Jamhuri ya Watu wa China

Makala hii inahusu Jamhuri ya watu wa China au China bara. Kwa Jamhuri ya China au Taiwan, tazama Jamhuri ya China.

Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó
Jamhuri ya Watu wa China

Bendera Nembo
Kaulimbiu ya taifa:
Wimbo wa taifa: Maandamano ya wale wanaojitolea - ''Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ''
Mji mkuu	Beijing 9,596,961) 39°55′ N 116°23′ E
Mji mkubwa nchini	Shanghai
Lugha rasmi	Kimandarini1 (Putonghua)
Serikali Rais Waziri Mkuu	Ujamaa jamhuri ya chama kimoja2 Xi Jinping Li Keqiang
Tarehe za kihistoria Utawala wa nasaba ya Shang Utawala wa nasaba ya Qin Jamhuri ya China Jamhuri ya Watu wa China ilitangazwa	1766 KK 221 KK 10 Oktoba 1911 1 Oktoba 1949
Eneo  - Jumla  - Maji (%)	km² 9,596,961 km² (ya 33) 0.282
Idadi ya watu  - Januari 2020 kadirio  - 2010 sensa  - Msongamano wa watu	1,400,000,0004 (ya 1) 1,339,724,852 145/km² (ya 83 (2))
Fedha	Renminbi Yuan5, 2 (CNY)
Saa za eneo  - Kiangazi (DST)	(UTC+8) not observed (UTC+8)
Intaneti TLD	.cn2
Kodi ya simu	+862 -
1 Pamoja na Kimandarini kile cha Kikantoni ni lugha rasmi katika Hong Kong na Macau. Kiingereza ni pia lugha rasmi katika Hong Kong na Kireno huko Macau. Vilevile kuna lugha za kieneo yanayotumiwa rasmi kama vile Kiuyghur huko Xinjiang, Kimongolia katika jimbo la Mongolia ya Ndani, Kitibet huko Tibet na Kikorea katika mkoa wa Yanbian.

China (pia: Uchina, Sina; kirefu: Jamhuri ya Watu wa China) ni nchi kubwa ya Asia ya Mashariki ambayo ndiyo nchi yenye watu wengi kuliko zote duniani.

China imepakana na Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Urusi, Mongolia, Korea ya Kaskazini.

Kuna pwani ndefu kwenye Bahari ya Kusini ya China na Bahari ya Mashariki ya China ambazo ni bahari ya kando ya Pasifiki.

China kuna makabila 56 tofauti. Wahan ndio kabila kubwa zaidi nchini China kwa idadi ya watu ikiwa na asilimia 92.

Lugha rasmi ni Kichina cha Mandarin kinachotumiwa na asilimia 70 za wananchi.

Siasa inatawaliwa na chama cha kikomunisti.

Mji mkuu ni Beijing lakini Shanghai ndio mji mkubwa zaidi.

Hong Kong iliyokuwa koloni la Uingereza na Macau iliyokuwa koloni la Ureno ni maeneo ya China yenye utawala wa pekee.

Taiwan na visiwa vingine vya Jamhuri ya China vinatazamwa na serikali ya Beijing kuwa majimbo yake lakini vimekuwa kama nchi ya pekee tangu mwaka 1949.

Jiografia

China ina eneo la kilomita za mraba milioni 9.6 hivyo ni nchi ya tatu au ya nne kwa ukubwa duniani.

Sura ya nchi inaonyesha tabia tofautitofauti.

Upande wa kaskazini, mpakani mwa Siberia na Mongolia, kuna maeneo yabisi pamoja na jangwa la Gobi.

Kinyume chake upande wa kusini, mpakani mwa Vietnam, Laos na Burma, hali ya hewa ni nusutropiki yenye mvua nyingi inayolisha misitu minene.

Sehemu za magharibi zina milima mingi ambayo ni kati ya milima mirefu duniani kama Himalaya na Tian Shan.

Mashariki ya nchi huwa na tambarare zenye rutuba na hapa ndipo kanda lenye wakazi wengi.

Upana wa China kati ya kaskazini na kusini ni kilomita 4,200 na kati ya mashariki na magharibi ni kilomita 4,200.

Pwani ina urefu wa kilomita 14,400.

Kuna mito mikubwa; mrefu zaidi ni Yangtse (km 6,300), Hwangho au Mto Njano, Xi Jiang au mto wa Magharibi, Mekong, Mto wa Lulu, Brahmaputra na Amur. Mito hiyo yote ina vyanzo vyake katika milima mikubwa yenye usimbishaji mwingi, ikibeba maji kwenda tambarare pasipo mvua nyingi.

Jiografia hiyo ilikuwa chanzo cha kilimo cha umwagiliaji na kukua kwa madola ya kwanza.

Kutokana na madawa ya kilimo na maji machafu ya viwanda, mito na maziwa ya China hupambana na machafuko makali; mwaka 2007 ziwa Tai lilisafishwa kwa gharama kubwa mno kwa sababu maji hayakufaa tena kwa mahitaji ya binadamu (maji ya bomba).

Hali ya hewa

Kanda za usimbishaji za China

Kuna kanda 18 za hali ya hewa zinazoonyesha tofauti kubwa kati yake. Upande wa magharibi, kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki huwa na majira yenye joto kali na baridi kali. Upande wa kusini ina tabia ya tropiki au nusutropiki. Tibet huwa na hali ya hewa kulingana na kimo chake juu ya mita 4,000.

Ramani ya usimbishaji inaonyesha ya kwamba kilimo kinawezekana katika nusu ya kusini na kusini-mashariki ya nchi tu. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi mvua ni chache mno. Mstari mwekundu unaonyesha mpaka na juu yake usimbishaji ni chini ya milimita 390 kwa mwaka.

Historia

Maeneo yaliyotawaliwa na nasaba mbalimbali katika urefu wote wa historia ya China.

Historia ya China hugawanyika katika vipindi vya nasaba za kifalme mbalimbali. Vipindi muhimu zaidi ni kama ifuatavyo:

• Nasaba ya Qin (221 – 207 KK)
• Nasaba ya Han (206 KK – 220 BK)
• Kipindi cha milki tatu (220 – 280)
• Nasaba ya Jin (265 – 420)
• Kipindi cha nasaba za kusini na kaskazini (420 – 581)
• Nasaba ya Sui (581 – 618)
• Nasaba ya Tang (618 – 907)
• Nasaba tano na milki kumi (907 – 960)
• Nasaba ya Song (960 – 1279)
• Nasaba ya Yuan (1279 - 1368)
• Nasaba ya Ming (1368 - 1644)
• Nasaba ya Qing (1644 - 1911)

Utawala wa kifalme uliendelea hadi mapinduzi ya China ya 1911.

Baada ya kipindi cha vurugu, jamhuri ya China ilitawaliwa na chama cha Kuomintang chini ya rais Chiang Kai-shek.

Wakati wa vita kuu ya pili ya dunia sehemu kubwa ilitwaliwa na Japani. Wakati huo Chama cha Kikomunisti cha China kiliandaa jeshi kikapambana na serikali ya Kuomintang na Japani pia.

Baada ya mwisho wa vita kuu Wakomunisti waliendelea kupingana na serikali na mwaka 1949 Kuomintang ilishindwa. Wakomunisti chini ya Mao Zedong walianza kutawala China Bara kama Jamhuri ya Watu wa China na Kuomintang walikimbilia kisiwa cha Taiwan walipoendelea kutawala kama "Jamhuri ya China".

Siasa

Gwalide kupitia Macao, jiji la Kilatini

Serikali ya China inatawala kwa mfumo wa udikteta chini ya uongozi wa Chama cha Kikomunisti ya China. Kuna vyama vidogo pia, lakini hivi havina umuhimu wowoteː vinasimamiwa na Wakomunisti, hivyo hali halisi ni mfumo wa chama kimoja.

Kikatiba chombo kikuu ni Bunge la umma la China linalomchagua rais, serikali, mahakama kuu, kamati kuu ya kijeshi na mwanasheria mkuu. Lakini hali halisi maazimio yote ya bunge ni utekelezaji tu wa maazimio ya uongozi wa chama cha Kikomunisti.

Uongozi huo ni kundi dogo la wakubwa wa chama na jeshi. Mwanasiasa muhimu ni Xi Jinping. Kwa sasa yeye anaunganisha vyeo vya Katibu Mkuu wa Chama cha Kikomunisti, Rais wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China na mwenyekiti wa Kamati Kuu ya Kijeshi. Kwa jumla katika mapokeo ya Kikomunisti vyeo vya chama ni muhimu kuliko vyeo vya serikali ingawa katiba na sheria inasema tofauti.

Kuna pia "maeneo yenye utawala wa pekee" ambayo ni Hongkong na Macau. Katika miji hiyo miwili, iliyokuwa makoloni ya Uingereza na Ureno, kuna uhuru wa kisiasa na wa uandishi, uchaguzi huru na upinzani kwa kiasi fulani, lakini maeneo yana tu madaraka kadhaa ya kujitawala kwa mambo ya ndani.

Watu

Wazee wa jamhuri ya watu wa China

China ikiwa na wakazi milioni 1,400 (Januari 2020) ni nchi yenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. Historia yake yote iliona tena na tena vipindi vya njaa kutokana na idadi kubwa ya watu wake. Msongamano wa watu kwa wastani ni wakazi 145 kwa kilomita ya mraba. Lakini tofauti ziko kubwa kati ya miji mikubwa ambako milioni 115 wanakaa kwenye eneo la km² 50,000 na Tibet yenye watu 2 tu kwa kilomita ya mraba.

Zaidi ya asilimia 90 za wakazi wote wanakaa katika theluthi ya kusini-mashariki ya nchi yenye mvua ya kutosha. Ndani ya theluthi hiyo ni nusu ya Wachina wote wanaosongamana kwenye asilimia 10 za China yote, maana yake katika 10% hizi kuna msongamano wa watu 740 kwa km².

Wakazi walio wengi ni Wahan au Wachina wenyewe. Wanatumia hasa lahaja mbalimbali za lugha ya Kichina. Pamoja na Wahan kuna makabila 55 yaliyotambuliwa na serikali. Kwa jumla lugha hai ni 292 ambazo zinahusika na makundi mbalimbali ya lugha (angalia orodha ya lugha za China).

Serikali inafuata rasmi ukanamungu, lakini inaruhusu dini kwa kiasi fulani. Pamoja na hayo, dhuluma zinaendelea dhidi ya madhehebu mbalimbali. Takwimu hazieleweki, pia kwa sababu kabla ya Ukomunisti kupinga dini, hasa wakati wa Mapinduzi ya utamaduni, watu waliweza kuchanganya mafundisho na desturi za Ukonfusio, Utao na Ubuddha. Leo wanaoendelea kufanya hivyo wanakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 30-80 za wakazi. Wabuddha ni 6-16%, Wakristo (hasa Waprotestanti, halafu Wakatoliki na kidogo Waorthodoksi) ni 2-4%, Waislamu ni 1-2%.

Tazama pia

• Majimbo ya China
• Orodha ya nasaba za Kichina
• Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi

Marejeo

• Meng, Fanhua (2011). Phenomenon of Chinese Culture at the Turn of the 21st century. Singapore: Silkroad Press. ISBN 978-981-4332-35-4.
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• Heilig, Gerhard K. (2006/2007). China Bibliography – Online Archived 5 Novemba 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. China-Profile.com.
• Jacques, Martin (2009).When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order. Penguin Books. Revised edition (28 August 2012). ISBN 978-1-59420-185-1.
• Sang Ye (2006). China Candid: The People on the People's Republic. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24514-8.
• Selden, Mark (1979). The People's Republic of China: Documentary History of Revolutionary Change. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 0-85345-532-5.

Vyanzo kuhusu dini

• Adler, Joseph A. Confucianism as a Religious Tradition: Linguistic and Methodological Problems. Kenyon College, 2014.
• Adler, Joseph A. (2011). "The Heritage of Non-Theistic Belief in China". (Conference paper) Toward a Reasonable World: The Heritage of Western Humanism, Skepticism, and Freethought. San Diego, CA. http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Non-theistic.pdf.
• Billioud, Sébastien. Carrying the Confucian Torch to the Masses: The Challenge of Structuring the Confucian Revival in the People's Republic of China. On: OE 49 (2010)
• Billioud, Sébastien; Joel Thoraval (2015). The Sage and the People: The Confucian Revival in China. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0190258144. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Chan, Kim-Kwong. Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios. On: Religion, State & Society, Vol. 33, No. 2. Routledge, June 2005.
• Chen, Yong. Confucianism as Religion: Controversies and Consequences. Brill, 2012. ISBN 9004243739
• Clart, Philip. Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China. In: Wang Chien-chuan, Li Shiwei, Hong Yingfa; Yanjiu xin shijie: “Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang” guoji yantaohui lunwenji. Taipei: Boyang, 2014. pp. 391–412
• Clart, Philip. Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?. On: T'uong Pao LXXXIX. Brill, Leiden, 2003.
• Didier, John C. In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200: Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot, Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China, Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China. On: Sino-Platonic Papers, n. 192, 2009. Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania.
• Craig, Edward (1998), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 7, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9780415073103
• Fan Lizhu, Chen Na. Revival of Confucianism and Reconstruction of Chinese Identity. Paper presented at: The Presence and Future of Humanity in the Cosmos, ICU, Tokyo, 18–23 March 2015. (a)
• Fan Lizhu, Chen Na. The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China. Published on China Watch, Fudan-UC Center for China Studies, Fudan University, 2013.
• Fan Lizhu, Chen Na. The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today. On: Cultural Diversity in China 1: 27-43. De Gruyter Open, 2015. ISSN 2353-7795, DOI: 10.1515/cdc-2015-0005
• Fingarette, Herbert (1972). Confucius: The Secular as Sacred. New York: Harper. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Fowler, Jeaneane D. An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality. Sussex Academic Press, 2005. ISBN 1845190866
• Goossaert, Vincent, David Palmer. The Religious Question in Modern China. University of Chicago Press, 2011. ISBN 0226304167
• Jing, Jun. The Temple of Memories: History, Power, and Morality in a Chinese Village. Stanford University Press, 1996. ASIN: B004FPIAVW
• Kuhn, Robert Lawrence (2011). How China's Leaders Think: The inside Story of China's Reform and What This Means for the Future. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470824450. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lagerway, John. China: A Religious State. Hong Kong, University of Hong Kong Press, 2010. ISBN 9888028049
• Laliberté, André (2011). "Religion and the State in China: The Limits of Institutionalization". Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. 40 (2): 3–15. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Libbrecht, Ulrich. Within the Four Seas...: Introduction to Comparative Philosophy. Peeters Publishers, 2007. ISBN 9042918128
• Littlejohn, Ronnie. Confucianism: An Introduction. I. B. Tauris, 2010. ISBN 184885174X
• Lü Daji, Gong Xuezeng. Marxism and Religion. Brill, 2014. ISBN 9047428021
• Miller, James. Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies. ABC-CLIO, 2006. ISBN 1851096264
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• Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789047429364. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2015-06-16. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-10-16. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Overmyer, Daniel. Religion in China Today. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0521538238
• Palmer, David A., Glenn Landes Shive, Glenn Shive, Philip L. Wickeri. Chinese Religious Life. Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN 0199731381
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• Shahar, Meir, Robert Paul Weller. Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China. University of Hawaii Press, 1996. ISBN 0824817249
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• Pregadio, Fabrizio. The Encyclopedia of Taoism, 2 vol. Routledge, 2008. ISBN 9780700712007
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Marejeo mengine

• Bays, Daniel H. Christianity in China from the Eighteenth Century to the Present. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996). ISBN 0804726094.
• Ch'en, Kenneth K. S. Buddhism in China, a Historical Survey. (Princeton, N.J.,: Princeton University Press, The Virginia and Richard Stewart Memorial Lectures, 1961, 1964).
• De Groot, J.J.M. (Jan Jakob Maria) Archived 22 Novemba 2012 at the Wayback Machine., The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith, Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1892–1910. 6 volumes.
• Overmyer, Daniel L. Religions of China: The World as a Living System. (New York: Harper & Row, Religious Traditions of the World, 1986).
• Paper, Jordan D. (1995). The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791423158.
• Wright, Arthur F.. Buddhism in Chinese History. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959; various reprints and translations).
• Yang, CK., Religion in Chinese Society (California U. Press, 1970)
• Xinzhong Yao and Yanxia Zhao, Chinese Religion (Continuum, 2010)

Viungo vya nje

• China at a Glance from People's Daily
• BBC News – China Profile
• China entry at The World Factbook
• China, People's Republic of from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Jamhuri ya Watu wa China katika Open Directory Project
• China's Encyclopædia Britannica entry
• "Rethinking 'Capitalist Restoration' in China" by Yiching Wu
• Key Development Forecasts for China from International Futures
• "China on the Rise". PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
• ChinaToday.com
• Interesting China facts

Serikali

• The Central People's Government of People's Republic of China
• China Internet Information Center —Authorized government portal site to China

Masomo

• "Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy" Archived 9 Septemba 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. Minxin Pei (2006). IFRI Proliferation Papers. No. 15.

Utalii

• China National Tourist Office (CNTO)

Ramani

• Google Maps—China
• Wikimedia Atlas of the People's Republic of China

Dini

• Buddhist Association of China
• China Confucian Philosophy
• China Confucian Religion Archived 14 Agosti 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
• China Confucian Temples Archived 17 Mei 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
• Chinese Taoist Association
• China Ancestral Temples Network Archived 2014-05-02 at Archive.today
• China Temples and Monasteries Network Archived 3 Machi 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
• Living in the Chinese Cosmos, Asia for Educators, Columbia University.

Media

• Euraxess Science Slam: Meihuaquan and Community Life in North China
• eRenlai Ricci: The boundary between religion and the state in China by Prof. Lagerwey
• GBTimes: THE DEBATE: Insight into religion in modern China (part 1)—Part 2
• Berkeley Center: Ritual Economy and Religious Revivial in Rural Southeast China
• Berkeley Center: Secularization Theory and the Study of Chinese Religions
• Berkeley Center: Understanding Contemporary Religious Pluralism in China

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya China bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Jamhuri ya Watu wa China kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.