Maana

Maana (Anglindi: Okra bɩ okro) (US: /ˈoʊkrə/, UK: /ˈɒkrə/),Abelmoschus esculentus, sẽn be tẽns kẽer sẽn gomd Anglais wã pʋgẽ n boond tɩ pag nug-bi-bees (Anglindi: Ladies fingers) yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar bloog tɩb sẽn yit Mallow zakã pʋgẽ. A tara bõn-buud-vɩɩs sẽn yaa bõn-buudu. B pa wʋmd a Okra sẽn yit zĩig ning ye. B pa wʋmda a Okra wã sẽn yit zĩig ningã ye. ^[1]^[2]^[3]

Etymology

A Abelmoschus yaa neo-latɛn sẽn yit Arab bɩ a yaa a Abouu المِسْك (ʾabū l-misk, "misk ba"), la latɛn gomdã sẽn yaa "esculentus" wã wilgdame tɩ ned tõe n dɩ-a lame. B ra gomda gom-biig ning sẽn boond tɩ okra wã n sɩng yʋʋmd 1679 wã. Gom-biig ning sẽn yaa gumbo wã yaa gom-bi-bɩɩg sẽn yit a Loizĩna kreol buud-gomdã pʋgẽ, la yaa Umbundu gom-biig ning sẽn boond tɩ ochinggômbo, bɩ Kimbundu gom-zug ning sẽn boond t'a ki-ngombo. Baa ne Etazĩni tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ gom-biig ning sẽn yaa gumbo wã sẽn dat n yeel tɩ rɩɩb sẽn yaa gumbu wã, Kibɩ-kãsengã zĩ-kãens wʋsg tõe n dɩka gom-bi-kãnga n wilg tɩ b gomda bõn-buudã la bõn-buudu yelle wa gom-biig a taab wʋsg sẽn be Afirik nebã sẽn be Amerikã pʋsẽ.^[4]

Sɩnga la pʋɩɩr

Maan yaa alopolyploid sẽn pa tar sor n pa tõe n bãng a sẽn yaa a soaba. La b sẽn da yeel tɩ b na n wa rɩt-b lame wã yaa Abelmoschus ficulneus, A. tuberculatus la okra buud sẽn yaa "diplɔid" wã. B pa mi neb nins sẽn yaa we-rũng rãmbã sɩd ye (b sẽn pa mi neb sẽn yaa buud toor-toorã ye). ^[5]Nebã mii okra wã hal pĩnd wẽndẽ. Gɛrk la Rom zamaanẽ, b sẽn da be Eziptã, b ra bʋta okra, la b yãa bõn-naands sẽn be a pʋgẽ a Faraõ wẽnd-doogẽ wã la a yaa zĩig sẽn be Afirik la Azi soolmẽ wã. A Okra yita Afirik sẽn be zĩ-kãnga, la a ra bɩɩsdame tẽns a taab sẽn be tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, n paas Ɛnd soolmẽ wã. la yʋʋmd 1800 soabã pʋgẽ, b yãa zĩm-dãmb sẽn be zĩ-zĩisẽ, sẽn be Nils-Wẽngã pʋga, Soedan soolmẽ wã. A Okra ra kẽnga Erop pipi n paam n deeg a Hispania. A Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati n zĩnd Erop rãmb sʋka, n wa n tɩ wilg tɩ b ra rɩtga tɩɩgã yʋʋmd 1216 wã. Sẽn yit Arɩbi wã, tɩɩgã yalsa Mediterane wã ne.^[6]

Yʋʋmd 1658 wã, koom-koglgã sẽn da tʋmd Atlantik soolmẽ wã, n da tʋmd ne yembd raabã, n wa n wa n kẽed Amerikã, la b ra wilgame tɩ b ra bee Brezil. B gʋlsa a yell Suriname yʋʋmd 1686 wã.^[7] Tõe tɩ b yii Afirik n wa n tɩ kõ-a-la Afirik sẽn be Etazĩni soolmã sẽn be zĩ-gõonegẽ wã yʋʋmd 1800 wã sɩngrẽ. Yʋʋmd 1748 wã, b ra yaa n zẽk-a n kẽngd Philadelphie. A Thomas Jefferson yeelame tɩ b ra zoe n maana b sẽn datã yʋʋmd 1781 wã Virginia. ^[8]Yʋʋmd 1800 wã, a ra yaa bũmb sẽn da be Etazĩni soolmẽ wã, la b gom-a-la naoor a yembre yʋʋmd 1806 wã.^[9]

Botanik la koodã

Bãada yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar yʋʋm wʋsgo, la b bɩɩd-a-la yʋʋm fãa zĩ-wɛgdẽ, n paasd n ta mɛtɛɛr a yiib n tãag zĩ-sʋka. ^[10]A Malvaceae sullã neb n tar a meng ne bõn-buudb wala bẽedã, kakao la hibiscus. A sãnemã yaa samd 10 - 20 la a yaa zãadg la a yaa gãndga, a tara a tãnd a nu - nu - nu. Bãadã tara sãnem 4-8 la a to wã, ne sãnem a nu ne sãnem, la naoor wʋsgo, ne zĩ-zĩis sẽn yaa miuug bɩ waor sẽn be a paa-rɩtgo fãa zug. ^[11]Pollenã yaa zĩiga la a sõor yaa mikrons 188. A biisã yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar pʋga sẽn tar pʋ-tẽnga, tɩ tar bõn-buudu wʋsgo.

A Abelmoschus esculentus wã yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar tɩɩs sẽn yaa sõma la sẽn tar sãnem la sẽn yaa yɩlemd dũniyã gill zugu. A yaa bũmb nins sẽn tar pãng n tõe n maan tɩ bugumã la komã ra wa pa le tar pãng ye. Sẽn na yɩl n bɩɩs-b, b sã n wa bʋd b koodã, b sãnda b koodã zãma wã fãa n yaool n bʋd-a t'a ta sentimetr a yiib n tãag tãag tãab-noy. A nong n maanda tẽnga tʋʋlg sẽn zems 20 °C (68 °F) n na n kɩt tɩ b rogd-a,sã n yaa rasem a yoob (semsã sẽn be koom pʋgẽ) n ta semen a tãab sʋka. Sẽn yaa tɩrgã, a baoodame tɩ wĩndgã vẽenemã zĩnd a zugu, la a segd n bʋga tẽnga sẽn tar pH sẽn be sʋka, 5,8 la 7, sẽn yaa sõma tɩ yɩ zĩ-kiidg zugu. Sẽn yiid-b bõn-buudã baood koom wʋsgo. Bãagã sẽn yaa bõn-buudã lebga tɩrs la tɩɩs la b segd n tigma b sã n pa bɩɩse, tɩ yaa naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa paam n kʋɩɩb-b lame, b sãn pa kʋʋd ye. [Pipi tigisgã na n yɩɩ sõma kiis a yiib poore, la a na n yɩɩ.^[12]

La bãag ning sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd sẽn namsd a okra wã yaa a verticillium wilg, tɩ kɩt tɩ a vãadã lebg wa kẽem la b wa wa wa wa lebg wa wa.^[13] La bãas a taab yaa wa ne bãag sẽn yaa wa pulgr sẽn be zĩ-dãmbã, tɩ b yaa wa ne seb-gãosgo, tɩ b tar seb-gãong sẽn yaa wa ne sãnem, la tɩ b yaa ne waag sẽn yaa tɩrsã. A A. esculentus sẽn pa tar seb-vɩɩs ne a mog-rɩt-rɩk n pa tar a mog-n-taag ne a Abelmoschus manihot wã kɩtame tɩ b naan lebg ne buud a ye sẽn boond tɩ Parbhani kranti.

Etazĩni, b sẽn naanã, b rɩka b rɩɩb wʋsg Floridã soolmẽ wã.Okra wã yaa b sẽn bɩɩsdã zĩig fãa, tɩ kɩt tɩ okra wã yaa sõma yʋʋm kiuug piig pʋgẽ.[23] Sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd yaa a sẽn tar a kilo 20 000 a akre, n ta a sẽn tar kilo 30,000 a akre.Burkĩna ligd tõe n ta $18/buzɛl sẽn yaa $0.60 ne kilo ($1.3/kg).Tẽns nins sẽn get IPM wã siglgã kõtame tɩ b naan naan tũ bug-tẽngã pʋgẽ.[23

Rɩlgre bɩɩ dɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma

Okra sẽn yaa toor-toorã tar koom sẽn yaa 90%, protein sẽn yaa 2%, carbohydrate sẽn yaa 7%, la fats sẽn pa tar yõodã. A sã n yaa gram 100 bɩ a sã n yaa a sã n pa tarã, a yaa bõn-vɩɩm sẽn tar fɩtɛɛrã, a Vãtamiin C la a K sẽn yaa b sẽn dɩt daar fãa wã sẽn yɩɩd 20%.

Dĩm-dãmb

Okra yaa bũmb a tãabo sẽn tõe n kɩt tɩ b yũ gom-bi-kãsems sẽn yit Louisiana wã.^[14]A Okra sẽn yaa wa n dɩtẽ wã yaa Amerika soolmã kibsa. Kũub la Porto Riko, b boond-a lame t'a quimbombó, la b tũnugda ne-a rɩɩb wala quimbombô guisado (kẽngd okra), sẽn yaa rɩɩb sẽn wõnd gumbo.^[15]^[16]A leb n beẽ n boond tɩ molondrón.^[17]B sẽn naan tɩ b naan naan rɩ n naan rɩ n dɩ wã, b rɩka a Karuru sẽn yaa b sẽn naan dɩ n dɩ n dɩ.

A Azi-Dĩngã pʋgẽ, b tũnugda ne bõn-buudã tɩ b naag ne namse, pe-yãgdse, peen-bi-pugla la piisã.^[18] ^[19]Yaa woto la m segd n maane.

Naana

Maan tib mi'a nasaar tẽmse wʋsgo "Ladies fingers" bɩ ochro.Bũmb a ye sẽn tõe n sõng tɩ b yiis okra wã yaa b sẽn na n segl-a ne rɩɩb sẽn tar acidã, wala tomate, n na n boog a miizã.^[20]B rɩtda b sẽn yaa b sẽn naanã, b rɩt-b-la ne b sẽn naan-b tɩ b rɩt b sẽn naan n naan n kõ-b-yã. Tẽns nins sẽn be b sẽn be b yiri wã, b tõe n dɩka Okra n boog b rɩ-beedo la b boog b rɩɩb sẽn pa tar laafɩ wã.^[21]

Dɩlla la bõn-buud

B tõe n dɩka okra vãad sẽn yaa kom-bɩɩs wa b sẽn dɩka beetã bɩ b sẽn dɩt-b la b rɩk-b n dɩt-ba. B tõe n kosa Okra bõn-buudã n ning-a tɩ b lebg kofeen-fɩɩg sẽn pa naag ne kofeen ye. Yʋʋmd 1861 wã, Amerik zabrã sẽn kɩt tɩ kaafã importã pa le tar pãng ye. A Austin State Gazette wã yeelame tɩ "kaafã sẽn yaa akr a yembr na n woma bõn-buud sẽn sek n kõ kaafã sẽn be Rio wã".^[22]

A yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa wa seb-buud la a yaa bõn-naandg sẽn yaa wa b sẽn dat n dɩ wã. A tara yũ-noog la a tara yĩn-gãong sẽn pa tar tɩlem wala a oliik kisg la a linolik kisg.^[23] Rɩt-rãmbã kẽer sẽn tar kaamã yaa 40% bɩ. A sẽn tall kilo 794 a hektarã zugu, a ra pa le tõe n paam n tall a sẽn tar a tɩm-soabr bal ye.

Dẽn-biisã

Bãagã sẽn yit bĩngã pʋgẽ wã, b tõe n maana tʋʋmde, wala b sẽn dat n paas polymer kompozitã pãng yĩnga.^[24]B tõe n dɩka b sẽn naanã n yiis koomã sẽn yaa wa b sẽn pa tar koomã tɩ b pa tar koom ye. Sẽn yaa wa polisacarid film sẽn yaa kãsenga, okra mucilage wã yaa rɩɩb sẽn tõe n sãamd a yĩng n pakd rɩɩb yʋʋmd 2018 wã.^[25] ^[26] Yʋʋmd 2009 wã, b maana vaeesg n mik tɩ b tõe n dɩka okra kaam n dɩt a yõor yõ-koglg.^[27]

Tʋʋmdã

Yʋʋmd 2021 soabã pʋgẽ, dũni gill okra toodã yɩɩ tonn milyõ 10,8 la Indi wã taoor lʋɩtbã sẽn tall 60% n kõ-a wã.

Okra production – 2021
Country	(Millions of tonnes)
Sõr-wilgda:IND	6.47
Sõr-wilgda:NGA	1.92
Sõr-wilgda:MLI	0.67
Sõr-wilgda:SDN	0.32
Sõr-wilgda:PAK	0.26
World	10.82
Source: FAOSTAT^[28]

D rɩkda

D rɩtgã Dɩlla

A okra sẽn yaa toor fasɩ wã tar koom sẽn yɩɩd 90%, poroteen sẽn yɩɩd 2%, karbõidrɛt sẽn yɩɩd 7%, la yĩns sẽn pa tar yõodo. A 100 gram referansã pʋgẽ, okra yaa bõn-naand sẽn tar bark (b sẽn yaa 20% bɩ sẽn yɩɩd a daarã yõodã) ne b rɩɩbã fiber, vitamini C, la vitamini K, ne a sẽn tar thiamine, folate la magnesium sẽn yaa toogo (tablɛ).

Galeri wã

Large okra plants
A giant okra pod
Flower close-up
Stamen and pollen
Young seedling showing cotyledons
Fresh-picked fruits
Bhindi bharta, a South Asian dish

Sebtiisi

Sõng-n-taase

[1] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20190207015249/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2609574

[2] ttps://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/okra-glossary

[3] ttps://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11763

[4] ttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Abelmoschus

[5] ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/328759388

[6] ttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)

[7] ttps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/okra

[8] ttps://www.google.com/books/edition/Archaeology_Language_and_the_African_Pas/esFy3Po57A8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=okra&pg=PA237

[9] ttps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/okra

[10] ttps://www.almanac.com/plant/okra

[11] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20141031143119/http://cals.arizona.edu/fps/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fps/files/cotw/Okra_Seed.pdf

[12] ttps://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo109.pdf

[13] ttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Integrated_Pest_Management_Centers

[14] ttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87805-563-0

[15] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20201023040548/https://thelatinkitchen.com/blogs/kitchen/cuban-quimbombo-afro-cuban-okra

[16] ttps://www.whats4eats.com/vegetables/quimbombo-guisado-recipe

[17] ttps://www.diariolibre.com/revista/el-intrpido-molondrn-EPDL347993

[18] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=icIBAwAAQBAJ&dq=okra+india++bhindi+recipe&pg=PP1

[19] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&dq=okra+%22indian+cuisine%22+cooking++sen&pg=PA1

[20] ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4779480

[21] ttps://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/09/05/641615142/leave-it-to-botanists-to-turn-cooking-into-a-science-lesson

[22] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20070928062031/http://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/coffee.htm

[23] ttps://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858558

[24] ttps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compscitech.2009.09.013

[25] ttps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.desal.2008.09.013

[26] ttps://doi.org/10.1002%2F1439-2054%2820010901%29286%3A9%3C560%3A%3AAID-MAME560%3E3.0.CO%3B2-B

[27] ttps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2009.09.020

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