Libanização
Libanização é um termo político pejorativo que significa o processo de degeneração de um país em uma guerra civil ou um estado falido, usado pela primeira vez pelo presidente israelense Shimon Peres em 1983, referindo-se à minimização da presença de Israel no Líbano na sequência da invasão israelense do Líbano de 1982. É comparável à balcanização, mas ocorre sem secessão, dentro das fronteiras de um país.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
O termo faz referência aos anos da Guerra Civil Libanesa (1975-1990), quando para além da existência de um governo central muito débil, mas que apresentava alguns sinais de vitalidade, as milícias dos diferentes partidos libaneses tinham o controle efetivo de diversas regiões do país, atribuindo a representação da população e a manutenção de uma relativa "ordem".[1][6]
Referências
- ↑ a b Safire, William (21 de Abril de 1991). «On Language; Izationization (Published 1991)». The New York Times
- ↑ «Beijing threatens to 'Lebanonize' Taiwan EJINSIGHT - ejinsight.com». EJINSIGHT.
However, the Israeli withdrawal was followed by a permanent state of civil war among the religious, ethnic and political factions in Lebanon. As a result, Lebanonization took on a more negative meaning and became a phrase to describe a failed state that keeps struggling with religious and other disputes.
- ↑ Gold, David L. (2002). «Offspring of the English Verb Babelize (With Remarks on French, Hebrew, and Spanish)». Neophilologus. 86 (3): 455–466. doi:10.1023/A:1015680313631.
In allusion to the protracted and bitter civil war in Lebanon, fear of Lebanisation on the northwest border of Pakistan is mentioned in the Manchester Guardian Weekly of 5 January 1986, p. 6; Norman Podhoretz warned of a Lebanization of Palestine, if such a state came into existence, in The New York Times of 3 September 1993, p. A9; the Lebanonization of Yugoslavia is mentioned in The New York Times of 1 November 1987, p. 14; Mapam, an Israeli political party, has warned of the possible Lebanonization of Israel; “‘Lebanonization’ is the term both Israelis and Palestinians are using for what seems to be a shift toward low-level guerrilla warfare [. . .]” (John Kifner, “Tale of Two Uprisings: This Time, the Palestinians Have Territory, and Guns,” The New York Times, 18 November 2000, p. A6).
- ↑ Bordenkircher, Eric (2020). «"Lebanonization": Framing Policy for the Puzzles of the Middle East». Middle East Policy. 27 (1): 41–55. doi:10.1111/mepo.12473
- ↑ Setrakian, Lara. «Beirut in Baghdad: Is the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq complete?». Foreign Policy
- ↑ a b Bresnahan, John. «Crocker: Iran is pushing for the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq». POLITICO (em inglês)
- ↑ Rezaei, Farhad (2018). «Iran and Iraq: The Lebanonization Project in the Balance». Iran’s Foreign Policy After the Nuclear Agreement: Politics of Normalizers and Traditionalists (em inglês). [S.l.]: Springer International Publishing. pp. 113–140. ISBN 978-3-319-76789-5
- ↑ Rosenfeld, Stephen S. (26 de Abril de 1991). «WORSE THAN BEING LEBANONIZED». Washington Post
- ↑ Rabil, Robert G. (2011). «The Islamists and the Political System: Al-Infitah and Lebanonization». Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism (em inglês). [S.l.]: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 59–81. ISBN 978-0-230-33925-5
- ↑ Upadhyay, P. K. (2009). «Islamization versus Talibanization: Is Pakistan Drifting Towards 'Lebanonization'?». Strategic Analysis. 33 (6): 805–808. doi:10.1080/09700160903255749
- ↑ Ranstorp, Magnus (1998). «The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current 'Lebanonization process'». Mediterranean Politics. 3 (1): 103–134. doi:10.1080/13629399808414643
- ↑ Barber, Benjamin R. (2000). «Jihad vs. McWorld». Globalization and the Challenges of a New Century: A Reader (em inglês). [S.l.]: Indiana University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-253-02818-1.
The first is a retribalization of large swaths of humankind by war and bloodshed: a threatened Lebanonization of national states in which culture is pitted against culture, people against people, tribe against tribe —a Jihad in the name of a hundred narrowly conceived faiths …