مواد ڏانھن هلو

مرابطون

کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان
Almoravid dynasty

المرابطون (عربي)
Al-Murābiṭūn
1050s–1147
Location of Almoravids
حیثیت Empire
گادي جو هنڌ
دفتري ٻوليون Arabic[8][9]
مذهب Islam (Sunni)
Minorities: Christianity (Roman Catholic), Judaism
حڪومت Hereditary monarchy

مرابطون (انگریزی: Almoravids، عربي ٻولي: المرابطون)[11] هڪ بربر مسلمان خاندان هو، جنھن جو تعلق موجوده مراکش جي علائقي سان هو.[12] [13] هن هڪ سلطنت قائم ڪئي جيڪا مغربي مغرب ۽ الاندلس تائين پکڙيل هئي، جيڪا 1050ع ۾ شروع ٿي ۽ 1147ع ۾ الموحدون جي ھتن زوال تائين قائم رهي.[14]

مرابطون لامتونا، گوڊالا ۽ مسوفا جي اتحاد مان نڪرندا آھن، جيڪي ھاڻي موريتانيا ۽ مغربي صحارا ۾ رھندڙ خانہ بدوش بربر قبيلا ھئا[15] جيڪي درا، نائيجر ۽ سينيگال ندين جي وچ واري علائقي کي پار ڪنديون آھیا ھئا.[16] [17] المغرب (اتر آفريڪا) ۾ پنهنجي توسيع دوران، انهن 1070ع ۾ مراڪش شهر کي گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻايو. ٿوري دير کان پوءِ، سلطنت ٻن شاخن ۾ ورهائجي وئي: هڪ اتر ۾ مرڪز مغرب ۾، جنهن جي اڳواڻي يوسف بن تاشفين ۽ سندس اولاد، ۽ هڪ ڏاکڻي حصي جو صحارا ۾ آهي، جنهن جي اڳواڻي ابوبڪر بن عمر ۽ سندس اولاد هئا.

ھن اندلس تائين مسلمانن کی متحد ڪيو ۽ مرابطون سلطنت کي مغربي ميڊيٽرينين ۾ بربر جي اڳواڻي ۾ پهرين وڏي اسلامي سلطنت ۾ تبديل ڪيو.[18] [19] [20] انهن جي حڪمرانن ڪڏهن به خليفي جي لقب جي دعويٰ نه ڪئي ۽ بغداد ۾ عباسي خليفن جي حاڪميت کي باضابطه طور تي تسليم ڪندي، "امير المسلمين" (مسلمانن جو ڪمانڊر) جو لقب اختيار ڪيو. [21] مرابطون دور صحارا علائقي م اسلام فیلائن (Islamized) ۽ مغربي المغرب کي شهري ڪرڻ (urbanized) ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جڏهن ته ثقافتي ترقيات الندلس ۽ آفريڪا جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ رابطي جي ڪري تيز ٿي ويا.[19][22]

ٿوري دير کان پوءِ، 1118ع ۾ ساراگوسا جي نقصان کان پوءِ مرابطون جي اقتدار ۾ زوال اچڻ شروع ٿيو.[23] ان جي زوال جو آخري سبب 1120ع ۾ ابن تمرات طرفان المغرب ۾ مسمودا جي اڳواڻي ۾ الموحدون بغاوت شروع ڪئي. آخري مرابطون حڪمران اسحاق بن علي کي قتل ڪيو ويو، جڏهن الموحدون 1147ع ۾ مراڪش تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ پاڻ کي اتر آفريڪا ۽ الاندلس ٻنهي ۾ نئين غالب طاقت طور قائم ڪيو.[24]

حوالا

[سنواريو]
  1. ↑ Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoglu, Gulru (2017) (en ۾). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 302. ISBN 978-1-119-06857-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302. "As far west as the Maghrib, two Berber (Amazigh) dynasties that had emerged in the aftermath of the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba – the Almoravids (1040–1147), who were Abbasid vassals, and their autonomous Almohad successors (1121–1269) who claimed the caliphate for themselves..." 
  2. ↑ Nyrop, Richard F. (1972) (en ۾). Area Handbook for Algeria. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 14. https://books.google.com/books?id=h7_OflKe6EUC&pg=PA14. "The Almoravids, who acknowledged the spiritual authority of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, founded their capital at Marrakech and by 1082 had extended their control along the Mediterranean coast beyond present-day Algiers to the edge of the Kabylia region." 
  3. ↑ Arnaud, Jean (2013) (fr ۾). Introduction à la Mauritanie. Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman. ISBN 978-2-271-08123-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=PfQJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48. 
  4. ↑ Nantet, Bernard (2013) (fr ۾). Le Sahara: Histoire, guerres et conquêtes. Tallandier. ISBN 979-10-210-0172-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=l6BSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29. 
  5. ↑ Gaudio, Attilio (1978) (fr ۾). Le Dossier de la Mauritanie. Nouvelles Editions Latines. ISBN 978-2-7233-0035-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=iX5sG6T6QP4C&pg=PA58. 
  6. ↑ Daddah, Mokhtar Ould (2003) (fr ۾). La Mauritanie contre vents et marées. Karthala Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-3765-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=kq3E8iUadu0C&pg=PA357. 
  7. ↑ Garcin, Jean-Claude; Balivet, Michel; Bianquis, Thierry (1995) (fr ۾). États, sociétés et cultures du monde musulman médiéval : Xe–XVe siècle (1). Presses universitaires de France (réédition numérique Feni XX). ISBN 978-2-13-067300-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ybJ2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT571. 
  8. ↑ Boudraa, Nabil; Krause, Joseph (2009) (en ۾). North African Mosaic: A Cultural Reappraisal of Ethnic and Religious Minorities. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 160. ISBN 978-1-4438-0768-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=B-kYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA160. "But, as was the rule throughout the history of al-Andalus, the Almoravid Berbers accepted Arab cultural patterns and Arabic as the language of administration and culture." 
  9. ↑ (fr ۾) Africana Bulletin. Wyd. Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. 1964. pp. 202. https://books.google.com/books?id=7ecEAQAAIAAJ. "En outre, bien que les Almoravides aient parlé le berbère, l'arabe restait la langue officielle. [Furthermore, although the Almoravids spoke Berber, Arabic remained the official language.]" 
  10. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-systems Research 12: 222–223. ISSN 1076-156X. http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381. Retrieved 1 August 2020. .
  11. ↑ Norris, H.T.; Chalmeta, P. (1993). "al-Murābiṭūn". in Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. et al.. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 7. Brill. pp. 583–591. 
  12. ↑ G. Stewart, Is the Caliph a Pope?, in: The Muslim World, Vol. 21, Iss. 2, pp. 185–196, April 1931: "The Almoravid dynasty, among the Berbers of North Africa, founded a considerable empire, Morocco being the result of their conquests"
  13. ↑ Sadiqi, Fatima, The place of Berber in Morocco, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 123.1 (2009): 7–22 : "The Almoravids were the first relatively recent Berber dynasty that ruled Morocco. The leaders of this dynasty came from the Moroccan deep south."
  14. ↑ Bennison 2016336, 341.
  15. ↑ Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (2014). Atlas of Islamic History. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-138-82128-6. "The Almoravids were an alliance of Sanhaja Berbers from the Guddala, Lamtuna and Massufa tribes, which formed in the 1040s in the area that is now Mauritania and Western Sahara." 
  16. ↑ Meynier, Gilbert (2010) (fr ۾). L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698–1518). La Découverte. ISBN 978-2-7071-5231-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=m4s6AQAAIAAJ&q=Les+guerriers+almoravides+se+rattachent+au+rameau+sanh%C3%A2jien+des+Lamt%C3%BBna+du+Sahara+occidental,+qui+nomadisaient+entre+les+oasis+du+Maghreb+al-Aq%C3%A7%C3%A2+m%C3%A9ridional+et+le+Niger.. 
  17. ↑ Extract from Encyclopedia Universalis on Almoravids.
  18. ↑ Bennison 201643–46, 61.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Bennison 201661.
  20. ↑ Gómez-Rivas, Camilo (2014) (en ۾). Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids: The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib. Brill. pp. 3. ISBN 978-90-04-27984-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=eCWeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3. 
  21. ↑ Kennedy, Hugh (2016) (en ۾). Caliphate: The History of an Idea. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09438-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=OP7QDQAAQBAJ&q=caliphate:+The+History+of+an+Idea. 
  22. ↑ Abun-Nasr 198787.
  23. ↑ Bennison 201655–56.
  24. ↑ Bennison 201658–61.
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