Wikipedia:Wikitable

Infobox A
	This sample infobox shows how the floating image-box aligns toward the center.

Table with border
AA	BB
CC	AA
See other tables shown below.

A wikitable is a box of rows and columns used to show data, on a page. The box can be surrounded by lines (a "border") to show the edges of the box. Tables can use many different styles and tricks to show data in colors, or shifted ("aligned") to the left, right or center. This page shows how to make wikitables in Wikipedia.

There are many tables shown below, so perhaps just scroll down the page, or use the browser find-button, to see a table like what is needed. Otherwise, reading all the tables on the whole page could use over 1 hour of time.

Some simple tables

The following is an example of a table with 4 cells, which shows the 2-by-2 table, at the right-hand side of the page.

{| align=right
| AA || BB
|-
| CC || DD
|}

AA	BB
CC	DD

The above markup shows the table AA/BB/CC/DD to the right:

The following shows the same type of table, but with a border, to show lines around the box area.

{| align=right style="border: 1px solid gray;"
| AA || BB
|-
| CC || DD
|}

AA	BB
CC	DD

The above markup, with a border, shows the table to the right:

This next table will show lines around each cell in the table.

{| class=wikitable  align=right
| AA || BB
|-
| CD || EF
|}

AA	BB
CD	EF

The above markup, with class=wikitable, shows the table to the right:

AA	BB
CD	EF

Adding style="margin-right:0" pushes table to right margin:

The other examples, below, have more ways to show text or pictures in a table.

How to use vertical-bars (pipes)

Column heading 1	Column heading 2	Column heading 3
Row heading 1	Cell 2	Cell 3
Row heading A	Cell B	Cell C

Although HTML table syntax also works, special wikicode markup can be used as a shortcut to create a table. The pipe (vertical bar) codes function exactly the same as HTML table markup, so a knowledge of HTML table code will help in understanding pipe code. The shortcuts are as follows:

The entire table is encased with curly brackets and a vertical bar character (a pipe). So use {| to begin a table, and |} to end it. Each one needs to be on its own line:

{|
  table code goes here
|}

An optional table caption is included with a line starting with a vertical bar and plus sign "|+" and the caption after it:

{|
|+ caption
  table code goes here
|}

To start a new table row, type a vertical bar and a hyphen on its own line: "|-". The codes for the cells in that row will start on the next line.

{|
|+ The table's caption
|-
  row code goes here
|-
  row code goes here
|}

Type the codes for each table cell in the next row, starting with a bar:

{|
|+ The table's caption
|-
| cell codes go here
|-
| cells in the next row go here
| more cells in the same row here
|}

Cells can be separated with either a new line and new bar, or by a double bar "||" on the same line. Both produce the same output:

{|  border="1"
|+ The table's caption
|-
|Cell 1 || Cell 2 || Cell 3
|-
|Cell A
|Cell B
|Cell C
|}

The table's caption
Cell 1	Cell 2	Cell 3
Cell A	Cell B	Cell C

If you use single bars, then what might appear to be the first cell is in fact a format modifier applied to the cell, and the rest of your "cells" will be merged into one:

{| border="1"
|-
|format modifier (not displayed) |These all  |(including the pipes) |go into  |the first cell
|}

which is probably not what you want:

These all |(including the pipes)|go into |the first cell

However, the format modifier is useful:

{| border="1"
|-
| Cell 1 (no modifier — not aligned)
|-
| align="right" | Cell 2 (right aligned)
|}

Cell 1 (no modifier — not aligned)

Cell 2 (right aligned)

Just remember: no more than 2 single pipes on a line!

a row of column headings is identified by using "! scope="col" |" instead of "|", and using "!! scope="col" |" instead of "||". Header cells typically render differently from regular cells, depending on the browser. They are often rendered in a bold font and centered.

{|
|+ The table's caption
! scope="col" | Column heading 1 
! scope="col" | Column heading 2 
! scope="col" | Column heading 3
|-
| Cell 1 || Cell 2 || Cell 3
|-
| Cell A
| Cell B
| Cell C
|}

the first cell of a row is identified as a row heading by starting the line with "! scope="row" |" instead of "|", and starting subsequent data cells on a new line.

{|
|+ The table's caption
! scope="col" | Column heading 1 
! scope="col" | Column heading 2 
! scope="col" | Column heading 3
|-
! scope="row" | Row heading 1
| Cell 2 || Cell 3
|-
! scope="row" | Row heading A
| Cell B
| Cell C
|}

Optional parameters can modify the behavior of cells, rows, or the entire table. For instance, a border could be added to the table:

{| border="1"
|+ The table's caption
! scope="col" | Column heading 1 
! scope="col" | Column heading 2 
! scope="col" | Column heading 3
|-
! scope="row" | Row heading 1
| Cell 2 || Cell 3
|-
! scope="row" | Row heading A
| Cell B
| Cell C
|}

The final table would display like this:

The table's caption
Column heading 1	Column heading 2	Column heading 3
Row heading 1	Cell 2	Cell 3
Row heading A	Cell B	Cell C

The table parameters and cell parameters are the same as in HTML, see http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/tables.html#edef-TABLE and Table (HTML). However, the thead, tbody, tfoot, colgroup, and col elements are currently not supported in MediaWiki.

A table can be useful even if none of the cells have content. For example, the background colors of cells can be changed with cell parameters, making the table into a diagram, like meta:Template talk:Square 8x8 pentomino example. An "image" in the form of a table is much more convenient to edit than an uploaded image.

Each row must have the same number of cells as the other rows, so that the number of columns in the table remains consistent. For empty cells, use the non-breaking space   as content to ensure that the cells are displayed. To show a visible pipe in a cell, use <nowiki>|</nowiki> or |.

With colspan and rowspan cells can span several columns or rows, see the Mélange example below. However, this has the disadvantage that sorting does not work properly anymore.

Examples

Simple example

Both of these generate the same output. Choose a style based on the number of cells in each row and the total text inside each cell.

The wiki markup code:

{|
| A
| B
|-
| C
| D
|}

{|
| A || B
|-
| C || D
|}

As it appears in a browser (note that there are no borders):

A	B
C	D

Multiplication table

Here is the wiki markup code:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;"
|+ Multiplication table
|-
! scope="col" | × 
! scope="col" | 1 
! scope="col" | 2 
! scope="col" | 3
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| 1 || 2 || 3
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| 2 || 4 || 6
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| 3 || 6 || 9
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| 4 || 8 || 12
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| 5 || 10 || 15
|}

As it appears in a browser (see Help:User style):

Multiplication table
×	1	2	3
1	1	2	3
2	2	4	6
3	3	6	9
4	4	8	12
5	5	10	15

Color; scope of parameters

Two ways of specifying color of text and background for a single cell are as follows. The first form is preferred because the second form uses deprecated HTML:

The wiki markup code:

{|
| style="background: red; color: white" | abc
| def
| bgcolor="red" | <font color="white"> ghi </font>
| jkl
|}

As it appears in a browser:

abc

def

ghi

jkl

Like other parameters, colors can also be specified for a whole row or the whole table; parameters for a row override the value for the table, and those for a cell override those for a row. (Note that there is no easy way to specify a color for a whole column—each cell in the column must be individually specified. Tools can make it easier.):

The wiki markup code:

{| style="background: yellow; color: green"
|-
| abc || def || ghi
|- style="background: red; color: white"
| jkl || mno || pqr
|-
| stu || style="background: silver" | vwx || yz
|}

As it appears in a browser:

abc	def	ghi
jkl	mno	pqr
stu	vwx	yz

To make the table blend in with the background, use style="background: none;" or style="background: transparent;". (Warning: style="background: inherit;", does not work with some browsers, including IE6!)

To force a cell to match one of the default colors of the class="wikitable" option, use style="background: #f2f2f2" for the darker header, and style="background: #f9f9f9" for the lighter body.

See : style, background, list of colors, web colors

Width, height

The width and height of the whole table can be specified, as well as the height of a row. To specify the width of a column one can specify the width of an arbitrary cell in it. If the width is not specified for all columns, and/or the height is not specified for all rows, then there is some ambiguity, and the result depends on the browser.

The wiki markup code:

{| style="width: 75%; height: 200px" border="1"
|-
| abc || def || ghi
|- style="height: 100px;"
| jkl || style="width: 200px;" | mno || pqr
|-
| stu || vwx || yz
|}

As it appears in a browser:

abc	def	ghi
jkl	mno	pqr
stu	vwx	yz

Note that style="inline CSS" has no effect with some browsers. If compatibility is important, equivalent older constructs like width="75%" should work on more browsers.

Setting column widths

To force column widths to specific requirements, rather than accepting the width of the widest text element in a column's cells, follow this example. Note that wrap-around of text is forced.

The wiki markup code:

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
! scope="col" width="50" | Name
! scope="col" width="225" | Effect
! scope="col" width="225" | Games Found In
|-
| Poké Ball || Regular Poké Ball || All Versions
|-
| Great Ball || Better than a Poké Ball || All Versions
|}

Name	Effect	Games Found In
Poké Ball	Regular Poké Ball	All Versions
Great Ball	Better than a Poké Ball	All Versions

To set column widths in a table without headers, specify the width in the first cell for each column, like this:

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
| width="100pt" | This column is 100 points wide
| width="200pt" | This column is 200 points wide
| width="300pt" | This column is 300 points wide
|-
| blah || blih || bluh
|}

This column is 100 points wide	This column is 200 points wide	This column is 300 points wide
blah	blih	bluh

One application of setting the widths is aligning columns of consecutive tables:

Country	Capital
The Netherlands	Amsterdam

Country	Capital
France	Paris

Nowrap

In a table that spans the entire width of a page, cells narrower than the widest cell tend to wrap. To keep an entire column from wrapping, use style=white-space:nowrap in a non-header cell on the longest/widest cell to affect the entire column.

That can be done by using Template:nowrap as in: "{{nowrap|Words to keep together}}".

Setting borders

Table borders default to a complex shaded double-line (the default in HTML); however, those borders can be set to a thin solid line by using a style-parameter (style="border: 1px solid darkgray"), as in the following (Note: if you intend to use the 'cellpadding' or 'cellspacing' options along with a border, you MUST use this format):

{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
! width="140" | Left
! width="150" | Middle
! width="130" | Right
|- border="0"
| [[File:StarIconBronze.png|120px]]
| [[File:StarIconGold.png|120px|Caption when mouse-over image]]
| [[File:StarIconGreen.png|120px|Green stellar icon]]
|- align="center"
| Bronze star || Gold star || Green star
|}

Note the bottom-row texts are centered by 'align="center"' while star-images were not centered.

Left	Middle	Right

Bronze star	Gold star	Green star

As long as the "Image:" specs omit the parameter "thumb|" they will not show the caption lines in the table (only during mouse-over). The border color "darkgray" matches typical tables or infoboxes in articles; however, it could be any color name (such as style="border: 1px solid darkgreen;") or use a hex-color (such as: #DDCCBB).

A column format-specifier (enclosed in "|...|") can have a style-parameter to set borders on each cell, as follows:

{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 1px solid darkgray;"
! width="140" | Left
! width="150" | Middle
! width="130" | Right
|- align="center"
| style="border: 1px solid blue;"|
[[File:StarIconBronze.png|120px]]
| style="border: 1px solid #777777;"|
[[File:StarIconGold.png|120px|Caption when mouse-over image]]
| style="border: 1px solid #22AA55;"|<!--greenish border-->
[[File:StarIconGreen.png|120px|Green stellar icon]]
|- align="center"
|Bronze star || Gold star || Green star
|}

Note only the image cells, here, have individual borders, not the text.

Left	Middle	Right

Bronze star	Gold star	Green star

The lower hex-colors (such as: #616161) are closer to black. Typically, all borders in a table would be one specific color.

Vertical alignment

By default data in tables is vertically centrally aligned, which results in odd-looking layouts like this:

Row heading	A longer piece of text. Each cell of a table will center the text, with space above and below, so that the text will show as being in the middle of each column. As a result, a column with shorter text will have more space, above and below, to keep the short text centered within the column. When first viewed from the top of the table, the columns with short text might seem to be empty, until text is noticed in the middle of those columns.	short text
Row heading	On each row, of a table, the centering of the text will happen again, so each row will have text that appears in the middle of a column. Imagine someone scrolling down the page, seeing the tops of "empty" columns, and wondering why they're empty. Use "valign=top" to align text at the top of columns.	short text

To fix this, apply the valign="top" attribute to the rows (unfortunately it seems to be necessary to apply this individually to every single row). For example:

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" width="400"
|- valign="top"
! width="10%" | Row heading
| width="70%" | A longer piece of text. Each cell of a table...
| width="20%" | short text
|- valign="top"
! Row heading
| On each row, of a table, the centering of the text will happen...
| short text
|}

Row heading	A longer piece of text. Each cell of a table will center the text, with space above and below, so that the text will show as being in the middle of each column. As a result, a column with shorter text will have more space, above and below, to keep the short text centered within the column. When first viewed from the top of the table, the columns with short text might seem to be empty, until text is noticed in the middle of those columns.	short text
Row heading	On each row, of a table, the centering of the text will happen again, so each row will have text that appears in the middle of a column. Imagine someone scrolling down the page, seeing the tops of "empty" columns, and wondering why they're empty. Use "valign=top" to align text at the top of columns.	short text

Positioning

You can position the table itself, the contents of a row, and the contents of a cell, but not with a single parameter for all the contents of the table. See m:Template talk:Table demo.

Prior to April 2009, using "float" to position a table was discouraged; however, it no longer always breaks page rendering at large font sizes. See a floated image, below, under "Floating images in the center".

Mélange

Note: This example is not accessible, and should be avoided as much as possible. For example, nested tables (tables inside tables) should be separated into distinct tables when possible.

Here's a more advanced example, showing some more options available for making up tables. Note however that with colspan and rowspan sorting does not work properly anymore.

You can play with these settings in your own table to see what effect they have. Not all of these techniques may be appropriate in all cases; just because you can add colored backgrounds, for example, doesn't mean it's always a good idea. Try to keep the markup in your tables relatively simple -- remember, other people are going to be editing the article too! This example should give you an idea of what is possible, though.

The wiki markup code:

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|+ '''An example table'''
|-
! style="background: #efefef;" | First header
! colspan="2" style="background: #ffdead;" | Second header
|-
| upper left
| &nbsp;
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 3px solid grey;" valign="top" |
right side
|-
| style="border-bottom: 3px solid grey;" | lower left
| style="border-bottom: 3px solid grey;" | lower middle
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" |
{| border="0"
|+ ''A table in a table''
|-
| align="center" width="150" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-simple.svg]]
| align="center" width="150" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-simple.svg]]
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid red;<!--
  --> border-right: 1px solid red; border-bottom: 2px solid red;<!--
  --> border-left: 1px solid red;" |
Two Wikipedia logos
|}
|}

As it appears in a browser:

An example table

First header

Second header

upper left

right side

lower left

lower middle

*A table in a table*

Two Wikipedia logos

Floating table

The wiki markup coding:

This paragraph is before the table.  Lorem ipsum dolor sit
amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod...

{| style="float: right;" border="1"
| Col 1, row 1
| rowspan="2" | Col 2, row 1 (and 2)
| Col 3, row 1
|-
| Col 1, row 2
| Col 3, row 2
|}

Note the floating-table to the right.

This paragraph is after the table.  The text in column 2
will span both rows due to format specifier "rowspan=2" so there
is no coding for "Col 2" in the 2nd row, just: Col 1 & Col 3.

As it appears in a browser:

This paragraph is before the table. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod...

Col 1, row 1	Col 2, row 1 (and 2)	Col 3, row 1
Col 1, row 2	Col 2, row 1 (and 2)	Col 3, row 2

Note the floating-table to the right.

This paragraph is after the table. The text in column 2 will span both rows due to format specifier "rowspan=2" so there is no coding for "Col 2" in the 2nd row, just: Col 1 & Col 3.

Floating images in the center

A table can be used to wrap an image, so that the table can float towards the center of the page (such as using: style="float: right;"). However, the table margins, border and font-size must be precisely set to match a typical image display. The Image-spec parameter "thumb|" (although auto-thumbnailing to user-preference width) forces a wide left-margin that squeezes the nearby text, so the parameter "center|" can be added to suppress the left-margin padding. However, "center" sometimes shoves the caption to a 2nd line (under a centered box "[]"), so "thumb|" could be omitted and just hard-code the image size, adding a gray (#BBB) border. Using precise parameters to match other images, a floating-image table can be coded as follows:

{| style="float: right; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: .46em 0 0 .2em;"
|- style="font-size: 86%;"
| valign="top" |[[File:DuraEuropos-TempleOfBel.jpg|180px]]<!--
  --><br /> Temple of [[Bel (mythology)|Bel]] (floating).
|}

The text inside the floating-table is sized by style="font-size: 86%;". That floating-image table floats a typical image-box, but allows adjusting the left-hand margin of the image (see temple-example floating below).

Temple of Bel (floating).

This table shows the implicit margins of Images using "right".

The caption-text can be omitted, or remove the parameter "thumb|" so the caption is hidden until "mouse-over display". Unfortunately the parameter "thumb|" (used for displaying the caption) also controls the auto-thumbnailing to re-size images by user-preferences size. In April 2009, it was not possible to have auto-thumbnail sizing while also concealing the caption: parameter "thumb|" triggers both actions and forces the caption to display.

An image set with parameter "left|" will gain a wide right-side margin (opposite margin of parameter "right|"), so floating toward the left would require an image set as "center|" inside a table with style="float:left; margin:0.46em 0.2em".

Recall that, outside an image-table, the parameter "right|" causes an image to align (either) above or below an infobox, but would not float alongside the infobox.

Note the order of precedence: first come infoboxes or images using "right|", then come the floating-tables, and lastly, any text will wrap that can still fit. If the first text-word is too long, no text will fit to complete the left-hand side, so beware creating a "ragged left margin" when not enough space remains for text to fit alongside floating-tables.

If multiple single image-tables are stacked, they will float to align across the page, depending on page-width. The text will be squeezed to allow as many floating-tables as can fit, as auto-aligned, then wrap whatever text (can still fit) at the left-hand side.

...by float: right

...images wrap...

All these...

That auto-aligning feature can be used to create a "floating-gallery" of images: a set of 20 floating-tables will wrap (backward, right-to-left) as if each table were a word of text to wrap across and down the page. To wrap in the typical direction (wrapping left-to-right) define all those floating-tables, instead, as left-side tables using the top parameter style="float:left; margin:0.46em 0.2em". Multiple floating-images empower more flexible typesetting of images around the text.

Nested tables

Note: because they cause accessibility issues, nested tables should be avoided whenever possible.

Seven different (blue) tables are shown nested inside the cells of a table. Automatically the two tables |A| and |B|B| are vertically aligned instead of the usual side by side of text characters in a cell. "float" is used to fix each of tables |C| and |D| to their own position within one cell of the table. This may be used for charts and schemes. Nested tables must start on a new line.

Wiki markup

{| border="1" | α | style="text-align: center;"| cell2 {| border="2" style="background: #ABCDEF;"  | NESTED |- | TABLE |} | style="vertical-align:bottom;"| the original table again | style="width:100px;" | {| border="2" style="background: #ABCDEF;" | A |} {| border="2" style="background: #ABCDEF;" | B || B |} | style="width:50px;" | {| border="2" style="background: #ABCDEF; float:left;" | C |} {| border="2" style="background: #ABCDEF; float: right;" | D |} |}

As it appears in a browser:

α

cell2

NESTED

TABLE

the original table again

A

B

C

D

Combined use of COLSPAN and ROWSPAN

Wiki markup

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
| Column 1 || Column 2 || Column 3
|-
| rowspan="2" | A
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | B
|-
| C <!-- column 1 occupied by cell A -->
| D
|-
| E
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | F
|-
| G <!-- column 2+3 occupied by cell F -->
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | H
|}

As it appears in a browser:

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
A	B
	C	D
E	F
G
H

Note that using rowspan="2" for cell G combined with rowspan="3" for cell F to get another row below G and F won't work, because all (implicit) cells would be empty. Likewise complete columns are not displayed if all their cells are empty. Borders between non-empty and empty cells might be also not displayed (depending on the browser), use   to fill an empty cell with dummy content.

Centering tables

Centered tables can be achieved, but they will not "float"; that is to say, no text will appear to either side. The trick is {| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"

Wiki markup

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ '''Cells left-aligned, table centered'''
! scope="col" | Duis 
! scope="col" | aute 
! scope="col" | irure
|-
| dolor  || in reprehenderit || in voluptate velit
|-
| esse cillum dolore || eu fugiat nulla || pariatur.
|}

As it appears in a browser:

**Cells left-aligned, table centered**
Duis	aute	irure
dolor	in reprehenderit	in voluptate velit
esse cillum dolore	eu fugiat nulla	pariatur.

Setting parameters

At the start of a cell, add your parameter followed by a single pipe. For example width="300"| will set that cell to a width of 300 pixels. To set more than one parameter, leave a space between each one, as follows:

{| style="color:white"
|-
| bgcolor="red"|cell1 || width="300" bgcolor="blue"|cell2
| bgcolor="green"|cell3
|}

As it appears in a browser:

cell1

cell2

cell3

Tiny tables within a text line

For years in HTML, a table has always forced an implicit line-wrap (or line-break), so to keep a table within a line, the work-around is to put all text into a table, then embed a table-within-a-table, using the outer table to force the whole line to stay together. Consider the following examples:

Wikicode (showing table forces line-break):

* This is a test table here <table style="border: 1px solid black"><tr><td>HELLO WORLD</table> followed by this text afterward.

Result:

This is a test table here
HELLO WORLD
followed by this text afterward.

Wikicode (table-within-table):

* <table style="background-color: #fafeff"><tr><td>This is a test table here<td><table height=11px><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; font-size:60%">HELLO WORLD</table></td><td>followed by this text afterward.</table> This line is more text after the outer table.

Result:

This is a test table here
HELLO WORLD
followed by this text afterward.
This line is more text after the outer table.

Use style="font-size:60%" to shrink the text within the box. However, the small text could be replaced with small images (aligned inside the inner table). The outer table is for one line only, so to make a 2nd line appear even, the exact length of line 1 must be pre-determined, to match the length of other lines.

Decimal point alignment

This is rare, see: w:Help:Table#Decimal point alignment.

CSS style classes

Also see: Help:User style

In the first line of table code, after the "{|", instead of specifying a style directly, you can also specify a CSS class. The style for this class can be specified in various ways:

in the software itself, per skin (for example the class sortable)
collectively for all users of one wiki in MediaWiki:Common.css (for example, on this and some other projects there is or was the class wikitable, later moved to shared.css)
separately per skin in MediaWiki:Monobook.css etc.
individually on one wiki in a user subpage
individually, but jointly for tables of the class concerned on all web pages, on the local computer of the user.

Instead of remembering table parameters, you just include an appropriate style class after the {|. This helps keep table formatting consistent, and can allow a single change to the class to fix a problem or enhance the look of all the tables that are using it at once. For instance, this:

{| cellpadding="2"
|+ Multiplication table
|-
! scope="col" | &times;
! scope="col" | 1
! scope="col" | 2
! scope="col" | 3
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| 1 || 2 || 3
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| 2 || 4 || 6
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| 3 || 6 || 9
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| 4 || 8 || 12
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| 5 || 10 || 15
|}

Multiplication table
×	1	2	3
1	1	2	3
2	2	4	6
3	3	6	9
4	4	8	12
5	5	10	15

becomes this:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Multiplication table
|-
! scope="col" | &times;
! scope="col" | 1
! scope="col" | 2
! scope="col" | 3
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| 1 || 2 || 3
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| 2 || 4 || 6
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| 3 || 6 || 9
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| 4 || 8 || 12
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| 5 || 10 || 15
|}

Multiplication table
×	1	2	3
1	1	2	3
2	2	4	6
3	3	6	9
4	4	8	12
5	5	10	15

simply by replacing inline CSS for the table by class="wikitable". This is because the wikitable class in MediaWiki:Common.css contains a number of table.wikitable CSS style rules. These are all applied at once when you mark a table with the class. You can then add additional style rules if desired. These override the class's rules, allowing you to use the class style as a base and build up on it:

Wiki markup

{| class="wikitable" style="font-style:italic; font-size:120%; border: 3px dashed red;"
|+ Multiplication table
|-
! scope="col" | &times;
! scope="col" | 1
! scope="col" | 2
! scope="col" | 3
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| 1 || 2 || 3
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| 2 || 4 || 6
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| 3 || 6 || 9
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| 4 || 8 || 12
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| 5 || 10 || 15
|}

As it appears in a browser:

Multiplication table
×	1	2	3
1	1	2	3
2	2	4	6
3	3	6	9
4	4	8	12
5	5	10	15

Notice that the table retains the gray background of the wikitable class, and the headers are still bold and centered. But now the text formatting has been overridden by the local style statement; all of the text in the table has been made italic and 120% normal size, and the wikitable border has been replaced by the red dashed border.

Of course this works only for browsers supporting inline CSS, if it's important use XHTML markup like <big> instead of "font-size:120%", or Wiki markup like ''text'' instead of "font-style:italic".

Collapsible tables

Classes can also be used to collapse tables, so they are hidden by default. Use the style 'collapsible' to enable collapsing behaviour. By default, a collapsible table will begin expanded. To change this, include the additional class 'collapsed' or 'autocollapse' (i.e. only collapse if 3 other collapsible tables are present). You must include a header row, where the 'hide' option will be displayed. Example:

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! Header
|-
| Content which starts hidden
|-
| more hidden content
|}

Gives:

Header
Content which starts hidden
more hidden content

Sorting

Further information Help:Sorting

Tables can be made sortable by adding class="sortable"; for details see Help:Sorting. Since this can be very useful, it is wise to keep the possibilities and limitations of this feature in mind when designing a table. For example:

Do not divide a table into sections by subheaders spanning several rows. Instead, an extra column can be made showing the content of these headers on each row, in a short form.
Do not have elements spanning several columns; instead, again, repeat the content on each row, in a short form.
In a column of numbers, do not put text such as "ca." in front of a number-it will sort like zero. Do not put text after the number, and do not put a range of numbers (it does not affect the sorting position for numeric sorting mode, and in the case of a range, the first number determines the position, but if, possibly after sorting this or another column, the element is at the top, it will induce alphabetic sorting mode). Instead, put these texts in a separate column. Alternatively, for the greatest flexibility, alphabetic sorting mode with hidden sortkeys can be used.

A long form of abbreviated content can be put as legend outside the table.

Wiki markup

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+ Sortable table
|-
! scope="col" | Alphabetic
! scope="col" | Numeric
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Unsortable
|-
| d || 20 || 2008-11-24 || This
|-
| b || 8 || 2004-03-01 || column
|-
| a || 6 || 1979-07-23 || cannot
|-
| c || 4 || 1492-12-08 || be
|-
| e || 0 || 1601-08-13 || sorted.
|}

As it appears in a browser:

Sortable table
Alphabetic	Numeric	Date	Unsortable
d	20	2008-11-24	This
b	8	2004-03-01	column
a	6	1979-07-23	cannot
c	4	1492-12-08	be
e	0	1601-08-13	sorted.

Sorting and collapsing

It is possible to collapse a sortable table. To do so, you need to use the code {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible". Taking the above table and making it collapsable gives you this:

Wiki markup

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" border="1"
|+ Sortable and collapsible table
|-
! scope="col" | Alphabetic
! scope="col" | Numeric
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Unsortable
|-
| d || 20 || 2008-11-24 || This
|-
| b || 8 || 2004-03-01 || column
|-
| a || 6 || 1979-07-23 || cannot
|-
| c || 4 || 1492-12-08 || be
|-
| e || 0 || 1601-08-13 || sorted.
|}

As it appears in a browser:

Sortable and collapsible table
Alphabetic	Numeric	Date	Unsortable
d	20	2008-11-24	This
b	8	2004-03-01	column
a	6	1979-07-23	cannot
c	4	1492-12-08	be
e	0	1601-08-13	sorted.

If you want the table to default to collapsed state, use the code {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" in place of {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"

Row template

Regardless of whether wikitable format or HTML is used, the wikitext of the rows within a table, and sometimes even within a collection of tables, has much in common, e.g.:

the basic code for a table row
code for color, alignment, and sorting mode
fixed texts such as units
special formats for sorting

In that case it can be useful to create a template that produces the syntax for a table row, with the data as parameters. This can have many advantages:

easily changing the order of columns, or removing a column
easily adding a new column if many elements of the new column are left blank (if the column is inserted and the existing fields are unnamed, use a named parameter for the new field to avoid adding blank parameter values to many template calls)
computing fields from other fields, e.g. population density from population and area
duplicating content and providing span tags with "display:none" for the purpose of having one format for sorting and another for display
easy specification of a format for a whole column, such as color and alignment

Conditional table row

For a conditional row in a table, we can have:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
	<!--
		Row one will be shown because the '1' evaluates
		to TRUE.
	-->
	{{ #if:1|{{!}}-
		! scope="row" {{!}} row one, column one
		<!--
			Any {{!}}'s will get evaluated to the pipe
			character '|' since the template '!' just
			contains '|'.
		-->
		{{!}}row one, column two}}
	<!--
		Row two will not be NOT shown because the space
		between the ':' and the '|' evaluates to FALSE.
	-->
	{{ #if: |{{!}}-
		! scope="row" {{!}}  row two, column one
		{{!}}row two, column two}}
	<!--
		Row three will be shown.
	-->
	|-
		! scope="row" {{!}} row three, column one
		| row three, column two
|}

Which gives the following table: (note how the second row is missing)

row one, column one	row one, column two
row three, column one	row three, column two

Other table syntax

Other types of table syntax that MediaWiki supports:

XHTML
HTML & wiki-<td> syntax (Do not use)

All three are supported by MediaWiki and create (currently) valid HTML output, but the pipe syntax is the simplest. Also, HTML & wiki-<td> syntax (i.e., unclosed <td> and <tr> tags) will not necessarily remain browser-supported in the future, especially on handheld internet-accessible devices.

See also HTML element#Tables. Note however that the thead, tbody, tfoot, colgroup, and col elements are currently not supported in MediaWiki.

Comparison of table syntax

XHTML

Wiki-pipe

Table

<table></table>

{|
|}

Caption

<caption>caption</caption>

|+ caption

Row

<tr></tr>

|-

Data cell

<td>cell1</td><td>cell2</td>
<td>cell3</td>

| cell1 || cell2
| cell3

Header cell

<th scope="col">column heading</th>

<th scope="row">row heading</th>

! scope="col" | column heading

! scope="row" | row heading

Sample table

1	2
3	4

<table>
 <tr>
 <td>1</td>
 <td>2</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>3</td>
 <td>4</td>
 </tr>
</table>

{|
| 1 || 2
|-
| 3 || 4
|}

Pros

Can preview or debug with any XHTML editor
Can be indented for easier reading
Well-known
Insensitive to newlines
No characters like "|" which can collide with template and parser function syntax

Easy to write
Easy to read
Takes little space
Can be learned quickly

Cons

Tedious
Takes a lot of space
Difficult to read quickly
Accidentally putting "tr" for "td" can cause confusion for hours.
Indented code might not match nesting.
In rare cases, newlines can break cells, causing severe confusion since newlines usually are ok.

Unfamiliar syntax
Rigid structure
Cannot be indented
Text (as in HTML tags) may be easier for some people to read than series of pipes, plus signs, dashes, etc.
Requires using Template:! to pass a "|" in a parameter.
Sensitive to newlines; see Help:Newlines and spaces.

XHTML

Wiki-pipe

Pipe syntax in terms of the HTML produced

The pipe syntax, developed by Magnus Manske, substitutes pipes (|) for HTML. There is an on-line script which converts html tables to pipe syntax tables.

The pipes must start at the beginning of a new line, except when separating parameters from content or when using || to separate cells on a single line. The parameters are optional.

Tables

A table is defined by {| ''params'' |} which generates "<table params></table>".

Rows

For each table, an HTML <tr> tag will be generated for the first row. To start a new row, use:

|-

which generates another "<tr>".

Parameters can be added like this:

|- params

which generates "<tr params>".

Note:

<tr> tags will be automatically opened at the first <td> equivalent
<tr> tags will be automatically closed at <tr> and </table> equivalents

Cells

Cells are generated either like this:

|cell1
|cell2
|cell3

or like this:

|cell1||cell2||cell3

which both generate "<td>cell1</td><td>cell2</td><td>cell3</td>". The "||" equals "newline" + "|".

Parameters in cells can be used like this:

|params|cell1||params|cell2||params|cell3

which will result in

<td params>cell1</td>
<td params>cell2</td>
<td params>cell3</td>

Headers

Produces a TH, functioning the same way as TD, but with different style. "!" is used instead of the opening "|". "!!" can be used instead of "||". Parameters still use "|", though. Example:

!params|cell1

Captions

A <caption> tag is created by

|+ Caption

which generates the HTML "<caption>Caption</caption>".

You can also use parameters:

|+ params|Caption

which will generate "<caption params>Caption</caption>".

Summaries

A summary is produced by adding a summary attribute after the start of the table. It can be used by screen readers to give visually impaired readers the overall gist of the table, without having to listen to the entire table. For example:

{| summary="Artistic renderings of Germania became more triumphant and monumental."
| [[File:Philipp Veit 008.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Robed woman, seated, with sword on her lap|Philipp Veit, ''Germania'', 1834–36]]
| [[File:Image Germania (painting).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Robed woman, standing, holding a sword|Philipp Veit, ''Germania'', 1848]]
| [[File:Niederwald memorial 2.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Monument of robed woman, standing, holding a crown in one hand and a partly sheathed sword in another|Johannes Schilling, ''Germania'', 1871–83]]
|}

produces:

Square monitors

To format for a square monitor or window, use a tape measure. Determine the height of your rectangular screen. Using that figure measure under the screen to determine the width your monitor’s screen would be if it were square. Mark that location using ink or tape under the screen. Drag the side of your browser’s window to that location so the window is square based on accurate measurements. Square monitors and reading windows are not able to contain tables and galleries made for rectangular and wide screens. When a table or gallery is wider than the monitor, it makes every line of text wider than the screen as well. The px amounts of the following gallery were determined after measuring the window to make sure it was square:

Type this:

{| style="background: transparent; margin: auto;"
| [[File:Some window blinds.JPG|192x155px|thumb|left|Various window shades]]
| [[File:Vert-blinds-2145-rs.jpg|192x170px|thumb|left|Vertical blinds]]
| [[File:Gardine.jpg|192x155px|thumb|left|This is not a blind]]
|}

{| style="background: transparent; margin: auto;"
| [[File:Vorhang.jpg|192x155px|thumb|left|Solid shade]]
| [[File:Jalousie-1.jpg|328x55px|thumb|left|Horizonal blinds]]
|}

{| style="background: transparent; margin: auto;"
| [[File:Some_window_blinds.JPG|205px|thumb|left|Shade, shutters; vertical & horizontal blinds.]]
| [[File:Miniblinds detail of mechanism.jpg|388px|thumb|left|<!--
 -->Detail of turning rod (blind stick) attachment on miniblinds]]
|}

For this:

Horizonal blinds

Vertically oriented column headers

Sometimes it is desirable (such as in a table predominantly made of numbers) to rotate text such that it proceeds from top to bottom or bottom to top instead of from left to right or right to left. Currently, browser support for this type of styling as a component of HTML or CSS is sporadic (Internet Explorer is one of the few browsers that supports this in cascading stylesheets, albeit in a non-standard way). An alternative solution that works in most if not all browsers is to use images in place of the text. For instance, the following table uses SVG images instead of text to produce the rotated column headings:


05/08	4266	7828	7282	1105	224	161	916	506	231
04/08	4127	6190	6487	1139	241	205	1165	478	301

Normally, one problem with this approach is that readers are directed to different pages when they click on the images. To eliminate this problem—or to direct readers to a different page—you can use the link parameter. A column-header can be coded as follows:


! style="width:3em;" | [[File:wpvg_vg_project.svg|link=xxxx]]

The image will wikilink to article "xxxx".

By setting the link to an empty string (e.g. [[File:wpvg_hd_date_page.svg|link=]]), no navigation will occur when visitors click on an image. Note that it might also be a good idea to color the image text blue if you are using the images as links. Also, SVG is the preferred image format in this case because it can be re-scaled to any size without producing artifacts.

Wikitable as image gallery

This section is local to Wikipedia (hard-coded here now).

A wikitable can be used to display side-by-side images, in the manner of an image gallery (formatted by "<gallery>"), but with larger images and less vacant area around photos.

A simple framed gallery can be formatted using class="wikitable" to generate the minimal thin-lines around images/photos within the table:

 {| class="wikitable" border="1"
 |-
 |<!--column1-->[[File:Worms 01.jpg|265px]]
 |<!--column2-->[[File:Worms Wappen 2005-05-27.jpg|235px]]
 |-
 |<!--column1-->Nibelungen Bridge to Worms<br/>across the [[Rhine]]
 |<!--column2-->Worms and its sister cities
 |}<!--end wikitable-->

Note the result below (with thin-lined cells):


Nibelungen Bridge to Worms across the Rhine	Worms and its sister cities

Another issue about the standard "<gallery>" tag, in 2007-2008, was that it put 4 images per line, overrunning the right margin of a wiki article displayed in portrait-style width (like 800x600), unless the gallery had only 3 images. However, a wikitable uses typical image-links with sizes, such as "[[Image:XXX.jpg|130px]]" so 4 images could be displayed on a wikitable line within a 600px width (for 800x600 resolution screens).

 {| class="wikitable" border="1"
 |-
 |<!--col1-->[[File:Worms 01.jpg|130px]]
 |<!--col2-->[[File:Worms Wappen 2005-05-27.jpg|125px]]
 |<!--col3-->[[File:Liberty-statue-with-manhattan.jpg|125px]]
 |<!--col4-->[[File:New-York-Jan2005.jpg|125px]]
 |-
 |<!--col1-->Nibelungen Bridge to Worms
 |<!--col2-->Worms and its sister cities
 |<!--col3-->Statue of Liberty
 |<!--col4-->New York City
 |}<!--end wikitable-->


Nibelungen Bridge to Worms	Worms and its sister cities	Statue of Liberty	New York City

Another advantage about wikitable images, compared to "<gallery>" formatting, is the ability to "square" each image when similar heights are needed, so consider putting 2-number image sizes (such as "199x95px"), where the 2nd number limits height:

 {| class="wikitable" border="1"
 |-
 |<!--col1-->[[File:Liberty-statue-with-manhattan.jpg|199x95px]]
 |<!--col2-->[[File:New-York-Jan2005.jpg|199x95px]]
 |<!--col3-->[[File:Gold star on blue.gif|199x95px]]
 |<!--col4-->[[File:Worms 01.jpg|100x95px]]<!--smaller-->
 |-
 |<!--col1-->Statue of Liberty
 |<!--col2-->New York City
 |<!--col3-->Star on blue
 |<!--col4-->Bridge to Worms
 |}<!--end wikitable-->

Note the 3 images sized "199x95px" appear identical height, of 95px (4th image purposely smaller). The "95px" forces height, while "199x" fits the various widths (could even be "999x"):


Statue of Liberty	New York City	Star on blue	Bridge to Worms

Therefore, the use of size "199x95px" (or "999x95px") produces the auto-height-sizing beyond the "<gallery>" tag, and with the option to set taller thumbnails ("199x105px"), or even to have some images purposely smaller than other images of "95px" height. A very short height ("70px") allows many more images across the table:

 {| class="wikitable" border="1"
 |-
 |<!--col1-->[[File:Liberty-statue-with-manhattan.jpg|199x70px]]
 |<!--col2-->[[File:Gold star on blue.gif|199x70px]]
 |<!--col3-->[[File:New-York-Jan2005.jpg|199x70px]]
 |<!--col4-->[[File:Gold star on deep red.gif|199x70px]]
 |<!--col5-->[[File:Worms 01.jpg|199x70px]]<!--same height-->
 |<!--col6-->[[File:Gold star on blue.gif|199x70px]]
 |}

The above wikitable-coding produces the result below, of 6 columns:

Once images have been placed in a wikitable, control of formatting can be adjusted when more images are added.

Shifting/centering

Images within a wikitable can be shifted by inserting non-breaking spaces (" ") before or after the image-link (" [[Image:]]"). However, auto-centering simply requires use of center-tags to be placed around an image-link for centering in a cell ("<center>[[File:..]]</center>").

In the example below, note how Col2 uses <center>, but Col3 uses " ":

 {| class="wikitable" border="1"
 |-
 |<!--Col1-->[[File:Domtoren_vanaf_Brigittenstraat.jpg|299x125px]]
 |<!--Col2--><center>[[File:Utrecht 003.jpg|299x125px]]</center>
 |<!--Col3-->&nbsp;[[File:Uitzicht--Domtoren.jpg|299x125px]]&nbsp;
 |-
 |<!--Col1-->Dom tower from Brigittenstraat
 |<!--Col2-->Cloister garth of the Utrecht Dom Church
 |<!--Col3-->&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>View from bell tower</small>
 |}

The above coding generates the table below: note the middle garden image is centered (but not the left image), and the right image has 2 spaces before " View...":


Dom tower from Brigittenstraat	Cloister garth of the Utrecht Dom Church	View from bell tower

Also note that the tag "<small>" made a smaller text-size caption. However, fonts also can be sized by percent (style="font-size: 87%;"), where the actual percent-size as displayed depends on the various sizes allowed for a particular font.

 | style="font-size: 87%;" | View from bell tower

The column attribute, above, uses "style=" to set the font-size for the caption, following the 2nd vertical-bar "|".

A font-size: 65% is very small, while style="font-size: 87%;" is a mid-size font, larger than the tag <small>.

Speed/transfer rates

Actual transfer/display speeds depend on individual files. In 2007 to March 2009 some serious flaws existed in the thumbnailing process when combined with the gallery-display, making thumbnails sometimes larger than the originals. For this reason some users explicitly used tables instead of the gallery tag. However, these issues are fixed as of March 2009.

Converting spreadsheet to wikitable format

To convert from spreadsheets such as Gnumeric, MS Excel or OpenOffice.org Calc, you can use the Copy & Paste Excel-to-Wiki converter or you can save your spreadsheets as .csv and use the csv2wikitable converter.

Tables and WYSIWYG

Due to the complexity of wikimarkup (especially tables), a common question is if there is any visual editor to make creating and modifying tables easier. Unfortunately at the moment no such editor exists, however it is possible to create a table with a HTML editor (like Adobe Dreamweaver) and then copy the html code generated by this into the page.

It is possible in the future that a WYSIWYG editor will be adopted (there has been much discussion about this in the past, however there are many technical hurdles that need to be solved). For the more technically inclined/adventurous tools such as meta:WYSIFTW exist, however they do not incorporate the complete WYSIWYG experience and currently do not support tables (although they may do so in the future).

Related pages

Help:Tables - a short introduction about tables
mw:Table
mw:Simplified table syntax
m:Wiki markup tables
m:Table background colors
w:Table (HTML)
m:Help:Template#A parameter value containing a pipe character
w:Category:Table templates
w:Category:Multi-column templates
Examples:
Commons:Convert tables and charts to wiki code
Commons:Chart and graph resources