John Brown

John Brown
John Brown
	Foto ditangkap Augustus Washington, s. 1846–1847
Kelahiran	9 Mei 1800; Torrington, Connecticut, Amerika Syarikat
Meninggal dunia	Disember 2, 1859 (umur 59); Charles Town, Virginia, Amerika Suarikat; (kini di Virginia Barat)
Sebab kematian	Dihukum gantung
Dikebumikan	John Brown Farm State Historic Site, Lake Placid, New York, Amerika Serikat
Terkenal kerana	Pembunuhan Pottawatomie; Serangan ke Harpers Ferry;
Anak-anak	20 termasuk Owen (11 mencapai usia dewasa)
Ibu bapa	Owen Brown; Ruth Mills
Tandatangan

John Brown (9 Mei 1800 - 2 Disember 1859) adalah seorang peniaga, orang alim dan abolisionis Amerika Syarikat. Beliau berpendapat radikal dalam perjuangannya menghapuskan perhambaan di Amerika Syarikat di mana beliau menganggap keganasan itu sangat perlu bagi mencapai matlamat didokongnya.

Beliau pertama kali mendapat perhatian serata Amerika dengan krisis Kansas Berdarah serta suatu pembunuhan bersiri tindak balas dari serangan suatu bandar diduduki warga antiperhambaan. Beliau turut mengetuai pasukan anti perhambaan dalam pertempuran-pertempuran Black Jack (2 Jun) dan Osawatomie (30 Ogos 1856).

Pada bulan Oktober 1859, Brown mengetuai serangan terhadap suatu gudang senjata persekutuan di Harpers Ferry, Virginia (hari ini Virginia Barat), dengan tujuan memulakan gerakan pembebasan hamba yang menyebar ke selatan melalui kawasan pergunungan di Virginia dan Carolina Utara yang mahu dijadikan suatu negeri dibentuk beliau sendiri. Rancangan ini digagalkan petani tempatan, dan pihak Kor Marin yang berjaya memberkas atau menumpaskan orang-orang Brown. Brown didakwa atas kesalahan menderhaka terhadap Komanwel Virginia, membunuh dan menghasut pemberontakan hamba; beliau didapati bersalah atas semua tuduhan dan dihukum gantung - beliau orang pertama yang dihukum mati atas dakwaan penderhakaan dalam sejarah Amerika Syarikat. ^[1]^:179

Awal hidup

John Brown lahir di Torrington, Connecticut pada 9 Mei 1800;^[2] beliau anak keempat daripafa 8 adik-beradik kepada Owen Brown (1771–1856) dan Ruth Mills (1772–1808)^[3] yang ditelusuri berketurunan Puritan Inggeris dari abad ke-17.^[4] Keluarga John berpindah ke Hudson, Ohio pada 1805 di mana Owen Brown mencuba nasib sebagai seorang pengilang kulit haiwan.^[5] Owen juga terlibat memberikan perlindungan kepada hamba-hamba yang melarikan diri secara sembunyi dalam rangkaian Underground Railroad.

Perpindahan ke Kansas

Serangan Harpers Ferry

Pembicaraan dan penghukuman

Khabar ini turut tiba sejauh Eropah, khususnya di Guernsey tempat Victor Hugo ditahan pada ketika itu. Beliau menulis suatu surat terbuka kepada pihak Pemerintah Amerika Syarikat menyatakan tindakan menghukum John sebagai suatu "dosa tidak terampun" (« ...une faute irréparable... ») serta perkara yang "menggoncangkan kuasa rakyat" serta bakal memecahbelahkan keadaan negara Amerika yang utuh. (« Il ferait à l’Union une fissure latente qui finirait par la disloquer...il ébranlerait toute la démocratie américaine... ») Surat ditulis ini tersebar luas dari London mendapat perhatian ramai di Eropah serta benua Amerika;^[6]^[7] keadaan ini turut memberi semangat kepada para abolisionis Amerika Syarikat sebagai suatu sokongan antarabangsa kuat kepada fahaman seperjuangan mereka dan Brown.

Hukuman mati

Beliau menaiki suatu kereta kuda dari tempat tahanannya pada jam 11:00 pagi, dia disaksikan duduk di atas kerandanya sendiri. Kereta tersebut tiba di suatu lapangan di mana adanya tempat pergantungan yang sedang dikerumuni 2,000 orang askar. Keadaan gawat yang menyusul berikutan serangannya menyebabkan tiada siapapun orang biasa termasuk wartawan sekalipun dapat mendekati selain pegawai bertanggungjawab.

John digantung pada jam 11:15 pagi dan disahkan meninggal dunia pada 11:50 pagi. Ramai yang berkabung meraikan kemartiran Brown sebaik berita kematian Brown tiba di rantau Utara; banyak gereja disaksikan membunyikan genta-genta mereka serta ramai yang mengadakan pertemuan belasungkawa memperingati beliau.^[8]

Peninggalan

Rumah kilang haiwan keluarga Brown dijadikan suatu tempat peringatan.^[5]

Beliau juga disanjung di Haiti atas pendekatan radikalnya yang mirip pemberontakan dilaksanakan dalam kalangan warga hamba terhadap pihak Perancis; lebuh utama yang terletak di pusat ibu kota negara Haiti Port-au-Prince dinamakan Avenue John Brown sebagai tanda solidariti kepada perjuangan digalang John.^[9]

Rujukan

^ Loewen, James W. (2008). Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong (ed. Revised and updated). New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1595583260.
^ Torrington Historical Society (2017). "John Brown Birthplace Site". Dicapai pada November 15, 2018.
^ There has been speculation that the grandfather was the same John Brown who was a Loyalist during the American Revolution and spent time in jail with the notorious Claudius Smith, allegedly for stealing cattle, which he and Smith used to feed starving British troops. But this runs against the grain of the Brown family history as well as the record of the Humphrey family, to which the Browns were directly related (abolitionist John Brown's maternal grandmother was a Humphrey). Brown himself wrote in his 1857 autobiographical letter that both his and his first wife's grandfathers were soldiers in the Continental Army [which he established in his The Humphreys Family in America (1883)], which notes that abolitionist John Brown's grandfather, Capt. John Brown (born 1728), was a militia captain who died early in the American Revolution. His son Owen Brown, the father of abolitionist John Brown, was a tanner and strict evangelical who hated slavery and taught his trade to his son.
^ Sanborn, Franklin (April 1872). "John Brown in Massachusetts". The Atlantic. Dicapai pada March 8, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Hudson Quester chapters (1985), Boyhood home of John Brown, Historical Marker Database
^ Hugo, Victor (1859). "Lettre sur John Brown". Actes et paroles. Pendant l'exil – melalui Wikisumber.
^ Hoffmann, Léon-François (1987). "Victor Hugo, John Brown et les Haïtiens". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 16: 47–58.
^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 378–79
^ Flounders, Sara. "Cuba, Haiti and John Brown – To Rebel Is Justified". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada November 4, 2011. Dicapai pada December 6, 2011.

Pautan luar

Documentary exhibit by West Virginia Dept. of Arts, Culture, and History
Karya oleh atau tentang John Brown di Internet Archive
Himpunan surat diutus berkaitan insiden di Harper's Ferry bertarikh 17 Oktober 1859, Senat Maryland, 1860. Western Maryland History Online
John Brown Pike – Kansas Historical Society
"John Brown and his Men, with Some Account of the Roads Traveled to Reach Harper's Ferry,", nukilan Jared Carter.
John Brown Desk, Kansas Historical Society website

Rencana berkenaan biografi ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[Lies-1] Loewen, James W. (2008). Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong (ed. Revised and updated). New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1595583260.

[2] Torrington Historical Society (2017). "John Brown Birthplace Site". Dicapai pada November 15, 2018.

[grandfather-3] There has been speculation that the grandfather was the same John Brown who was a Loyalist during the American Revolution and spent time in jail with the notorious Claudius Smith, allegedly for stealing cattle, which he and Smith used to feed starving British troops. But this runs against the grain of the Brown family history as well as the record of the Humphrey family, to which the Browns were directly related (abolitionist John Brown's maternal grandmother was a Humphrey). Brown himself wrote in his 1857 autobiographical letter that both his and his first wife's grandfathers were soldiers in the Continental Army [which he established in his The Humphreys Family in America (1883)], which notes that abolitionist John Brown's grandfather, Capt. John Brown (born 1728), was a militia captain who died early in the American Revolution. His son Owen Brown, the father of abolitionist John Brown, was a tanner and strict evangelical who hated slavery and taught his trade to his son.

[4] Sanborn, Franklin (April 1872). "John Brown in Massachusetts". The Atlantic. Dicapai pada March 8, 2017.

[:0-5] Hudson Quester chapters (1985), Boyhood home of John Brown, Historical Marker Database

[6] Hugo, Victor (1859). "Lettre sur John Brown". Actes et paroles. Pendant l'exil – melalui Wikisumber.

[7] Hoffmann, Léon-François (1987). "Victor Hugo, John Brown et les Haïtiens". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 16: 47–58.

[8] David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 378–79

[9] Flounders, Sara. "Cuba, Haiti and John Brown – To Rebel Is Justified". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada November 4, 2011. Dicapai pada December 6, 2011.

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