View source for Temple of Confucius

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{{Distinguish|Confucian church}}
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{{Confucianism}}

A '''Temple of Confucius''' or a '''Confucian temple''' is a place of [[worship]] where people show respect to [[Confucius]] and other important people of [[Confucianism]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bA91zQEACAAJ|title=Confucianism and Sacred Space: The Confucius Temple from Imperial China to Today|last1=Huang|first1=Chin-shing|last2=Huang|first2=Jinxing|date=2021|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-19896-7|language=en}}</ref> Confucianism is a [[folk religion]] in [[China]] and other countries in [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Its history in East Asia is more than 2,500 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Confucianism|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/confucianism|access-date=2023-12-19|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref>

In the past, these [[temple]]s were where the [[Emperor|imperial]] [[examination]] happened in [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Japan]], and [[Vietnam]]. They often included [[school]]s and other places for studying.<ref name="Bell 2021 241–245">{{Cite journal|last=Bell|first=Daniel A.|date=2021|title=Review of Confucianism and Sacred Space: The Confucius Temple from Imperial China to Today, Chin-shing Huang|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27019018|journal=China Review|volume=21|issue=2|pages=241–245|jstor=27019018 |issn=1680-2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=boguo|date=2013-08-28|title=Confucius Temples: Houses of Worship in Ancient China|url=https://www.char4u.com/content/confucius-temples-ancient-china/|access-date=2023-12-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Berkshire Publishing Group LLC|date=2009|title=Confucian Temples|url=https://chinaconnectu.com/wp-content/pdf/ConfucianTemples.pdf|journal=Confucian Sites at Qufu|language=en|volume=5|access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

The birthplace of Confucius is [[Qufu]] in [[Shandong]], China. The city has the largest and most famous [[Temple of Confucius, Qufu|temple of Confucius]]. Inside it is a very tall [[statue]] of Confucius (72 meters) made of [[brass]] and [[Strength of materials|strengthened]] with [[steel]]. This temple is the oldest Confucius temple in the world. It has also been a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO world heritage site]] since [[1994]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Global Cultural Exchange (GCE) and Beijing Shangdehongyi Cultural Exchange Ltd.|date=2021|title=WHV - Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu|url=https://whc.unesco.org/document/185489|journal=Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu, China}}</ref>

== Names ==
The temples are called by many different names in East and Southeast Asia. The most important ones in Qufu and [[Beijing]] are called "Temples of Confucius" in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ({{lang|zh|Kǒngmiào}}, {{lang|zh|孔廟}}). In some places, they are called "Temples of [[Literature]]" ({{lang|zh|文廟}}) ({{lang-zh|wénmiào}}; {{lang-vi|văn miếu}}; {{lang-ko|munmyo}}; {{lang-id|boen bio}}) or "Temples of the [[Sage]] of Literature" ({{lang-vi|văn thánh miếu}}). In [[South China|Southern China]], temples with these names usually also honor [[Wenchang Wang]], a different [[deity]] linked to the [[Academia|scholar]] [[Wenchang Wang|Zhang Yazi]]. In [[Japan]], Confucius temples are often known as "Temples of the Sage" or "Halls of the Sage" ({{lang-ja|seibyō}} or {{lang|ja|seidō}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guo|first=Hongdan|date=2020-12-01|title=Protection and Utilization of Confucian Temple in Southern Shaanxi from the Perspective of Cultural Heritage|url=https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=105905|journal=Open Journal of Social Sciences|language=en|volume=8|issue=12|pages=225–237|doi=10.4236/jss.2020.812017|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Confucius Temples (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Religion/confuciustemples.html|access-date=2023-12-14|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
People built these temples to honor Confucius as he became more popular in China. In 195 BC, [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Han Gao Zu]], who started the [[Han dynasty]], paid respects to [[Confucius]] at his [[tomb]] in Qufu. People started to worship [[Confucius]] and his [[disciple]] [[Yan Hui]] at the Imperial [[University]] around [[241]].<ref name="Huang 2021">{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/huan19896|title=Confucianism and Sacred Space: The Confucius Temple from Imperial China to Today|last1=Huang|first1=Chin-shing|last2=Chin|first2=Jonathan|date=2021|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-19896-7|doi=10.7312/huan19896|jstor=10.7312/huan19896 |s2cid=230525317 }}</ref>

In 454, the [[Song dynasty|Liu Song dynasty]] in southern China built an important [[state]] Confucian temple. By 489, the {{ill|Northern Wei|en}} built another Confucian temple in the [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital]], beyond Qufu in the [[north]]. In 630, the [[Tang dynasty]] said schools had to have Confucian temples across all provinces and counties. After this Confucianism started to spread throughout China. There are famous Confucian [[shrine]]s in Jianshui, [[Xi'an]], [[Nanjing]]'s Fuzi Miao, and Beijing which was first started in 1302. The old Confucian Temple in [[Tianjin]] covers 32 [[acre]]s. It is the largest group of [[traditional]] [[Architectural style|architecture]] buildings still left in [[Tianjin]].<ref name="Huang 2021"/>

The biggest and oldest Temple of Confucius is in Qufu, [[Shandong|Shandong Province]] of [[China]]. This is where Confucius was born. [[Duke Ai]] of the [[State of Lu]] ordered its construction in 479 BC, a year after Confucius died. The temple grew larger over more than 2,000 years. There is also another big temple in Quzhou. Other than Confucian temples linked to the state, there were [[Ancestor|ancestral]] temples for the Kong [[Ancestor|lineage]], the family of Confucius, to remember what Confucius did for the country, and also private temples within [[Education|educational institutions]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Tu 1996">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GakOLRfgREC&dq=confucian+temples&pg=PA207|title=Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-dragons|last=Tu|first=Weiming|date=1996|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-16087-3|language=en}}</ref>

== Design of temples ==
Starting from the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), people built Confucian temples in [[school]]s across the [[empire]]. They built these temples at the front or on the side of the schools. The front gate of a temple is called the Lingxing Gate. Inside, there were usually three [[courtyard]]s, sometimes only two.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=442na_B5EDEC&dq=confucian+temples&pg=PA54|title=Confucianism|last1=Hoobler|first1=Dorothy|last2=Hoobler|first2=Thomas|last3=O'Brien|first3=Joanne|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-60413-107-9|language=en}}</ref> However, the [[Temple of Confucius, Qufu|Qufu complex]] has nine [[courtyard]]s with many [[Stele|stone slabs]] [[Commemorative plaque|commemorating]] visits by [[emperor]]s or imperial [[Nobility|noblemen]] to Confucius's descendants.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID4gMCaLr0MC&dq=confucian+temples&pg=PA152|title=Confucius and Confucianism: The Essentials|last=Rainey|first=Lee Dian|date=2010-04-09|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2360-3|language=en}}</ref> The main building is called the Dachengdian, translated as "Hall of Great Achievement", "Hall of Great Completion", or "Hall of Great Perfection". It is in the inner courtyard. People go inside through the Dachengmen. In [[imperial China]], these halls housed the [[Spirit tablet|Spirit Tablets]] of Confucius and other important [[sage]]s. In front of the Dachengdian in Qufu is the Apricot Pavilion or Xingtan. Another important building behind the main one is the [[Shrine]] of Adoring the Sage. It honors Confucius's [[ancestor]]s and the fathers of the [[Four Correlates]] and [[Twelve Philosophers]].<ref name="Bell 2021 241–245" />

Confucian temples, unlike [[Taoism|Taoist]] or [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] ones, usually do not have statues. In the early years of the Qufu temple, the spirits of Confucius and his disciples were shown in wall [[painting]]s.<ref name="Murray">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSFGEAAAQBAJ&q=confucian+temples|title=The Aura of Confucius|last=Murray|first=Julia K.|date=2021-11-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-51632-4|language=en}}</ref> Official temples had [[Picture|images]] of Confucius, but some did not like this as it copied [[Buddhism|Buddhist temples]]. The focus was argued to be on honoring Confucius's teachings rather than the man himself.<ref name="Tu 1996" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Temple: Confucian Temple Compounds {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/temple-confucian-temple-compounds|access-date=2023-12-14|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

To solve the lack of uniformity in Confucius statues, [[List of emperors of China|Emperor Taizu]] of the [[Ming dynasty]] ordered that new Confucian temples should only have spirit tablets and no statues.<ref name="Murray" /> In 1530, it was decided that existing [[images]] of Confucius in imperial temples should be replaced with spirit tablets.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWQpAAAAYAAJ&q=confucian+temples|title=A Guide to the Tablets in a Temple of Confucius|last=Watters|first=Thomas|date=1879|publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press|isbn=978-0-524-02726-4|language=en}}</ref> However, many modern Confucian temples still have statues, especially those run by Confucius's family descendants, like the one in Qufu.<ref name=":1" />

== Practice of worship ==
Confucian [[worship]] mainly means offering [[sacrifice]]s to Confucius's [[spirit]] at the Confucian temple.<ref>{{Citation|last=UNESCO.org|title=Sacrificial Rite in the Confucian Temple|date=2011-11-19|url=https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-2232|language=en|access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref><ref name="Wilson">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqTaDwAAQBAJ&q=confucian+temples|title=On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius|last=Wilson|first=Thomas A.|date=2020-03-23|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-1-68417-377-8|language=en}}</ref>

A [[dance]] called the Eight-Row Dance, which used to be the Six-Row Dance, is danced at these temples. The dance has eight columns of eight [[dancer]]s each. It was granted to Confucius in 1477 as an imperial honor, given the title of [[king]] after his death. The accompanying [[musician]]s play [[Yayue|yayue music]].<ref name="Wilson" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xiong|first1=Ran|last2=Wei|first2=Ping|date=2020-07-07|title=Influence of Confucian culture on entrepreneurial decision making using data from China's floating population|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sbp/sbp/2020/00000048/00000007/art00003;jsessionid=qkm7ibue6tlm.x-ic-live-03|journal=Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal|volume=48|issue=7|pages=1–12|doi=10.2224/sbp.9309|s2cid=225579173 }}</ref>

Apart from honoring Confucius, Confucian temples also [[Tribute|pay tribute]] to the "Four Correlates", the "Twelve Philosophers", and other [[disciple]]s and scholars of Confucianism in history.<ref name="Murray" /> The number of important people worshipped changed over time. By the [[20th century]], there were 162 people worshipped in Confucian temples, including the [[Four Correlates]] (Yan Hui, Zeng Shen, Kong Ji, and [[Mencius]]) and the [[Twelve Philosophers]].<ref name="Tu 1996" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Yun-Seok|date=October 31, 2002|title=Structure and Change of Urban Sacrificial Centers in Late Imperial China: Confucian Temples and City-god Temples|journal=Journal of Ming-Qing Historical Studies|volume=17|pages=1–38|doi=10.31329/jmhs.2002.10.17.1 |issn=1598-2017 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326184144 }}</ref>

== Temples outside China ==
[[File:Datong Wenmiao 2013.08.29 11-33-25.jpg|thumb|The gates of the Temple of Confucius in Datong, [[Shanxi]].|300x300px]]
As Confucianism became popular across [[East Asia]], people built temples for Confucius in [[Vietnam]], [[Korea]], and [[Japan]]. From the 18th century onwards, there were even some temples in [[Europe]] and the [[Americas]]. When Confucianism was most popular, there were more than 3,000 Confucian temples in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Confucius Temple (Qufu), Confucius Cemetery, Kong Family Mansion|url=https://www.chinadiscovery.com/shandong/qufu/confucius-temple.html|access-date=2023-12-14|website=www.chinadiscovery.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== In Korea ===
After [[China]], [[Korea]] has the most Confucian temples. These temples were often linked to schools. They first started during the [[Goryeo|Goryeo period]] (918–1392). Confucianism became more popular in the [[Joseon dynasty]]. As a result, the government started Confucian schools ({{lang|ko|Hanggyo}}, {{lang|ko|항교}}) for training officials.<ref name="books.google.com.pk">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GakOLRfgREC&dq=confucian+temples&pg=PA207|title=Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-dragons|last=Tu|first=Weiming|date=1996|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-16087-3|language=en}}</ref> These schools had teaching buildings and a memorial tablet house called {{lang|ko|Daesongjeon}} ({{lang|ko|대성전}}). The temples were similar to Chinese models, but in Korea there were some changes such as building schools in front of temples. Korea also added its own [[Academia|scholars]], the eighteen scholars of the East, to the Confucian pantheon (the five sages).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Confucian Temple, Chosen (Korea)|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2003666550/|access-date=2023-12-14|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>

Korea had 362 Confucian temples. After [[World War II]] and the [[Division of Korea|division of the country]], people in [[North Korea]] changed temples into centers of traditional [[culture]] ({{lang|ko|Gukjagam}}). Some of the 232 temples in the [[South Korea]] continued their activities. Alongside temples focused on Confucianism, the [[Republic of Korea]] also has twelve Confucian family temples, two temples in private schools, and three libraries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1498/|access-date=2023-12-14|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref>

=== In Taiwan ===
The first Confucian temple in [[Taiwan]] was the Taiwan Confucian Temple. It was built in [[Tainan]] in 1665 during the Tungning Kingdom. Another temple, the Taipei Confucius Temple, was built in [[Taipei]] in 1879. It was [[Demolition|demolished]] in 1907 and rebuilt on Dalong Street from 1925 to 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Confucius Temple|url=https://www.travel.taipei/en/attraction/details/505|access-date=2023-12-14|website=Taipei Travel|language=en}}</ref> The new temple was designed by Wang Yi-Shun. It is a temple in the Fujian style. Every year, on September 28, Confucius's birthday, there is the Shidian Ceremony. 

There is also a Confucian temple in Zuoying District, Kaohsiung. It was finished in 1974. It was built in the Northern [[Song dynasty|Song]] [[architectural style]]. More Confucian temples are in Chiayi City, Taipei, Taichung, and Changhua County.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Crook|first=Steven|date=2016-08-31|title=Taiwan's Confucian Temples|url=https://lifeoftaiwan.com/culture/taiwan-confucian-temples/|access-date=2023-12-14|website=Life of Taiwan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Confucius Temple Cultural Park(孔廟文化園區)|url=https://www.twtainan.net/en/attractions/detail/4407|access-date=2023-12-14|website=Tainan Travel|language=en}}</ref>

=== In Japan ===
[[File:Great Confucian Figures - Painting of Kongzi by Kanō Sansetsu.jpg|thumb|Japanese painting of Confucius, by Kanō Sansetsu. From a folio depicting various Confucian figures.]]
In [[Japan]], Confucian temples ({{lang|ja|kōshi-byō}}) were often built next to Confucian schools.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 1959|title=Okinawa: The History of an Island People. By &lt;italic&gt;George H. Kerr&lt;/italic&gt;. (Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 1958. Pp. xviii, 542. $6.75.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/64.3.664|journal=The American Historical Review|doi=10.1086/ahr/64.3.664|issn=1937-5239}}</ref> The Yushima Seidō is the most famous. It was built in 1630 during the [[Edo period]]. At first it was a [[private school]]. This school was linked to the Neo-Confucianist scholar Hayashi Razan. It was first in Shinobi-ga-oka in [[Ueno Station|Ueno]]. It was later moved to near present-day Ochanomizu by the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]]. The Shogunate also started an important school on its grounds. It was [[sponsor]]ed by the state and called {{lang|ja|Shoheikō}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Organization|first=Japan National Tourism|title=Taku Seibyo Confucian Temple {{!}} Travel Japan - Japan National Tourism Organization (Official Site)|url=https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/2275/|access-date=2023-12-14|website=Travel Japan|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yushima Seido {{!}} Japan Experience|url=https://www.japan-experience.com/all-about-japan/tokyo/temples-shrines/yushima-seido-0|access-date=2023-12-14|website=www.japan-experience.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== In Vietnam ===
In [[Vietnam]], a Confucian temple is called a {{lang|vi|Văn Miếu}}. The earliest recorded {{lang|vi|Văn Miếu|italics=no}} is in [[Hanoi]]. It was started in 1070 during the Lý dynasty. Starting from 1397, Confucian temples, such as the famous {{lang|vi|Văn Miếu|italics=no}} in [[Hưng Yên province|Hưng Yên]] City, became popular across [[Vietnam]] with the building of schools during the Tran dynasty.<ref name="books.google.com.pk" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tân|first=Trân|date=1951|title=V. Étude sur le Vǎn-miêu de Hanoi (Temple de la Littérature)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1951_num_45_1_5513|journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=45|issue=1|pages=89–118|doi=10.3406/befeo.1951.5513}}</ref>

=== In Indonesia ===
Confucian temples are also in [[Indonesia]]. They are called "Churches of Confucius". Confucianism is a [[Recognition|recognized]] religion in the country. The largest and oldest temple is Boen Bio in [[Surabaya]]. It was first built in the city's Chinatown in 1883. It was moved in 1907. Reports say there are over 100 Confucianist halls of worship across Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MATAKIN|title=Majelis Tinggi Agama Khonghucu Indonesia|url=https://matakin.or.id/|access-date=2023-12-14|website=Majelis Tinggi Agama Khonghucu Indonesia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coppel|first=Charles A.|date=1981|title=The Origins of Confucianism as an Organized Religion in Java, 1900-1923|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20070420|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=12|issue=1|pages=179–196|doi=10.1017/S0022463400005063 |jstor=20070420 |s2cid=162731423 |issn=0022-4634}}</ref>

=== In Malaysia ===
The first Confucian temple in [[Malaysia]] was built in the Chung Hwa Confucian School in [[Penang]] in the early [[20th century]]. The [[Qing dynasty]] [[ambassador]] to the [[British Empire|British Straits]] Settlement at the time started this school. Later, it was divided into SJK(C) Chung Hwa Confucian A, B, and SMJK Chung Hwa Confucian. Parents brought their children to this temple for [[prayer]]s before starting school, seeking good results in studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coppel|first=Charles A.|date=1981|title=The Origins of Confucianism as an Organized Religion in Java, 1900-1923|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20070420|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=12|issue=1|pages=179–196|doi=10.1017/S0022463400005063 |jstor=20070420 |s2cid=162731423 |issn=0022-4634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tan|first=Chee-Beng|date=1983|title=Chinese Religion in Malaysia: A General View|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178483|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|volume=42|issue=2|pages=217–252|doi=10.2307/1178483|jstor=1178483 |issn=0385-2342}}</ref>

[[Kuala Lumpur]] has two Confucian schools: SMJK Confucian and Confucian Private School. It also has a Confucian school in [[Malacca]] where ceremonies in honor of Confucius happen every year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=尊孔独立中学 Confucian Private Secondary School|url=https://www.confucian.edu.my/|access-date=2023-12-14|website=cpss|language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Gimje Hyanggyo Daeseongjeon (Confucian shrine) 13-05013&4.JPG|link=|Gimje Hyanggyo Daeseongjeon ([[Confucian]] shrine) in [[South Korea]].
File:Hanoi Temple of Literature (cropped).jpg|link=|Temple of literature in Hanoi, [[Vietnam]].
File:Interior of the Taipei Confucius Temple 2022.jpg|link=|Interior of Taipei Confucius Temple in [[Taiwan]].
File:2008-02-08 Spirit tablets of paternal ancestors of Confucius at the Tainan Confucius Temple.jpg|link=|[[Spirit tablet]]s of [[paternal]] ancestors of [[Confucius]] in the Tainan Confucius Temple in [[Taiwan]].
File:Chaotiangong Dachengdian 2018.jpg|link=|The Dachengdian Hall of [[Temple of Confucius, Qufu]].
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Other websites==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://academics.hamilton.edu/asian_studies/home/TempleCulture.html Images of the Temple of Culture and history of Confucian temples]
* [http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/Landmarks-Hotspots/DongCheng/Confucius_Temple/Confucius_Temple-Main.html Full Virtual Walk & Info on Confucius Temple, Beijing]
* [http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/china/nanjing/nanjingconfucian.php Asian Historical Architecture: Fuzimiao in Nanjing]
* [http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/china/suzhou/confucian.php Asian Historical Architecture: Confucian temple in Suzhou]
* [http://www.premier.com.tw/Touring/ConfucianTemple.htm The Confucian temple in Tainan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905130929/http://www.premier.com.tw/Touring/ConfucianTemple.htm |date=2007-09-05 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050329085917/http://www.smelting.co.id/surabaya.htm Surabaya, and description of Boen Bio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090228054730/http://www.ct.taipei.gov.tw/EN/01-history/hst1.html The Taipei Confucius Temple]

{{Religious Confucianism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Confucian temples| ]]
[[Category:Shrines|Confucius]]
[[Category:Religion in China]]