Sub-Sahara nga Aprika

Ti Sub-Sahara nga Aprika no maipapaan iti heograpia, ket ti lugar ti kontinente ti Aprika a mabirukan iti abagatan ti Desierto ti Sahara. No maipapan iti politika, daytoy ket buklen amin dagiti pagilian ti Aprika a napno wenno sangkapaset a mabirukan iti abagatan ti Sahara (malaksid ti Sudan, urayno ti Sudan ket adda iti Akindaya a paset ti desierto ti Sahara).^[2] Daytoy ket maigiddiat iti Amianan nga Aprika, a naikeddeng a paset ti Arabo a lubong. Ti Somalia, Djibouti, Komoros, ken ti Mauritania ket heograpiko a paset ti Sub-Sahara nga Aprika, ngem paset pay ti Arabo a lubong.^[3]

Ti Sahel ket ti transisional a sona a pagbaetan ti Sahara ken ti tropikal a sabana (ti rehion ti Sudan) ken ti mosaiko ti kabakiran a sabana iti abagatan.

Mabalin a manipud idi 3500 B.C.E,^[4]^[5] dagiti rehion ti Sahara ken Sub-Sahara ti Aprika ket naisinsinan babaen ti narusanger unay a klima iti manmano ti populasionna a Sahara, ken mangporma iti maysa nga epektibo a bangen a pasardengen laeng babaen ti Karayan Nilo idiay Sudan, ngem ti Nilo ket nalappedan idi babaen dagiti katarata. Ti Teoria ti Bomba ti Sahara ket mangipalawag no kasano a ti flora ken fauna (mairaman ti Homo sapiens) ket pimmanaw idiay Aprika ken naserrekanna ti Tengnga a Daya ken iti labes daytoy.

Dagiti nota

^ "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". United Nations Statistics Division. 11 Pebrero 2013. Naala idi 20 Hulio 2013. "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."
^ "Political definition of "Major regions", according to the UN". Naala idi 15 Disiembre 2010.
^ Halim Barakat, The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State, (University of California Press: 1993), p.80, Arab League Online: League of Arab States Naiyarkibo 2006-05-09 iti Wayback Machine, "UNESCO – Arab States". Portal.unesco.org., Infosamak. "Centre for Marketing, Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region". Infosamak.org., Khair El-Din Haseeb et al., The Future of the Arab Nation: Challenges and Options, 1 edition (Routledge: 1991), p.54, John Markakis, Resource conflict in the Horn of Africa, (Sage: 1998), p.39, Ḥagai Erlikh, The struggle over Eritrea, 1962–1978: war and revolution in the Horn of Africa, (Hoover Institution Press: 1983), p.59, Randall Fegley, Eritrea, (Clio Press: 1995), p.xxxviii, Michael Frishkopf, Music and Media in the Arab World, (American University in Cairo Press: 2010), p.61
^ "Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks", Science Daily.
^ Claussen, Mark; Kubatzki, Claudia; Brovkin, Victor; Ganopolski, Andrey; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Pachur, Hans-Joachim (1999). "Simulation of an Abrupt Change in Saharan Vegetation in the Mid-Holocene". Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (14): 2037–2040. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26.2037C. doi:10.1029/1999GL900494., "Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started By Changes In Earth's Orbit, Accelerated By Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks". Science Daily. Science Daily. 12 Hulio 1999.

Dagiti nagibasaran

Taking Action to Reduce Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa, World Bank Publications (1997), ISBN 0-8213-3698-3.

Adu pay a mabasbasa

Chido, Diane E. From Chaos to Cohesion: A Regional Approach to Security, Stability, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Carlisle, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press, 2013.
Petringa, Maria: Brazza, A Life for Africa. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0
Wm. Roger Louis and Jean Stengers: E.D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1968.