Diplomatia

Consociatio Nationum, capite Novi Eboraci in urbe, est maxima diplomatica inter civitates societas.

Ger van Elk, Symmetry of Diplomacy, 1975, Groninger Museum.

Diplomatia (de verbo Graeco diploma 'bipartito plicata') est ars gestorum inter legatos gregum civitatumve conloquiorum. Vox usitate spectat ad diplomatiam inter civitates, administrationem necessitudinum inter gentes per deprecationem legatorum mercede conductorum de rebus pacis, belli, commercii, oeconomiae, et culturae. Foedera inter civitates a legatis plerumque componuntur antequam homines politicae periti ea confirmant.

In Graecia antiqua, diploma fuit charta, usitate bipartito plicata, quae confectionem cursus studii confirmavit. Tempore Imperii Romani, verbum diplomatis spectavit ad publicas peregrinationis chartas, sicut syngraphas et alias facultates eundi in viis imperialibus datas, duplices metallicas signa impressa ferentis laminas. Deinde significatio extensa est ad alia documenta includenda, sicut foedera cum tribubus externis. Saeculo duodevicensimo, populi Franciae gregem virorum publicorum ad legationes externas adsignatorum appellaverunt corps diplomatique 'corpus diplomaticum'. Sensu haud sollemni more, diplomatia est usus dexteritatis ad commodum rationis capiendum, vel invenire mutuo iucunda quaestionis communis responsa.

Legati et missiones diplomaticae

Hodie, verbum commune pro grege virorum diplomaticorum ex una civitate qui in alia civitate commorantur est missio diplomatica. Summum gradum diplomaticum est legatus, et quaevis missio diplomatica a legato ducta appellatur legatio, exceptis missionibus perennibus apud Consociationem Nationum, Societatem Civitatum Americanorum, et aliis societates "multilaterales,"^? quibus etiam duces sunt legati. Corpus omnium diplomaticorum cuiuslibet civitatis virorum appellatur illius civitatis stipendia diplomatica (Anglice: diplomatic service); corpus autem omnium virorum diplomaticorum ad quamlibet civitatem adsignatorum appellatur corpus diplomaticum (Anglice: diplomatic corps). (Vide Gradum diplomaticum.)

Historia

Legatus Francicus in Imperii Ottomani vestitu, ab Antonio de Favray pictus anno 1766; Museum Pera, Constantinopolis.

Europa

Facultas diplomatiae factae est unum ex definientibus civitatis elementis, et diplomatia facta est postquam primae civitates conditae sunt, abhinc nonnulla millennia. Per historiam humanam, viri diplomatici missi sunt solum pro conloquiis peculiaribus; statim eorum missionibus finitis, domum redierunt. Tales viri usitate fuerunt cognati familiae regentis, vel homines summi gradus socialis ut, cum peterent conloqui cum hominibus aliae civitatis, auctoritatem haberent.

Exceptio notabilis fuit inter papam Romae et imperatorem Romanum Byzantii: procuratores papales, dicti apocrisiarii, perenne Constantinopoli commorati sunt. Nihilominus, post saeculum octavum, dissentiones inter papam et imperatorem, sicut Controversia Iconoclastica, haec vincula diremerunt.

Sinae et Diplomatia

Picturae Donorum Sollemnum, Sinica saeculi sexti pictura quae legatos depingit; qui in pictura monstrantur sunt legati ex Hephthalitibus,^? Persia, Langkasuka, Baekje,^? Qiuci,^? et Wo (Iaponia).

Diplomatica quaestionum consilium

Conventus

Quaestiones aliquando expeditae sunt per conventus inter gentes. Exempla talium conventuum sunt:

• Consilium Vindobonense (1815). Napoleone victo, fuerunt multi non compositae quaestiones diplomaticae. Hae fuerunt conformatio tabulae Europaeae, dispositio postulationum civilium et nationalistarum factarum a variis gregibus ethnicis et gentibus quae voluerunt habere autonomiam vel libertatem politicalem, et compositio postulationum variarum a variis Europae potestatibus factarum

• Consilium Berolinense (13 Iunii–13 Iulii 1878) fuit conventus inter legatos Magnarum Potestatum legatosque Imperii Ottomanici Berolini anno 1878. Post Bellum Russicum Ottomanicum annorum 1877 et 1878, propositum conventus fuit iterum ordinare rerum status in Balcaniis.

Diplomatia culturalis

Vide: Communicatio interculturalis

Nexus interni

• Analysis rationis negotiorum externorum gerendorum
• Concordia
• Communicatio interculturalis
• Diplomatia oeconomica
• Diplomatia Ping Pong
• Diplomatia publica
• Doctrina rationis negotiorum externorum gerendorum
• Flipismus
• Ius diplomaticum
• Ius gentium
• Ius inter civitates et gentes
• Irenologia
• Legatio
• Missio diplomatica
• Minister rerum externarum
• Multilateralismus
• Neutralitas
• Paradiplomatia
• Persona non grata
• Ratio negotiorum externorum gerendorum

Institutiones quae educationem diplomaticam docent

• International Forum on Diplomatic Training
• Foreign Service Institute India
• Diplomatic Academy of Vienna
• International School of Geneva
• Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations
• United Nations International School of Hanoi
• United Nations International School
• University for Peace
• Vienna International School
• Moscow State Institute of International Relations
• MRI - Master in Relazioni Internazionali
• Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Terrae Mariae
• Royal United Services Institute
• School of International Service
• Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK
• Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
• Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
• Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
• Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, New Jersey
• Instituto Rio Branco - Diplomatic school of the Brazilian Government
• Instituto del Servicio Exterior de la Nacion - Diplomatica Argentinae Academia
• The George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center
• Instituto Matías Romero, Mexico City
• DiploFoundation Malta and Geneva
• Centre for Politics and Diplomatic Studies, University of Leicester, UK¨
• Instituto del Servicio Exterior "Manuel Maria de Peralta" - Diplomatic Academy of Costa Rica
• Diplomatic Academy of Ukraine (www.dipacadem.kiev.ua)

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Diplomatia spectant.

• Brevis Diplomatiae Historia
• Consociatio Nationum
• Dictionarium Diplomaticum
• DiploFoundation
• Diplomatica Sancti Gabrielis Societas
• Legatus Mexicanus
• Libri a diplomatistis scripti^?
• Loci diplomatiae

Bibliographia

• Berridge, G. R. 2005. Diplomacy: Theory & Practice. Editio tertia. Palgrave, Basingstoke. ISBN 1-4039-9311-4.
• Brummett, Palmira. "Imagining the Early Modern Ottoman Space, from World History to Piri Reis." In The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Ediderunt Virginia Aksan et Daniel Goffman. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
• Cunningham, George. 2005. Journey to Become a Diplomat: With a Guide to Careers in World Affairs. FPA Global Vision Books. ISBN 0-87124-212-5.
• Dorman, Shawn, ed. 2003. Inside a U.S. Embassy: How the Foreign Service Works for America. Editio altera. American Foreign Service Association. ISBN 0-9649488-2-6.
• Fleet, Kate. 1999. "The Ottoman diplomats on eighteenth-century Poland: Contempt or discouragement?" Oriente Moderno 79(1):97–100.
• Goffman, Daniel. "Negotiating with the Renaissance State: The Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy." In The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Ediderunt Virginia Aksan et Daniel Goffman, 61–74. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
• Imber, Colin. 1999. "Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery." Historian (Allentown) 62(1):128–129.
• Kurbalija, J., et H. Slavik, eds. 2001. Language and Diplomacy. Melitae: DiploProjects, Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies. ISBN 99909-55-15-8.
• Mattingly, Garrett. Renaissance Diplomacy. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25570-5.
• Rana, Kishan S. 2004. The 21st Century Ambassador: Plenipotentiary to Chief Executive. DiploFoundation. ISBN 99909-55-18-2.
• Rana, Kishan S., et Jovan Kurbalija, eds. 2007. Foreign Ministries: Managing Diplomatic Networks and Optimizing Value. DiploFoundation. ISBN 978-99932-53-16-7.
• Satow, Ernest. 1917 1998. A Guide to Diplomatic Practice. London & New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Editio quinta. ISBN 0-582-50109-1.
• Wicquefort, Abraham de. 1716. The Embassador and His Functions To Which Is Added, an Historical Discourse, Concerning the Election of the Emperor and the Electors. Convertit John Digby. Londinii: Printed for B. Lintott.