dictionary", BBC, 17 January 2002. Retrieved on 18 February 2024.
  24. ↑ Dawson. Beatlemania and Girl Power: An Anatomy of Fame. Bigger Than Jesus: Essays On Popular Music. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 28 April 2005. Retrieved on 17 February 2017.
  25. ↑ Hains (2012). Growing Up With Girl Power - Girlhood On Screen and in Everyday Life. New York: Peter Lang. DOI:10.3726/b15101. ISBN 978-1-4331-6577-1. Retrieved on 8 November 2021. 
  26. ↑ Hains (2009). "Power Feminism, Mediated: Girl Power and the Commercial Politics of Change". Women's Studies in Communication 32 (1): 89–113. DOI:10.1080/07491409.2009.10162382. Retrieved on 8 November 2021. 

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