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= Grb Romunije = |
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Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije |
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{{Infopolje Grb |
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|name = Grb Romunije |
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|image = Coat of arms of Romania.svg |
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|image_width = 150 |
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|caption = |
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|medium = |
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|medium_width = |
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|medium_caption = |
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|lesser = Coat of arms of Romania Eagle.svg |
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|lesser_width = 75 |
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|lesser_caption = Grb kot se pojavi na [[Romunska osebna izkaznica|osebnih izkaznicah]]<br/>in ministrskih pečatih |
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|armiger = [[Romunija]] |
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|year_adopted = 11. julij 2016 (trenutna različica) |
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|shield = Azure, a crowned eagle displayed Or beaked and membered Gules holding in its beak an Orthodox Cross Or, in its dexter talon a sword, and in its sinister talon a sceptre Argent, and bearing on its breast an escutcheon quarterly: I, Azure, an eagle displayed Or beaked and membered Gules holding in its beak an Orthodox Cross Or, in dexter chief a sun in splendour and in sinister chief an increscent of the last (for [[Wallachia]]); II, gules, a bull's head caboshed Sable, in dexter base a rose, in sinister base a decrescent Argent, and between the bull's horns a mullet Or (for [[Western Moldavia]]); III, Gules, issuant from water in base Azure a bridge of two arches embattled throughout, thereon a lion rampant Or brandishing a sabre proper (for [[Oltenia]] and [[Banat]]); IV, Per fess Azure and Or, a bar Gules issuant therefrom an eagle displayed Sable between in sinister chief a decrescent Argent and in dexter chief a sun in splendour Or; in base seven castles Gules (for [[Transylvania]]); Entée en point, Azure, two dolphins urinant respectant Or (for [[Dobruja]]) |
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|crest = |
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|supporters = |
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|other_elements = |
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|earlier_versions = [[Slika:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania_(1992–2016).svg|sličica|130px|none|Grb Republike Romunije do leta 2016 ni vključeval [[Jeklena krona Romunije|Jeklene krone]]]]<br>[[Slika:Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Small_CoA.svg|sličica|130px|none|Mali grb Kraljevine Romunije med leti 1921 in 1947]] |
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|use = Na [[Romunski lev|denarju]], v učilnicah, v [[Romunski parlament|parlamentu]], na državnih stavbah, na [[Romunski potni list|potnih listih]], na [[Romunska osebna izkaznica|osebnih izkaznicah]], v glavah uradnih dokumentov in diplom |
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}} |
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'''Grbf Romunije''' was adopted in the [[Parliament of Romania|Romanian Parliament]] on 10 September 1992 as a representative coat of arms for [[Romania]]. The current coat of arms is based on the lesser coat of arms of interwar [[Kingdom of Romania]] (used between 1922 and 1947), which was designed in 1921 by the Transylvanian Hungarian heraldist József Sebestyén from [[Cluj-Napoca|Cluj]], at the request of King [[Ferdinand I of Romania]], it was redesigned by Victor Dima.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/creatorul-stemei-romaniei-drepturi-autor-1_50ace7ce7c42d5a6638b97be/index.html|title=Creatorul stemei României, fără drepturi de autor|publisher=[[Adevărul]]|date=27 February 2010|access-date=23 June 2016|language=ro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829030706/http://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/creatorul-stemei-romaniei-drepturi-autor-1_50ace7ce7c42d5a6638b97be/index.html |archive-date= Aug 29, 2016 }}</ref> As a central element, it shows a [[golden eagle|golden]] [[Aquila (Roman)|aquila]] holding a cross in its beak, and a [[mace (bludgeon)|mace]] and a [[sword]] in its claws. It also consists of the three colors (red, yellow, and blue) which represent the colors of the [[Flag of Romania|national flag]]. The coat of arms was augmented on 11 July 2016 to add a representation of the [[Steel Crown of Romania]]. |
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==Zgodovina== |
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{{main|Romunska heraldika}} |
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The idea behind the design of the coat of arms of [[Romania]] dates from 1859, when the two Romanian countries, [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]], united under [[Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza]]. Then the two heraldic symbols, the [[eagle (heraldry)|golden aquila]] and the [[aurochs]], were officially juxtaposed. |
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Until 1866, there were many variants of the coat of arms, regarding the background color and the number of times the two main elements where represented. In 1866, after [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]] was elected Prince of Romania, the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]] was divided into quarters: in the first and fourth an [[Eagle (heraldry)|eagle]] was depicted, and in the second and third the [[aurochs]]; above the shield the arms of the reigning [[Hohenzollern]] family was placed. After 1872, the coat of arms included the symbol of southern [[Bessarabia]] (after 1877, of [[Dobruja]]), two [[dolphin]]s, in the fourth quarter; and the one of [[Oltenia]], a [[Lion (heraldry)|golden lion]], in the third quarter; on the shield the [[Steel Crown of Romania|Steel Crown]] was placed, as a symbol of sovereignty and independence, after the [[Romanian War of Independence]]. |
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The coat of arms remained unchanged until 1921, after [[World War I]], when [[Transylvania]] was united with the [[Kingdom of Romania]]. Then the coat of arms of [[Transylvania]] was placed in the fourth quarter, with the [[Turul]] (almost all motivs including the supposed Turul can be found in the "[[Notitia Dignitatum|Notita Dignitatum]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. O. |title=Notitia Dignitatum |date=2016-03-07 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4459 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4459 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5 |access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref>" in form of late roman empire shield designs) replaced by a black aquila, the third quarter depicted the coat of arms of [[Banat]] (the [[bridge]] of [[Apollodorus of Damascus]] and a [[Lion (heraldry)|golden lion]]), and the coat of arms of [[Dobruja]] was placed in an insertion. The shield was placed on the chest of a [[Eagle (heraldry)|golden crossed and crowned aquila]], as a symbol of the Latinity of the [[Romanians]]. The [[Eagle (heraldry)|aquila]] was placed on a [[Azure (heraldry)|blue]] shield, capped with the [[Steel Crown of Romania|Steel Crown]]. The coat of arms had three versions: lesser, middle (with [[supporters]] and motto), and greater (the middle arms on a [[Gules|red]] mantle lined with [[Ermine (heraldry)|ermine]]). The coat of arms was designed by [[Hungarians in Romania|Transylvanian Hungarian]] [[:hu: Sebestyén József (festő)|József Sebestyén Keöpeczi]], who was recommended by [[Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=The Hungarian designer behind Romania's coat of arm |url=https://transylvanianow.com/the-coat-of-arms-of-romania-and-its-hungarian-designer-jozsef-keopeczi-sebestyen-interview-part-ii/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Transylvania Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Drăgan-George Basarabă, "Marea Unire și identitatea heraldică a Banatului", in ''Heraldica Moldaviae'', Vol. IV, 2021, pp. 174–175</ref> |
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After 1948, the [[Communist Romania|Communist authorities]] changed both the [[Flag of Romania|flag]] and the coat of arms. The coat of arms was rather an emblem, [[Socialist heraldry|faithful to the Communist pattern]]: a landscape (depicting a rising sun, a tractor and an oil drill) surrounded by stocks of wheat tied together with a cloth in the colors of the [[Flag of Romania|national flag]]. Until 1989, there were four variants, the first being changed shortly after 1948 (the proclamation of the republic), again changed in 1952 (a red star was added), and finally in 1965, when Romania ceased to be a ''People's Republic'' and became a ''Socialist Republic''. |
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Immediately after the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 Revolution]], the idea came up of giving Romania a new, representative coat of arms. In fact, the very symbol of the Revolution was the flag with a hole in its middle where the communist coat of arms had been cut out. |
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The heraldic commission set up to design a new coat of arms for Romania worked intensely, subjecting to the [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] two final designs which were then combined. What emerged is the current design adopted by the [[Bicameralism|two chambers]] of the [[Parliament of Romania|Romanian Parliament]] in their [[joint session]] on September 10, 1992. |
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In April 2016, deputies of the Judiciary Committee endorsed a bill voted previously by the [[Senate of Romania|Senate]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/senatul-a-aprobat-modificarea-stemei-romaniei-cum-va-arata-noul-simbol.html|title=Senatul a aprobat modificarea stemei Romaniei. Cum va arata noul simbol|publisher=[[Pro TV]]|date=16 February 2016|access-date=27 April 2016|language=ro}}</ref> that returns the [[Steel crown of Romania|crown]] on the head of the eagle and mandates the public authorities to replace the existing emblems and seals to those provided by law until 31 December 2018 (to mark the centenary of the [[Union of Transylvania with Romania]] on 1 December 1918).<ref name="Gandul">{{cite web |url=http://www.gandul.info/politica/data-pana-la-care-trebuie-readusa-coroana-pe-stema-tarii-15265483|title=Data până la care trebuie readusă coroana pe stema țării|work=[[Gândul]]|author=Cătălina Mănoiu |date=19 April 2016}}</ref> The bill was adopted by the [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]] on 8 June 2016<ref name="Mediafax">{{cite news|url=http://mediafax.ro/politic/camera-deputatilor-a-adoptat-proiectul-care-modifica-stema-tarii-15453482|title=Camera Deputaților a adoptat proiectul care modifică stema țării|newspaper=[[Mediafax]]|date=8 June 2016|access-date=8 June 2016|language=ro}}</ref> and promulgated by President [[Klaus Iohannis]] on 11 July 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.mediafax.ro/politic/coroana-revine-pe-stema-romaniei-iohannis-a-promulgat-legea-care-modifica-insemnele-oficiale-foto-15524084|title=Coroana revine pe stema României. Iohannis a promulgat legea care modifică însemnele oficiale – FOTO|publisher=Mediafax|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016|language=ro}}</ref> |
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==Opis== |
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{{Symbols of Romania}} |
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The [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]] surmounting the eagle is divided into five fields, one for each historical province of Romania with its traditional symbol: |
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* golden [[eagle (heraldry)|aquila]] – [[Wallachia]] (''Țara Românească'') |
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* [[aurochs]] – [[Moldavia]] (''Moldova''), [[Bukovina]] (''Bucovina'') and [[Maramureș]] |
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* [[dolphin]]s – the seaside: [[Southern Bessarabia]]/[[Budjak]] (1867{{ndash}}1878) and [[Dobruja]] (after 1878) |
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* a black aquila for [[Crișana]] and seven castles, a sun and a moon for [[Transylvania]] (''Transilvania'') |
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* [[Lion (heraldry)|lion]] and [[Trajan's Bridge]]– [[Oltenia]], [[Banat]] and [[Timok Valley]] |
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[[Romania]]'s coat of arms has as a central element the golden aquila holding an [[Orthodox cross]]. Traditionally, this eagle appears in the arms of the [[Argeș county]], the town of [[Pitești]] and the town of [[Curtea de Argeș]]. It stands for the "nest of the Basarabs", the nucleus around which Wallachia was organised. |
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Since July 11, 2016 the coat of arms has been altered to include the heraldic representation of the [[Steel Crown of Romania|Steel Crown]] of [[Carol I of Romania|King Carol]]. A symbol of its royal past and a token for the period during 1881 and 1947 when Romania was a monarchy, ruled by the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen house through its Romanian branch, founded by Carol. |
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The aquila, being the symbol of Latinity and a heraldic bird of the first order, symbolises courage, determination, the soaring toward great heights, power, grandeur. It is to be found also in Transylvania's coat of arms. |
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The shield on which it is placed is [[azure (heraldry)|azure]], symbolising the sky. The eagle holds in its talons the insignia of sovereignty: a mace and a sword, the latter reminding of [[Moldavia]]'s ruler, [[Stephen the Great]] whereas the mace reminds of [[Michael the Brave]], the first unifier of the Romanian Countries. On the bird's chest there is a quartered escutcheon with the symbols of the historical Romanian provinces (Wallachia, Oltenia, Moldavia, Bessarabia, Transylvania, the Banat, Crisana, Maramureș) as well as two dolphins reminding of the country's Black Sea Coast (Dobruja). |
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In the first quarter, Wallachia's coat of arms, an aquila or holding in its beak a golden [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] cross, accompanied by a golden sun on the right and a golden new moon on the left, is displayed against an azure background. |
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In the second quarter, Moldavia's traditional coat of arms is shown, gules: an aurochs head sable with a mullet of or between its horns, a cinquefoil rose on the dexter and a waning crescent on the sinister, both argent. |
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The third quarter features the traditional coat of arms of the Banat and Oltenia, gules: over waves, a golden bridge with two arched openings (symbolising [[Roman Emperors|Roman emperor]] [[Trajan's Bridge]] over the [[Danube]]), wherefrom comes a golden lion holding a broadsword in its right forepaw. |
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The fourth quarter shows the coat of arms of Transylvania, Maramureș and Crișana: a shield parted by a narrow fesse, gules; in the chief, on azure, there is a black aquila with golden beak coming out of the fesse, accompanied by a golden sun on the dexter and a crescent argent on the sinister (symbolizing the [[Székelys]]); on the base, on or, there are seven crenellated towers, placed four and three (symbolizing the [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxon]]s). |
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Also represented are the lands adjacent to the Black Sea (Dobruja), on azure: two dolphins affronts, head down. |
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==Galerija== |
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<gallery> |
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File:Modern coat of arms of Wallachia.svg|Grb [[Vlaška|Vlaške]] |
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File:Coat of arms of Moldavia.svg|Grb [[Kneževina Moldavija|Moldavije]] |
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File:Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg|Grb [[Kneževina Transilvanija|Transilvanije]] |
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File:Dobrogea COA.svg|Grb [[Severna Dobruja|Dobruje]] |
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File:StemaCuza2.jpg|Ena izmed mnogih ilustracij, ki se je neuradno uporabljala kot grb (1864 {{ndash}} 1866) |
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File:Coat of arms of Principality of Romania (1867-1872).svg|Grb [[Kneževina Romunija|Kneževine Romunije]] (1867 {{ndash}} 1872) |
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File:Kingdom of Romania Coat of Arms Big 1866-1881.svg|Grb Kneževine Romunije (1872 {{ndash}} 1881) |
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File:Kingdom of Romania Coat of Arms Big 1881-1921.svg|Grb [[Kraljevina Romunija|Kraljevine Romunije]] (1881 {{ndash}} 1922) |
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File:Kingdom of Romania - Small CoA.svg|'''Mali grb''' Kraljevine Romunije (1921 {{ndash}} 1947), uporabljen na uradnih žigih in pečatih |
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File:Kingdom of Romania - Medium CoA.svg|'''Srednji grb''' Kraljevine Romunije (1921 {{ndash}} 1947), uporabljen v vojski in državnem vodstvu |
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File:Kingdom of Romania - Big CoA.svg|'''veliki grb''' po uradnem listu, št. 92 29 julija 1921. (1921 – 1947) |
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File:Coat of arms of Romania (January-March 1948).svg|Coat of arms of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian People's Republic]] (January {{ndash}} March 1948) |
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File:Coat of arms of the Popular Republic of Romania (1948-1952).svg|Coat of arms of the Romanian People's Republic (March 1948 {{ndash}} 1952) |
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File:Coat of arms of the Popular Republic of Romania (1952-1965).svg|Coat of arms of the Romanian People's Republic (1952 {{ndash}} 1965) |
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File:Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Romania.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] (1965 {{ndash}} 1989) and Romania (1989 – 1992) |
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File:Coat of arms of Romania (1992-2016).svg|Grb Romunije (1992 {{ndash}} 2016) |
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File:Coat of arms of Romania.svg|Grb Romunije od leta 2016 (do konca leta 2018 popolnoma nadomestil prejšnjo različico) |
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</gallery> |
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==Glej tudi== |
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*[[Romunska heraldika]] |
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*[[Emblem Socialistične republike Romunije]] |
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*[[Grb Moldavije]] |
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==Sklici== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Zunanje povezave== |
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{{Commons category|National coats of arms of Romania}} |
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* [[:ro:s:Lege pentru fixarea şi stabilirea armelor României (1867)|Law establishing the coat of arms of Romania (1867)]], adopted on 24 April 1867. |
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* [[:ro:s:Lege pentru modificarea armelor ţărei (1872)|Law modifying the coat of arms of Romania (1872)]], published in the ''Monitorul Oficial'' no. 57 of 11/23 March 1872. |
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* [[:ro:s:Lege pentru fixarea stemei Regatului României, întregit cu țările surori unite (1921)|Law establishing the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania... (1921)]], published in the ''Monitorul Oficial'' no. 92 of 29 July 1921, pp. 3569–3573 |
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* [http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=13190 Law 102/1992 describing the coat of arms] |
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* [http://www.cdep.ro/pls/proiecte/upl_pck2015.proiect?cam=2&idp=15109 Law 30/2016 concerning the change of the Law 102/1992] |
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*[http://www.presidency.ro/ro/presedinte/romania/stema-romaniei The coat of arms on the Romanian Presidency website] |
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*[http://www.romania.org/explore-romania/romanian-national-coat-of-arms.php Description of Romania's coat of arms on romania.org] |
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= Seznam koroških vladarjev = |
= Seznam koroških vladarjev = |
Redakcija: 23:58, 17. maj 2024
To je peskovnik uporabnika SirFranzPaul. Uporabnikov peskovnik je podstran uporabnikove strani. Služi testiranju in razvijanju strani in ni enciklopedični članek. Ustvari ali uredi svoj lastni peskovnik tukaj (primeren za testiranje z VisualEditorjem). Drugi peskovniki: Glavni peskovnik | Peskovnik v vadnici 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | Peskovnik za predloge |
Grb Romunije
Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije
Grb Romunije | |
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Različice | |
Nosilec grba | Romunija |
Sprejet | 11. julij 2016 (trenutna različica) |
Ščit | Azure, a crowned eagle displayed Or beaked and membered Gules holding in its beak an Orthodox Cross Or, in its dexter talon a sword, and in its sinister talon a sceptre Argent, and bearing on its breast an escutcheon quarterly: I, Azure, an eagle displayed Or beaked and membered Gules holding in its beak an Orthodox Cross Or, in dexter chief a sun in splendour and in sinister chief an increscent of the last (for Wallachia); II, gules, a bull's head caboshed Sable, in dexter base a rose, in sinister base a decrescent Argent, and between the bull's horns a mullet Or (for Western Moldavia); III, Gules, issuant from water in base Azure a bridge of two arches embattled throughout, thereon a lion rampant Or brandishing a sabre proper (for Oltenia and Banat); IV, Per fess Azure and Or, a bar Gules issuant therefrom an eagle displayed Sable between in sinister chief a decrescent Argent and in dexter chief a sun in splendour Or; in base seven castles Gules (for Transylvania); Entée en point, Azure, two dolphins urinant respectant Or (for Dobruja) |
Predhodne različice | |
Uporaba | Na denarju, v učilnicah, v parlamentu, na državnih stavbah, na potnih listih, na osebnih izkaznicah, v glavah uradnih dokumentov in diplom |
Grbf Romunije was adopted in the Romanian Parliament on 10 September 1992 as a representative coat of arms for Romania. The current coat of arms is based on the lesser coat of arms of interwar Kingdom of Romania (used between 1922 and 1947), which was designed in 1921 by the Transylvanian Hungarian heraldist József Sebestyén from Cluj, at the request of King Ferdinand I of Romania, it was redesigned by Victor Dima.[1] As a central element, it shows a golden aquila holding a cross in its beak, and a mace and a sword in its claws. It also consists of the three colors (red, yellow, and blue) which represent the colors of the national flag. The coat of arms was augmented on 11 July 2016 to add a representation of the Steel Crown of Romania.
Zgodovina
The idea behind the design of the coat of arms of Romania dates from 1859, when the two Romanian countries, Wallachia and Moldavia, united under Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza. Then the two heraldic symbols, the golden aquila and the aurochs, were officially juxtaposed.
Until 1866, there were many variants of the coat of arms, regarding the background color and the number of times the two main elements where represented. In 1866, after Carol I was elected Prince of Romania, the shield was divided into quarters: in the first and fourth an eagle was depicted, and in the second and third the aurochs; above the shield the arms of the reigning Hohenzollern family was placed. After 1872, the coat of arms included the symbol of southern Bessarabia (after 1877, of Dobruja), two dolphins, in the fourth quarter; and the one of Oltenia, a golden lion, in the third quarter; on the shield the Steel Crown was placed, as a symbol of sovereignty and independence, after the Romanian War of Independence.
The coat of arms remained unchanged until 1921, after World War I, when Transylvania was united with the Kingdom of Romania. Then the coat of arms of Transylvania was placed in the fourth quarter, with the Turul (almost all motivs including the supposed Turul can be found in the "Notita Dignitatum[2]" in form of late roman empire shield designs) replaced by a black aquila, the third quarter depicted the coat of arms of Banat (the bridge of Apollodorus of Damascus and a golden lion), and the coat of arms of Dobruja was placed in an insertion. The shield was placed on the chest of a golden crossed and crowned aquila, as a symbol of the Latinity of the Romanians. The aquila was placed on a blue shield, capped with the Steel Crown. The coat of arms had three versions: lesser, middle (with supporters and motto), and greater (the middle arms on a red mantle lined with ermine). The coat of arms was designed by Transylvanian Hungarian József Sebestyén Keöpeczi, who was recommended by Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș.[3][4]
After 1948, the Communist authorities changed both the flag and the coat of arms. The coat of arms was rather an emblem, faithful to the Communist pattern: a landscape (depicting a rising sun, a tractor and an oil drill) surrounded by stocks of wheat tied together with a cloth in the colors of the national flag. Until 1989, there were four variants, the first being changed shortly after 1948 (the proclamation of the republic), again changed in 1952 (a red star was added), and finally in 1965, when Romania ceased to be a People's Republic and became a Socialist Republic.
Immediately after the 1989 Revolution, the idea came up of giving Romania a new, representative coat of arms. In fact, the very symbol of the Revolution was the flag with a hole in its middle where the communist coat of arms had been cut out.
The heraldic commission set up to design a new coat of arms for Romania worked intensely, subjecting to the Parliament two final designs which were then combined. What emerged is the current design adopted by the two chambers of the Romanian Parliament in their joint session on September 10, 1992.
In April 2016, deputies of the Judiciary Committee endorsed a bill voted previously by the Senate[5] that returns the crown on the head of the eagle and mandates the public authorities to replace the existing emblems and seals to those provided by law until 31 December 2018 (to mark the centenary of the Union of Transylvania with Romania on 1 December 1918).[6] The bill was adopted by the Chamber of Deputies on 8 June 2016[7] and promulgated by President Klaus Iohannis on 11 July 2016.[8]
Opis
Predloga:Symbols of Romania The shield surmounting the eagle is divided into five fields, one for each historical province of Romania with its traditional symbol:
- golden aquila – Wallachia (Țara Românească)
- aurochs – Moldavia (Moldova), Bukovina (Bucovina) and Maramureș
- dolphins – the seaside: Southern Bessarabia/Budjak (1867 – 1878) and Dobruja (after 1878)
- a black aquila for Crișana and seven castles, a sun and a moon for Transylvania (Transilvania)
- lion and Trajan's Bridge– Oltenia, Banat and Timok Valley
Romania's coat of arms has as a central element the golden aquila holding an Orthodox cross. Traditionally, this eagle appears in the arms of the Argeș county, the town of Pitești and the town of Curtea de Argeș. It stands for the "nest of the Basarabs", the nucleus around which Wallachia was organised.
Since July 11, 2016 the coat of arms has been altered to include the heraldic representation of the Steel Crown of King Carol. A symbol of its royal past and a token for the period during 1881 and 1947 when Romania was a monarchy, ruled by the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen house through its Romanian branch, founded by Carol.
The aquila, being the symbol of Latinity and a heraldic bird of the first order, symbolises courage, determination, the soaring toward great heights, power, grandeur. It is to be found also in Transylvania's coat of arms.
The shield on which it is placed is azure, symbolising the sky. The eagle holds in its talons the insignia of sovereignty: a mace and a sword, the latter reminding of Moldavia's ruler, Stephen the Great whereas the mace reminds of Michael the Brave, the first unifier of the Romanian Countries. On the bird's chest there is a quartered escutcheon with the symbols of the historical Romanian provinces (Wallachia, Oltenia, Moldavia, Bessarabia, Transylvania, the Banat, Crisana, Maramureș) as well as two dolphins reminding of the country's Black Sea Coast (Dobruja).
In the first quarter, Wallachia's coat of arms, an aquila or holding in its beak a golden Orthodox cross, accompanied by a golden sun on the right and a golden new moon on the left, is displayed against an azure background.
In the second quarter, Moldavia's traditional coat of arms is shown, gules: an aurochs head sable with a mullet of or between its horns, a cinquefoil rose on the dexter and a waning crescent on the sinister, both argent.
The third quarter features the traditional coat of arms of the Banat and Oltenia, gules: over waves, a golden bridge with two arched openings (symbolising Roman emperor Trajan's Bridge over the Danube), wherefrom comes a golden lion holding a broadsword in its right forepaw.
The fourth quarter shows the coat of arms of Transylvania, Maramureș and Crișana: a shield parted by a narrow fesse, gules; in the chief, on azure, there is a black aquila with golden beak coming out of the fesse, accompanied by a golden sun on the dexter and a crescent argent on the sinister (symbolizing the Székelys); on the base, on or, there are seven crenellated towers, placed four and three (symbolizing the Saxons).
Also represented are the lands adjacent to the Black Sea (Dobruja), on azure: two dolphins affronts, head down.
Galerija
-
Grb Vlaške
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Grb Moldavije
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Grb Transilvanije
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Grb Dobruje
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Ena izmed mnogih ilustracij, ki se je neuradno uporabljala kot grb (1864 – 1866)
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Grb Kneževine Romunije (1867 – 1872)
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Grb Kneževine Romunije (1872 – 1881)
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Grb Kraljevine Romunije (1881 – 1922)
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Mali grb Kraljevine Romunije (1921 – 1947), uporabljen na uradnih žigih in pečatih
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Srednji grb Kraljevine Romunije (1921 – 1947), uporabljen v vojski in državnem vodstvu
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veliki grb po uradnem listu, št. 92 29 julija 1921. (1921 – 1947)
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Coat of arms of the Romanian People's Republic (January – March 1948)
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Coat of arms of the Romanian People's Republic (March 1948 – 1952)
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Coat of arms of the Romanian People's Republic (1952 – 1965)
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Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Romania (1965 – 1989) and Romania (1989 – 1992)
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Grb Romunije (1992 – 2016)
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Grb Romunije od leta 2016 (do konca leta 2018 popolnoma nadomestil prejšnjo različico)
Glej tudi
Sklici
- ↑ »Creatorul stemei României, fără drepturi de autor« (v romunščini). Adevărul. 27. februar 2010. Arhivirano iz spletišča dne 29. avgusta 2016. Pridobljeno 23. junija 2016.
- ↑ Tomlin, R. S. O. (7. marec 2016), »Notitia Dignitatum«, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4459, ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5, pridobljeno 24. decembra 2022
- ↑ »The Hungarian designer behind Romania's coat of arm«. Transylvania Now (v ameriški angleščini). 4. marec 2020. Pridobljeno 10. novembra 2023.
- ↑ Drăgan-George Basarabă, "Marea Unire și identitatea heraldică a Banatului", in Heraldica Moldaviae, Vol. IV, 2021, pp. 174–175
- ↑ »Senatul a aprobat modificarea stemei Romaniei. Cum va arata noul simbol« (v romunščini). Pro TV. 16. februar 2016. Pridobljeno 27. aprila 2016.
- ↑ Cătălina Mănoiu (19. april 2016). »Data până la care trebuie readusă coroana pe stema țării«. Gândul.
- ↑ »Camera Deputaților a adoptat proiectul care modifică stema țării«. Mediafax (v romunščini). 8. junij 2016. Pridobljeno 8. junija 2016.
- ↑ »Coroana revine pe stema României. Iohannis a promulgat legea care modifică însemnele oficiale – FOTO« (v romunščini). Mediafax. 11. julij 2016. Pridobljeno 11. julija 2016.
Zunanje povezave
- Law establishing the coat of arms of Romania (1867), adopted on 24 April 1867.
- Law modifying the coat of arms of Romania (1872), published in the Monitorul Oficial no. 57 of 11/23 March 1872.
- Law establishing the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania... (1921), published in the Monitorul Oficial no. 92 of 29 July 1921, pp. 3569–3573
- Law 102/1992 describing the coat of arms
- Law 30/2016 concerning the change of the Law 102/1992
- The coat of arms on the Romanian Presidency website
- Description of Romania's coat of arms on romania.org
Seznam koroških vladarjev
Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije
Vojvoda Koroške | |
---|---|
Podatki | |
Nagovor | njegovo visočanstvo (?) |
Prvi nosilec | Henrik III. Bavarski |
Zadnji nosilec | Karel I. Habsburško-Lotarinški |
Uveljavitev | 976 |
Opustitev | 1918 |
Pretendent | Karl von Habsburg |
Seznam koroških vladarjev zajema vse kneze, grofe in vojvode, ki so imeli vodilno oblast na Koroškem.
Karantanija
Kneževina Karantanija
Na ozemlju današnje Zvezne dežele Koroške in severne Slovenije se je
Slika | Ime | Vladavina | Opombe |
---|---|---|---|
Valuk | ok. 631 - 662 | Prvi znani knez Alpskih Slovanov. Med njegovo vladavino je bila Karantanija del Samove plemenske zveze. | |
Borutovci | |||
Borut | 740 - 750 | Prvi krščanski knez Karantanije. Zaradi avarske nevarnosti okoli leta 740 sklene zaveznoštvo z Bavarci, s tem pa Karantanijo podredi Frankovski državi. | |
Gorazd | 750 - 751 | Borutov sin. Po frankovski nadvladi je skupaj z bratrancem Hotimirjem poslan na Bavarsko, kjer prejme krščansko vzgojo. | |
Hotimir | 752 - 769 | Borutov nečak in Gorazdov bratranec. Na njegovo pobudo v Karantanijo prispe več misionarjev, med drugimi tudi Sv. Modest. | |
Povezanost nadaljnih knezov ni znana | |||
Valtunk | 772 - konec 8. stoletja | Zaradi velikega protikrščanskega upora (769 - 772) je knežji prestol zasedel šele leta 772. Na Valtunku temelji knez Valjhun iz Prešerenovega dela Krst pri Savici, ki je v delu omenjen kot Kajtimarjev (Hotimirjev) sin. | |
Domislav | konec 8. stoletja - ok. 802 | Blaženi, znan kot Domicijan Koroški. Ustanovil je samostan Millstatt Znano je, da je imel ženo Marijo ter nekaj sinov. | |
Pribislav | ok. 800 | ||
Semik | začetek 9. stoletja | ||
Stojmir | začetek 9. stoletja | Zadnji domači knez Karantanije. | |
Etgar | ok. 820 - 828 | Prvi neslovanski vodja Karantanije ter zadnji karantanski knez. Odstavljen v korist Helmwinu. | |
Karantanija popolnoma izgubi samostojnost. |
Grofija Karantanija
Slika | Ime | Vladavina | Opombe |
---|---|---|---|
Helmwin | ok. 828 | Prvi karantanski grof bavarskega rodu. | |
Albgar | 30. ali 40. leta 9. stoletja | ||
Pabo | pred 844 - 860 | Tako kot Pribinova žena je izhajal iz družine Wilhelminov. Svoj položaj izgubi med Karlmanovim uporom. | |
Gundakar | 860 - 869 | Mesto grofa mu je dal Karlman II. Slednjemu se leta 869 skupaj z Kocljem in Velikomoravsko upre in umre v boju. | |
Arnulf Koroški | ok. 870 - 876 | Arnulf območje Karantanije prejme po sporazumu med Karlmanom in očetom Ludvikom. |
Regnum Carantanum
Slika | Ime | Vladavina | Zakonec | Opombe |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arnulf Koroški | 876 - 887 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Ko leta 887 postane vladar Vzhodnofrankovske države oblikuje Koroško krajino. |
Koroška krajina
Vojvodina Koroška
Slika | Grb | Ime | Vladavina | Zakonec | Opombe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liutpoldinci | |||||
Henrik III. Bavarski | 976 - 978 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Salijci | |||||
Oton I. Koroški | 978 - 985 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Liutpoldinci | |||||
Henrik III. Bavarski | 985 - 989 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Ponovno. | ||
Otoni | |||||
Henrik II. Bavarski | 989 - 995 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Henrik II. Sveti | 995 - 1002 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Salijci | |||||
Oton I. Koroški | 1002 - 1004 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Konrad I. Koroški | 1004 - 1011 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Eppensteinci | |||||
Adalbero, Koroški vojvoda | 1011 - 1035 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Salijci | |||||
Konrad II. Koroški | 1035 - 1039 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Henrik III. Nemški | 1039 - 1047 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Welfi | |||||
Welf Koroški | 1047 - 1055 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Ezzonidi | |||||
Konrad III. Koroški | 1055 - 1061 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Zähringi | |||||
Bertold II. Koroški vojvoda | 1061 - 1077 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Eppensteinci | |||||
Leopold Eppensteinski | 1077 - 1090 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Henrik III. | 1090 - 1122 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Spanheimi | |||||
Henrik IV. Koroški | 1122 - 1123 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Engelbert I. Spanheimski | 1123 - 1134 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Ulrik I. Spanheimski | 1134 - 1144 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Henrik V. Koroški | 1144 - 1161 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Herman Spanheimski | 1161 - 1181 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Ulrik II. Spanheimski | 1181 - 1201 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Bernard Spanheimski | 1201 - 1256 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Leta 1364 Kranjsko povzdigne v vojvodino. | ||
Ulrik III. Spanheim | 1248 - 1269 | Neža Meranska (por. 1215, † 1263)
Neža Badenska (por. 1250, † 1295) |
Prapravnuk Engelberta III., hkrati tudi mejni grof Kranjske. | ||
Přemyslidi | |||||
Otokar II. Přemysl | 1269 - 1276 | Margareta Avstrijska (por. 1252, raz. pred 1261)
Kunigunda Slavonska (por. 1261) |
Hkrati tudi češki kralj, vojvoda Avstrije in Štajerske ter mejni grof Kranjske. | ||
Habsburžani | |||||
Rudolf I. Habsburški | 1276 - 1286 | Gertruda Hohenberška (por. 1251, † 1281)
Izabela Burgundska (por. 1284) |
Hkrati tudi nemški kralj, prvi habsburški vladar Kranjske. | ||
Majnhardovci | |||||
Majnhard IV. Goriški | 1286 - 1295 | Elizabeta Bavarska (por. 1258, † 1273) | Hkrati tudi kranjski mejni grof ter goriški in tirolski grof. | ||
Oto III. Koroški | 1295 - 1310 | Evfemija Legniška (por. 1297) | Majnhardov sin, hkrati tudi kranjski mejni grof in tirolski grof. Sovladal je z bratoma Henrikom in Ludvikom. | ||
Henrik Koroški | 1295 - 1335 | Ana Češka (por. 1306, † 1313)
Adelajda Brunswiška (por. 1313, † 1324) Beatrice Savojska (por. 1327, † 1331) |
Brat Ota III., hkrati tudi kranjski mejni grof, češki kralj ter tirolski in savinjski vojvoda. Sovladal je z bratoma Otom III. in Ludvikom. | ||
Ludvik Goriško-Tirolski | 1295 - 1305 | / | Henrikov brat, hkrati tudi kranjski mejni grof, češki kralj ter tirolski in savinjski vojvoda. Sovladal je z bratoma Otom III. in Henrikom. Umrl brez potomcev. | ||
Habsburžani | |||||
Albreht II. Avstrijski | 1364 - 1365 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Vnuk Rudolfa I., hkrati tudi avstrijski in štajerski vojvoda ter kranjski mejni grof. Sovladal je z bratom Otom. | ||
Oto IV. Avstrijski | 1364 - 1365 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Brat Albrehta II., hkrati tud avstrijski in štajerski vojvoda ter kranjski mejni grof. Sovladal je z bratom Albrehtom II. | ||
Rudolf IV. Ustanovitelj | 1364 - 1365 | Katarina Češka (por. 1357) | Sin Albrehta II., hkrati tudi avstrijski, štajerski in koroški vojvoda ter tirolski grof. | ||
Albreht III. | 1365 - 1379 | Elizabeta Češka (por. 1366, † 1373)
Beatrice Nuremberška (por. 1375) |
Brat Rudolfa IV., hkrati tudi avstrijski, štajerski in kranjski vojvoda ter tirolski grof. Sovladal je z bratom Leopoldom III. | ||
Leopold III. | 1365 - 1386 | Viridis Visconti (por. 1365) | Začetnik leopoldinske veje Habsburžanov, brat Albrehta III., hkrati tudi avstrijski, štajerski in kranjski vojvoda ter tirolski grof. Sovladal je z bratom Albrehtom III. | ||
Viljem | 1386 - 15. julij 1406 | Jadwiga Poljska (por. 1385, loč. 1385) (?)
Ivana II. Neapeljska (por. 1401) |
Sin Leopolda III., prvi vladar z nazivom vladarjanotranjeavstrijskih dežel, hkrati tudi avstrijski vojvoda in tirolski grof. | ||
Ernest Železni | 15. julij 1406 - 10. junij 1424 | Margareta Pomeranska (por. 1392, † 1407 ali 1410)
Cimburga Masovijska (por. 1412) |
Viljemov brat, kot vladar Notranje Avstrije tudi kranjski in štajerski vojvoda.
Bil je zadnji koroški vojvoda ustoličen na knežjem kamnu. | ||
Friderik III. | 10. junij 1424 - 19. avgust 1493 | Eleanora Portugalska (por. 1452, † 1467) | Ernestov sin, sveti rimski cesar, kot vladar Notranje Avstrije tudi kranjski in štajerski vojvoda. Do leta 1463 je sovladal z bratom Albertom VI. | ||
Albert VI. | 19. avgust 1493 - 2. december 1463 | Mehthilda Palatinska (por. 1452) | Brat Friderika III. Do svoje smrti leta 1463 je sovladal z bratom Albertom VI. | ||
Maksimilijan I. | 19. avgust 1493 - 12. januar 1512 | Marija Burgundska (por. 1477, † 1482)
Ana Bretanska (por. 1490, raz.1492) Bianka Marija Sforza (por. 1494, † 1510) |
Edini preživeli sin Friderika III., sveti rimski cesar, avstrijski nadvojvoda. | ||
Karel V. | 12. januar 1512 - 21. april 1521 | Izabela Portugalska (por. 1526, † 1539) | Maksimilijanov vnuk, sveti rimski cesar, avstrijski nadvojvoda in hkrati tudi španski kralj. | ||
Ferdinand I. | 21. april 1521 - 25. julij 1564 | Ana Jagelo Ogrska (por. 1521, † 1547) | Brat Karla V., sveti rimski cesar, avstrijski nadvojvoda in hkrati kralj Češke, Hrvaške in Ogrske. | ||
Karel II. | 25. julij 1564 - 10. julij 1590 | Marija Ana Bavarska (por. 1571) | Ferdinandov sin, nadvojvoda Notranje Avstrije. | ||
Ferdinand II. | 10. julij 1590 - 15. februar 1637 | Eleonora Gonzaga (por. 1622) | Sin Karla II., sveti rimski cesar in hkrati tudi češki kralj ter avstrijski nadvojvoda. Leta 1619 podeduje posestva vseh habsburških vej. | ||
Ferdinand III. | 15. februar 1637 - 2. april 1657 | Marija Ana Španska (por. 1631, † 1646)
Marija Leopoldina Avstrijska (por. 1648, † 1649) Eleonora Gonzaga (por. 1651) |
Sin Ferdinanda II. | ||
Leopold I. | 2. april 1657 - 5. maj 1705 | Marija Terezija Španska (por. 1666, † 1673)
Klavdija Felicija Avstrijska (por. 1673, † 1676) Eleonora Magdalena Neuburška (por. 1676) |
Sin Ferdinanda III. | ||
Jožef I. | 5. maj 1705 - 17. april 1711 | Vilhelmina Amalija Brunswiška (por. 1696) | Sin Leopolda I. | ||
Karel VI. | 17. april 1711 - 20. oktober 1740 | Elizabeta Kristina Brunswiška (por. 1708) | Brat Jožefa I. | ||
Marija Terezija | 20. oktober 1740 - 29. november 1780 | Franc I., svetorimski cesar (por. 1736, † 1765) | Hči Karla VI. Njen zakon s Francem I. pomeni začetek Habsburško-Lotarinške rodbine. Med svojo vladavino je uveljavila mnogo reform na področju šolstva in tlačanstva. Od leta 1765 naprej je sovladala s sinom Jožefom II. | ||
S poroko Marije Terezije Habsburške in Franca I. Štefana Lotarinškega se vzpostavi rodbina Habsburško-Lotarinških | |||||
Jožef II. | 1765 - 20. februar 1790 | Izabela Burbonsko-Parmska (por. 1760, † 1763)
Marija Jožefa Bavarska (por. 1765, † 1766) |
Sin Marije Terezije. Na oblast je prišel kot njen sovladar in je nadaljeval njene reforme. | ||
Leopold II. | 30. september 1790 - 1. marec 1792 | Marija Luiza Španska (por. 1765) | Sin Marije Terezije in brat Jožefa II. | ||
Franc I. | 1. marec 1792 - 2. marec 1835 | Marija Terezija Siciljska († 1807)
Marija Ludovika Modenska (por. 1808, † 1816) |
Sin Leopolda II., zadnji svetorimski in prvi avstrijski cesar. V času njegove vladavine je bila Kranjska med leti 1809 in 1813 del Ilirskih provinc, posebne enote Francoskega cesarstva, zatem pa še osrednji del Ilirskega kraljestva v okviru Avstrijskega cesarstva. | ||
Ferdinand I. | 2. marec 1835 - 2. december 1848 | Marija Ana Sardinska (por. 1831) | Sin Franca I., zaradi duševne zaostalosti med revolucijami leta 1848 odstopi v korist svojemu nečaku Francu Jožefu. | ||
Franc Jožef | 2. december 1848 - 21. november 1916 | Elizabeta Bavarska (por. 1854, † 1898) | Nečak Ferdinanda I., najdlje vladajoči kranjski vojvoda. Leta 1949 razpusti Ilirsko kraljestvo. | ||
Karel I. | 21. november 1916 - november 1918 | Cita Burbonsko-Parmska (por. 1911) | Pranečak Franca Jožefa, zadnji kranjski vojvoda. |