Nigeria

Charu cha Naijeriya
Charu cha Naijeriya; Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (Hausa) ; Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (Igbo); Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà (Yoruba);
Mbendela	Chidindo cha Boma
	Chiluso: "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"
	Nyimbo: "Arise, O Compatriots"
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Msumba Waboma	Abuja
Msumba usani	Lagos
Chiyowoyelo chaboma	English
National languages	Hausa; Igbo; Yoruba;
Regional languages	Over 525 languages
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2018)	30% Hausa; 15.5% Yoruba; 15.2% Igbo; 6% Fulani; 2.4% Tiv; 2.4% Kanuri; 1.8% Ibibio; 1.8% Ijaw; 24.9% Other;
Mwenecharu	Nigerian
Mtundu wa Boma	Federal presidential republic
Independence from the United Kingdom
Ukulu wa Malo
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
GDP (PPP)	2023 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2023 estimate
Gini (2020)	35.1; medium
HDI (2021)	0.535; low ·163rd
Ndalama	Naira (₦) (NGN)
Mtundu Wanyengo	WAT (UTC+01:00)
Woko la galimoto	right
Intaneti yacharu	.ng

8°N 10°E / 8°N 10°E / 8; 10

Naijeriya, mwalamulo Wupu wa Charu cha Nigeria, ntcharu icho chili ku West Africa. Charu ichi chili pakati pa nyanja ya Sahel kumpoto na Gulf of Guinea kumwera. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi), ndipo chili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 230 million. Charu cha Nigeria chili kumpoto na Niger, kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi na Chad, kumafumiro gha dazi na Cameroon, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na Benin. Charu cha Nigeria chili na vigaŵa 36 na chigaŵa cha Federal Capital Territory. Msumba ukuru comene wa ku Nigeria ni Lagos, uwo ni msumba ukuru comene pa caru cose ndiposo waciŵiri mu Africa.

Ku Nigeria kukaŵa vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaŵako pambere charu chindambe kuwusa. Boma la mazuŵa ghano ili likaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo Britain likakolerana na charu cha Nigeria. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakambiska maboma gha ku Nigeria ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira mwauryarya.^[8]Pa Okutobala 1, 1960, charu cha Nigeria chikaŵa paubwezi. Kufuma mu 1967 m'paka mu 1970, charu ichi chikaŵa na nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Chisankho cha 2015 chikaŵa chakwamba kuti purezidenti uyo walipo watondeke kuwuskika.^[9]

Ku Nigeria kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo kuli mafuko ghakujumpha 250.^[10]^[11]^[12]Mtundu ukuru chomene ni wa Hausa kumpoto, Yoruba kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Igbo kumafumiro gha dazi. Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Cingelezi, ico cikusoleka kuti paŵe umoza wa viyowoyero pa caru cose. Dango la Nigeria likupeleka wanangwa wa kusopa, ndipo mu charu ichi ndimo muli Ŵasilamu na Ŵakhristu ŵanandi.^[13] Charu cha Nigeria chili kugaŵika pakati pa Ŵasilamu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto na Ŵakhristu awo ŵakukhala kumwera.^[14]

Nigeria ni boma la ku Africa ndipo lili na mazaza ghapakati na ghapachanya pa nkhani za caru cose. Charu cha Nigeria chili na chuma chikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo ni cha nambara 31 pa charu chose. Boma la Nigeria likucemeka kuti Giant of Africa cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu na cuma cake. Ndipouli, charu ichi chili pasi chomene pa vyaru ivyo vili na vimbundi chomene pa charu chose.^[15]^[16] Nigeria ni chalo icho chili kukhazikiska African Union ndipo chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, NAM, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation na OPEC. Kweniso nchigaŵa ca MINT, ndipo nchimoza mwa vyaru 11 ivyo vikulondezgapo.

Kwiza kwa zina

Zina lakuti Nigeria lili kufuma ku zina la Mlonga wa Niger. Zina ili likapangika pa Janyuwale 8, 1897, na mulembi wa nyuzipepara wa ku Britain, Flora Shaw. Charu cha Niger icho chili pafupi na charu ichi, chili na zina ili. Zina lakuti Niger, ilo pakwamba likang'anamuranga chigaŵa chapakati pera cha Mlonga wa Niger, likamanyikwa makora yayi. Lizgu ili likwenera kuti lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti egerew n-igerewen ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku Tuareg ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu chigaŵa chapakati cha mlonga uwo ukazingilizga Timbuktu pambere ŵandambe kulamulira charu cha Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800.^[17]^[18]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: Mbili ya Nigeria and Nyengo ya mbili ya Nigeria

Mbili yakale (pambere 1500)

Chakuŵaja cha Nok, terracotta

Ku Kainji, ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kupanga visulo m'ma 2 B.C.E. Mu nyengo ya Neolithic kukafika mu nyengo ya Iron Age, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mkuŵa yayi. Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti sayansi iyi yikamba kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku Dambo la Nayelo, nangauli nyengo ya Iron Age mu dambo la Mlonga wa Niger na mu nkhorongo zikuwoneka kuti yikaŵa vyaka vyakujumpha 800 pambere ŵandambe kupanga visulo mu chipalamba.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ku Nigeria ŵakakhalanga pakati pa 1500 B.C.E. na 200 C.E. Mu malo agha mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vyakutowa chomene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakavipanganga ku Africa^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]ndipo wakawotcha visulo mu 550 B.C. panji vyaka vinandi kumasinda.^[24]^[25]^[26]Ukaboni wa kusongonora visulo ukusangikaso ku malo ghanyake mu chigaŵa cha Nsukka kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria.

Buku la Kano Chronicle likulongosora mbiri yakale ya tawuni ya Kano iyo yikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Hausa Sahelian, m'ma 999, kweniso misumba yinyake yikuru ya Hausa (panji Hausa Bakwai) ya Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Rano, na Gobir. Apo chisopa cha Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikachemekanga kuti Sudan panji Bilad Al Sudan. Pakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Africa, ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu charu cha Sahara, ndipo awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiarabu ŵakaŵachemanga kuti Al-Sudan (kung'anamura "Ŵachikuda"). Ŵasayansi ŵa mdauko wa Ŵarabu na Ŵasilamu ŵakuyowoyapo vya ufumu wa Kanem-Bornu.

Ufumu wa Nri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Igbo ukakhazikika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 ndipo ukalutilira m'paka apo ukafwira mu mawoko gha Ŵanung'una mu 1911.^[27]^[28] Nri wakawusikanga na Eze Nri, ndipo msumba wa Nri ndiwo ukuwoneka kuti ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Igbo. Nri na Aguleri, uko kuli nthano ya kulenga ya Ŵaigbo, ni vigaŵa vya fuko la Umeuri. Ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba iyi ŵali kufuma ku fuko la Eri. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo ŵakavipanganga na minofu vikafuma ku Igbo-Ukwu, msumba uwo ukaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Nri.^[27]

Ufumu wa Yoruba wa Ife na Oyo, uwo ukaŵa kumwera kwa Nigeria, ukaŵa wankhongono comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1400. Vinthu vyakale chomene ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Ife ni vya m'ma 900 C.E. Vinthu ivi ni vithuzithuzi vya terracotta na vya mkuŵa.

Nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake pambere ŵandambe kuwusa (1500–1850)

Chithuzithuzi cha msumba wa Benin icho munthu munyake wa ku Netherlands wakalemba mu 1668. Charu cha Benin chikwenera kuti chili na viliŵa vyakupambanapambana.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita malonda na ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaguliskanga vinthu na ŵanthu ŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja.^[29]Ku Calabar uko kukaŵa dowoko la ku Biafra (uko sono kukuchemeka Bonny) ndiko kukaŵa malo ghakurughakuru ghakuguliskako ŵazga ku West Africa. Maboti ghanyake ghakurughakuru agho ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga ku Nigeria ghakaŵa ku Badagry, Lagos, Benin, na Bonny Island, ku Biafra. Ŵanandi awo ŵakatolekera ku malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Kanandi ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵatoranga na kuluta nawo ku malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu misewu ya ŵazga mu charu chose cha Nigeria. Maufumu ghanyake agho ghakatemwanga chomene kuguliska ŵazga agho ghakachitanga malonda agha ghakakolerananga na Ufumu wa Benin wa ku Edo kumwera, Ufumu wa Oyo kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, na ufumu wa Aro kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi.^[29]^[30] Boma la Benin likaŵa na mazaza pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1900. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na m'ma 1800, boma la Oyo likaŵa pa malo ghapacanya comene.

Chisoti cha ku Benin, icho chili na minofu ya zovu, nchimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene mu Nigeria. Ufumu wa Benin, m'ma 1500

Kumpoto, nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa misumba ya Hausa na ufumu wa Bornu yikapangiska kuti Ŵafulani ŵanjire mu chigaŵa ichi. Kufika pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani ŵakendanga mu chipalamba cha Saheli kumpoto kwa Sudan na viŵeto vyawo. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Usman dan Fodio wakadangilira nkhondo yakususkana na maufumu gha Hausa. Ufumu uwu, uwo chiyowoyero chake chikaŵa Chiarabic, ukakura mwaluŵiro apo iyo na mphapu yake ŵakalongozganga.

Ufumu uwu ukakolerananga kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Sudan, ndipo ukambukira kumwera na kuthereska vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Oyo (uno ni Kwara). Chigaŵa icho ufumu uwu ukalamuliranga chikaŵa kumpoto na pakati pa Nigeria. Fumu yikatumanga mafumu kuti ghazakalamulire vigaŵa ivyo yikapoka na kukhozgera chisopa cha Cisilamu. Kuzakafika mu ma 1890, ŵazga ŵanandi comene pa caru, pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri, ŵakaŵa mu vigaŵa vya ufumu wa Sokoto. Ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵazga, chomenechomene pa ulimi. Mu 1903, ufumu wa Sokoto ukagaŵikana mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana vya ku Europe.^[31]

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malango (kukanizgika kwa malonda gha ŵazga mu nyanja ya Atlantic mu 1807) kweniso chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma (kukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe pa ndyali na pa umoyo wa ŵanthu), ŵamazaza ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulima chomene vyakurya nga ni makuni gha maolive. Makampani gha ku Europe ghakagwiranga nchito ya kuguliska ŵazga mu nyanja ya Atlantic m'paka mu 1807 apo boma la Britain likakanizga. Para boma lakanizga kuguliska ŵazga, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kuguliska ŵazga. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain la ku West Africa likakhumbanga kukora ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja. Ŵazga awo ŵakaponoskeka ŵakaŵatolera ku Freetown, malo agho ghakaŵa ku West Africa, agho Litanenti John Clarkson ndiyo wakazenga.

Ukoloni wa Britain (1850-1960)

Nkhani ikulu: Nigeria wakulongozgeka na ŵakoloni

Boma la Britain likachitapo kanthu pa nkhondo ya ufumu wa Lagos mwa kuwukira boma la Lagos mu 1851, kuwuskapo Oba Kosoko uyo wakatemwanga chomene malonda gha ŵazga, kovwira kuti ŵaŵe na boma la Oba Akitoye na kusazga phangano pakati pa Britain na Lagos pa 1 January 1852. Mu Ogasiti 1861, boma la Britain likapoka msumba wa Lagos kuŵa wake. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Britain ŵakasazgirako uteŵeti wawo ndipo ŵakalutanga ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther wakaŵa bishopu wakwamba wa ku Africa wa mpingo wa Anglican.^[32]

Ndembera ya Chikoloni cha Lagos

Mu 1885, pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Berlin, ŵamitundu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanya kuti Britain njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vili na mazaza ku West Africa. Chaka chakulondezgapo, likapeleka katundu wake ku kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Royal Niger Company, iyo yikalongozgekanga na Sir George Taubman Goldie. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kampani iyi yikatonda kuthereska maufumu gha kumwera agho ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Mlonga wa Niger. Boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Niger chifukwa cha kuthereskeka kwa maboma agha. Mu 1900, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi ndipo likakhazikiska boma la Southern Nigeria Protectorate.

Kuzakafika mu 1902, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kunozgekera kuti ŵalute kumpoto ku Sokoto. Ofesi ya Colonial Office yikapeleka mulimo kwa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, Frederick Lugard, kuti wafiske ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Lugard wakagwiliskira nchito mphindano pakati pa ma emirs ghanandi agho ghakaŵa kumwera kwa caliphate na boma la Sokoto kuti waleke kuvikilira msumba uwu. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakasendeleranga ku msumba wa Sokoto, Sultan Muhammadu Attahiru I wakanozga vyakuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵavikilire msumba uwu. Mwaluŵiro ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari aŵa, ndipo ŵakatuma Attahiru I na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanandi kuti ŵakambe ulendo wa ku Mahdist. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ufumu wa Bornu ukamara ndipo ufumu wa Borno uwo ukaŵa pasi pa Britain ukamba kulamulira.

Emir wa Kano pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵake, 1911

Mu 1903, Ŵabritishi ŵati ŵathereska nkhondo ya ku Kano, ŵakaŵawovwira kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu wa Sokoto na vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu wa Bornu. Pa Malichi 13, 1903, pa msika ukuru wa Sokoto, mulara waumaliro wa ufumu wa Caliphate wakazomera kuwusika na Britain. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakimika Muhammadu Attahiru II kuŵa kalifa. Lugard wakawuskapo ufumu wa Caliphate kweni wakasungilira zina lakuti sultan. Cinthu ici cikacemeka "Sokoto Sultanate Council". Mu Juni 1903, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Attahiru. Kuzakafika mu 1906, ŵanthu ŵakaleka kuwukira boma la Britain. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1914, ŵa ku Britain ŵakakolerana na boma la Southern Nigeria Protectorate na Northern Nigeria Protectorate. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakamba kutemwa caru cawo ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu chawo chiŵe na wanangwa.

Sitampu ya 1953 iyo yili na cithuzithuzi ca Fumukazi Elizabeth II

Ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakakhazikiska masukulu gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ku Britain, ŵanthu ŵakalondezganga yayi visambizgo vya Chisilamu, ndipo boma likakhozgeranga yayi kuti Ŵakhristu ŵambe kupharazga ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Ŵana ŵanyake ŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya kumwera ŵakaluta ku Britain kuti ŵakasambire masambiro ghapacanya. Apo caru cikaŵa cakupatura wanangwa wake mu 1960, pakaŵa mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa vigaŵa ivyo visambizgo vikusangika. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuleka kupulikira, kweni ŵakulutilira kupulikira m'paka sono. Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Nigeria, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga yayi umo kumpoto na kumwera vikuŵira. Mwaciyelezgero, kumpoto kwa Nigeria, ŵazga ŵakazomerezgeka yayi m'paka mu 1936, apo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Nigeria, ŵazga ŵakazomerezgeka yayi pamanyuma pa muwuso wa ŵazga.^[33]^[30]

Repabuliki Yakwamba, Nkhondo ya Ŵeneco na Nkhondo za Boma (1960-1977)

Nkhani ikulu: Charu Chakwamba cha Nigeria, and Nkhondo ya ku Nigeria

Boma likalutilira kugaŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, kumpoto na kumwera, kweniso ku Lagos. Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya kumwera ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain kweniso ŵa ku Europe chifukwa cha umo vinthu vikaŵira mumphepete mwa nyanja.^[34]

Cikozgo ca Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

Boma la Nigeria likamba kujilongozga lekha mu 1954, ndipo likamba kujiyimira palokha pa 1 Okutobala 1960. Mu Novembala 1960, Azikiwe wakanjira mu malo gha kazembe mukuru uyo wakaŵa mu koloni. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Nigeria likapokera wanangwa wake, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Nigeria ŵakaŵa na mitheto yakupambana. Ndondomeko ya boma ya ku Westminster yikalutilira, ntheura mazaza gha pulezidenti ghakaŵa ghacilendo.^[35] Boma laparamende likaŵa na Abubakar Tafawa Balewa kuŵa nduna yikuru na Nnamdi Azikiwe kuŵa pulezidenti.

Boma ilo likambiska boma ili likaŵa la vipani vyakukolerana: Northern People's Congress ilo likalongozgekanga na Sir Ahmadu Bello, chipani icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, na National Council of Nigeria na Cameroons, ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Chipani ichi chikaŵa cha Action Group, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Yoruba. Mu 1961, pakaŵaso suzgo la ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cameroon ŵakasankha kuti ŵanjire mu charu cha Cameroon apo ŵa ku Northern Cameroon ŵakasankha kuti ŵanjire mu charu cha Nigeria. Chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru kuluska cha kumwera.

Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa nyengo ya maungano gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Nkhondo yakwamba yikacitika mu Janyuwale 1966 ndipo yikalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna (wa fuko la Igbo), Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu (wa kumpoto wa kumafumiro gha dazi) na Adewale Ademoyega (mu Yoruba wakufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi). Awo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka boma ŵakacita makora kukoma Sir Ahmadu Bello na Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa Northern Region kweniso Prime Minister Samuel Akintola wa Western Region, kweni awo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka boma ŵakafwilirapo kuti ŵapange boma likuru. Pulezidenti wa Senate Nwafor Orizu wapeleka mazaza gha boma ku Army, pasi pa muwuso wa mulara munyake wa boma la Igbo, Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Pamasinda, boma likapoka mazaza gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku Northern, ndipo Yakubu Gowon wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Nkhondo yikakura pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera; Ŵaigbo mu misumba ya kumpoto ŵakatambuzgika ndipo ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi.^[36]

Republic of Biafra mu Juni 1967, apo yikapharazga kuti njambura kukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya Nigeria

Mu Meyi 1967, Kazembe wa chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu wakapharazga kuti chigaŵa ichi ntchakujiyimira pawekha kufuma ku wupu wa Biafra, nga ni boma lakucemeka Republic of Biafra, cifukwa ca kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku Igbos na awo ŵakafuma ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Phangano ili likapangiska kuti nkhondo ya ku Nigeria yambe, ndipo yikamba apo boma la Nigeria likapoka charu cha Biafra pa Julayi 6, 1967, ku Garkem. Nkhondo iyo yikatora myezi 30, yikaŵa ya nyengo yitali, ndipo yikaŵa kuti yindapangiske kuti Biafra yende makora, kweniso yikaŵa kuti yindapelekenge vinthu vyakukhumbikwa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa mu chigaŵa icho kale chikaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi ŵakaŵa pakati pa 1 na 3 miliyoni. Ku France, Egypt, Soviet Union, Britain, Israel, na vyaru vinyake, nkhondo iyi yikacitika mwakubisika. Britain na Soviet Union ndiwo ŵakateŵeteranga boma la Nigeria. Boma la Congo, pasi pa muwuso wa pulezidenti Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, likambapo kale kulimbana na boma la Biafra, ndipo likapeleka wovwiri wakukwana ku boma la Nigeria na kutumizga ŵasilikari ŵanandi kuti ŵarwe na ŵasilikari aŵa.^[37]^[38]

Yakubu Gowon mu 2007

Nkhondo yikati yamara, mu ma 1970, ku Nigeria kukaŵa kunotha kwa mafuta. Nangauli boma la ŵasilikari likaŵa na ndalama zinandi, kweni likawovwira yayi ŵanthu kuti ŵakhalenge makora, kovwira mabizinesi ghachoko na ghapakati, panji kupanga vinthu vinyake. Pakuti ndalama izo ŵakasanganga kufuma ku mafuta zikakhozga ndalama izo boma likapelekanga ku vyaru vinyake, boma likamba kuŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Apo mafuta ghakaŵanga ghanandi, boma la Nigeria likamba kuthemba chomene mafuta na malonda gha vyakurya vyamtundu unyake.^[39]

Mu Julayi 1975, ŵasilikari ŵa Shehu Musa Yar'Adua na Joseph Garba ŵakawuskapo Gowon, uyo wakachimbilira ku Britain. Awo ŵakakhumbanga kuwukira boma ŵakakhumbanga kusintha muwuso wa Gowon na kuŵa na ŵasilikari ŵatatu. Ŵakaphalira Jenerale Murtala Muhammed kuti waŵe mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, ndipo Jenerale Olusegun Obasanjo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa iyo, ndipo Jenerale Theophilus Danjuma wakaŵa wacitatu. Wose pamoza, ŵakawovwira kuti ndalama zileke kunjira mu boma, ŵakambiska wupu wakuwona vya vimbundi, ŵakawuskapo ŵalongozgi wose ŵa ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵaphya, ndipo ŵakambiska "Operation Deadwood".

Colonel Buka Suka Dimka wakayezga kutimbanizga boma mu Febuluwale 1976, apo Jenerale Murtala Muhammed wakakomeka. Dimka wakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamovwiranga, ndipo boma lake likathera. Pamanyuma pa chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma, Jenerale Olusegun Obasanjo wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma. Pakuŵa mutu wa boma, Obasanjo wakalayizga kuti walutilirenge na ndondomeko ya Murtala. Pakumanya kuti ŵanthu ŵa kumpoto kwa Nigeria ŵangasuzgika, Obasanjo wakatora Jenerale Shehu Yar'Adua kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, ndipo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa iyo.^[40]

Republic Yachiŵiri na kupoka boma (1977-1992)

Nkhani ikulu: Charu Chachiŵiri cha Nigeria

Shehu Shagari wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba wa Nigeria kufuma mu 1979 mpaka 1983.

Mu 1977, wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa na mulimo wa kulemba dango liphya, ilo likalembeka pa Seputembala 21, 1978. Ŵasilikari ŵakanozga mwakupwelelera kuti ŵambeso kulamulira ŵanthu. Mu 1979, vyaru vinkhondi vikathereskeka pa viphikiro ivyo Alhaji Shehu Shagari wa National Party of Nigeria (NPN) wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Maboma ghose ghankhondi agha ghakapika mazaza mu Nyumba ya Ufumu. Pa 1 Okutobala 1979, Shehu Shagari wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wakudanga na mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa chalo cha Nigeria. Obasanjo wakapeleka mazaza kwa Shagari, ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba mu mbiri ya Nigeria kuleka mazaza.

Boma la Shagari likamba kuwoneka kuti ndakuzura na vimbundi. Mu 1983, ŵalaŵiliri ŵa wupu wakuwona vya mafuta ku Nigeria ŵakamba kuwona kuti "maji gha mu caru ici ghakwamba kunangika". Mu Ogasiti 1983 Shagari na NPN ŵakawelera ku mazaza mu kuwina kwa charu chose, na vithuzithuzi vinandi mu National Assembly na kuwusa maboma gha vigaŵa 12. Kweni pa nyengo iyi kukaŵa vivulupi vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana chifukwa cha ivyo vikachitika. Pakaŵaso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa, nga umo vikaŵira mu nyengo ya boma la Republic lakwamba.

Nkhondo ya kuwukira boma ya ŵasilikari ya mu 1983 yikacitika pa Zuŵa la Caka Ciphya. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria ndiwo ŵakalongozga kuti boma lipasuke na kwimika Mulara Mukuru Muhammadu Buhari kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma. Nkhondo ya boma ya Muhammadu Buhari pamanyuma pa kuwuskika kwa boma mu 1984 yikawonekanga kuŵa yiweme.^[41]

Charu Chachitatu na kupoka boma (1992-1998)

Nkhani ikulu: Charu chachitatu cha Nigeria

Ernest Shonekan, interim Head of State of Nigeria from August to November 1993

Mu 1985, Ibrahim Babangida wakawuskapo Buhari mu boma. Mu 1986, Babangida wakambiska Nigerian Political Bureau iyo yikapeleka fundo zakwendeskera chalo ku Third Nigerian Republic. Mu 1989, Babangida wakamba kupanga mapulani gha kusintha chalo ku chalo cha Third Nigerian Republic. Babangida wakapona apo boma la Nigeria likayezga kutimbanizga boma mu 1990, ndipo wakalekera papo yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵawelere ku demokilase mu 1992.

Wakazomerezga kuti maboma gha vyaru viŵiri ghaŵepo, ndipo wakambiska ndondomeko ya vyaru viŵiri pamoza na Social Democratic Party na National Republican Convention pambere vyalo viŵiri ivi vindasankhike mu 1992. Wakachiska ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Nigeria kuti ŵanjire chipani chilichose, icho Mulara Bola Ige wakati ni "mawoko ghaŵiri gha wavyoni". Boma la vyaru viŵiri likaŵa fundo ya Political Bureau. Pamanyuma pa kupenda ŵanthu, wupu wa National Electoral Commission (NEC) ukati pa 24 January 1992, mavoti gha Ndondomeko iyi yikayowoya kuti munthu waliyose uyo wakukhumba kunjira usilikari wakeneranga kuzomera mauteŵeti ghose agho boma likukhumba.

Pa Juni 12, 1993, kukacitika mavoti gha pulezidenti. Chiwerengero cha mavoti, ngakhale kuti sichikudziwika ndi National Electoral Commission, chikuwonetsa kuti a Moshood Abiola ndi Baba Gana Kingibe ochokera ku Social Democratic Party adagonjetsa Bashir Tofa ndi Sylvester Ugoh ochokera ku National Republican Convention ndi mavoti opitilira 2.3 miliyoni. Ndipouli, Babangida wakawuskapo mavoti, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kususka. Mu Ogasiti 1993, Babangida wakasunga layizgo lake lakuti wapelekenge mazaza ku boma la ŵanthu bweka, kweni pambere wandasankhe Ernest Shonekan kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma la kanyengo. Boma la Babangida likuwoneka kuti ndakuzura na vimbundi ndipo ndilo likupangiska vimbundi mu Nigeria.^[42]

Boma la Shonekan, ilo likaŵa la nyengo yifupi comene mu mdauko wa ndyali wa caru ici, likathereskeka mu 1993 na boma la Sani Abacha.

Mu 1995, boma likadumura kuti Ken Saro-Wiwa uyo wakumanya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu wakomeke pa mulandu wa kukoma ŵalara ŵanayi ŵa Ogoni. Milandu yakulimbana na Royal Dutch Shell na Brian Anderson, mulara wa kampani ya Shell ku Nigeria, yikamara mu khoti.^[43]Mu 1999, ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana madola mamiliyoni ghanandi pa akaunti za Abacha. Mu 1998, muwuso wa boma ili ukamara apo muwusi uyu wakafwira mu nyumba iyi. Wakaba ndalama mu mabanki gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe ndipo wakathereska awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵamukome. Muwukirano wake, Jenerale Abdulsalami Abubakar, wakazomera dango liphya pa 5 Meyi 1999, ilo likapelekanga mavoti gha vyaru vinandi.

Republic Yachinayi (1999-paka sono)

Nkhani ikulu: Charu Chachinayi cha Nigeria

Olusegun Obasanjo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Nigeria kufuma mu 1999 mpaka 2007.

Dada Abacha wakafwa mu 1998 pa "phwando" linyake. Muhaliri wake, Abdulsalami Abubakar, wakazomera dango pa Meyi 5, 1999, ilo likalembeka vyaka 10 kumasinda.

Pa Meyi 29, 1999, Abubakar wakapeleka mazaza kwa uyo wakathereska pa chisankho cha 1999, General Olusegun Obasanjo. Obasanjo wakaŵa mu jere mu nyengo ya muwusi wa nkhaza Abacha. Kusankhika kwa Obasanjo kukapharazga kwamba kwa Repubulika lachinayi la Nigeria, ilo likukhalilira mpaka lero (2023). Ici cikamara vilimika 39 vya demokilase, kuwukira boma na kuwukira boma.

Ndondomeko ya malango gha boma ya mu 1999, iyo yili na vyaru vyakuyana waka 37, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku America iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵatatu kufuma ku chigaŵa chilichose, ndiposo vyaru 13 ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa chisankho cha pulezidenti, yikwenera kuwoneka nga yikaŵa yiwemi chomene chifukwa cha mitundu na visopa ivyo vikupambana mu charu ichi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, munthu waliyose uyo wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti wakuŵikapo mtima kuti waŵe mwimiliri wa mtundu wake pera yayi, kweniso wa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Nigeria.

Nangauli mavoti agho ghakapeleka mazaza kwa Obasanjo na kumuzomerezga kuti wazakaŵepo kachiŵiri pa mavoti gha 2003 ghakaŵa ghambura wanangwa ndiposo ghambura urunji, kweni Nigeria yikasintha chomene vinthu mu nyengo ya Obasanjo. Fundo yakuti nyumba ya malango yikatondeska pulezidenti kuti waleke kuwusa kwa nyengo yacitatu nangauli wakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari, mbukaboni wakuti parliamentarism yikakhora comene mu Nigeria kwambira mu 2000.

Mu Okutobala 2005, Nigeria na ŵakukongozga ŵa Paris Club ŵakafika pa phangano lakuti Nigeria yigowokere ngongoli yake pa mtengo wa 60%. Boma la Nigeria likagwiliskira nchito ndalama zinyake izo likasanganga kufuma ku mafuta kuti lilipire ndalama zakukwana 40 peresenti. Mu Epulero 2006, charu cha Nigeria chikaŵa chakwamba ku Africa kulipira ngongoli yake ya madola mabiliyoni 30.

Pa mavoti gha mu 2007, Umaru Yar'Adua wa People's Democratic Party wakiza ku mazaza. Wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana, uwo ukawoneleranga ivyo vikacitika pa maungano gha ku Nigeria kuti viwovwire kuti paŵe wanangwa na urunji, ukasuska maungano agha. Pulezidenti Olusegun Obasanjo uyo wafumapo wakazomera upusikizgi na "vinthu vinyake viheni" ivyo vikacitika pa mavoti, kweni wakati ivyo vikacitika vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya. Mu nkhani iyo yikayowoyeka pa TV mu 2007, wakasazgirapo kuti usange ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakakondwa yayi na muwuso wa munthu uyo wakamusankhira, ŵakeneranga kuzakavotaso mu vilimika vinayi.^[44] Umoyo wa Yar'Adua ukati wanangika, ici cikaŵa cambura nchito.

Goodluck Jonathan, purezidenti 2010-2015

Yar'Adua wakafwa pa 5 May 2010, ndipo Vice President Goodluck Jonathan wakaŵa kuti walapa myezi yitatu kumasinda kuti watore malo gha Yar'Adua, uyo wakalwara comene ndipo wakapokera munkhwala ku caru cinyake. Mu 2011, Jonathan ndiyo wakathereska pa chisankho chapulezidenti ndipo ŵapharazgi ŵa pa charu chose ŵakalemba kuti, mwakupambana na ivyo vikachitika kale, mavoti ghakaŵa ghawemi ndipo pakaŵavya nkhaza panji upusikizgi. Mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa mu boma, Jonathan wakawovwira kuti Ebola yimare kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Muwuso wa Jonathan ukakhozga mafilimu agho ghakaŵa ghapacanya comene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ghaŵe ghakwendakwenda makora.

Ku chigaŵa chinyake, chiwawa cha Boko Haram, icho chikatora ŵasungwana 200 ku Chibok mu 2014, chikulongora kuti boma la Nigeria lilije nkhongono (ŵasungwana 100 ŵa iwo ŵachali kubura mu 2022). Ndipouli, pa vyose ivi, udindo wa Jonathan ukuyana waka na uheni wa ndalama za boma. Ubuli ukaŵa wakukwana chomene pa chisankho cha 2015 apo "munthu wakutowa" Muhammadu Buhari wakanjira mu malo mwa Jonathan uyo wakakhumbanga kuwuskika. Ili ndilo (kufika mu 2022) chiyelezgero chimoza pera mu Republic yachinayi apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakakana kusankhaso pulezidenti uyo walipo. Chipani cha Jonathan, PDP, chatayika mphamvu pambuyo pa zaka 16 za boma.^[45]^[46]

Muhammadu Buhari wakaŵa purezidenti wa 15 wa Nigeria, uyo wakawusa kwambira 2015 mpaka 2023.

Pamaso pa chisankho cha 2015, chipani chikuru cha opposition - Action Congress of Nigeria, Congress for Progressive Change, All Nigeria Peoples Party (chipani cha All Progressives Grand Alliance), na chipani chiphya cha PDP (chipani cha ma governors gha chipani cha People's Democratic Party) - chikasazgikana na kupanga All Progressives Congress. Munthu uyo ŵakamusankhanga, Muhammadu Buhari, uyo wakachitapo mavoti mu 2003, 2007, na 2011, wakathereska pa mavoti ghakujumpha mamiliyoni ghaŵiri. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakawonanga ivyo vikachitika ŵakatenge vikaŵa vyaurunji.^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50] Pa chisankho cha 2019 cha purezidenti, Buhari adasankhidwanso kachiwiri paudindo wake pogonjetsa mdani wake wapamtima Atiku Abubakar.

Ku Nigeria, chifukwa cha gulu la ku America la Black Lives Matter, mu 2020 ŵanthu ŵaciwukirano ŵakasuska ivyo ŵapolisi ŵakacita. Gulu la Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) likadandawura comene. Boma likawuskamo ŵasilikari aŵa ndipo likaŵalayizga kuti lizamunozga vinthu. Ndipouli, pa ungano wa mu Okutobala 2020, ŵasilikari ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu 2022, apo gulu la Boko Haram, ilo likawofya ŵanthu kumpoto kwa Nigeria kwa vyaka vinandi, likamara. Ŵasilikari 40,000 ŵa Boko Haram ŵakajipeleka.

Kwa nyengo yakwamba mu Republic yachinayi, ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵazamukumana pa mavoti gha February 2023: Bola Tinubu wa chipani cha neoliberal All Progressives, Atiku Abubakar wa People's Democratic Party na Peter Obi wa Labour Party. Kweniso, aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu nyengo ya Repubulika lacinayi kuti palije mulara wa ŵasilikari panji uyo wakweruzga ŵasilikari uyo wali kwimikika kuŵa pulezidenti. Peter Obi, yemwe kale anali kazembe wopambana wa Anambra State, akutsogola kwambiri pakufufuza malingaliro (kuyambira Okutobala 2022). Wakutemwa comene ŵanthu ŵaciwukirano awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo wakukhala ku South East. Pa 27 February 2023, mazuŵa ghaŵiri pamanyuma pa chisankho, ma results ghakafumiskika na Electoral Commission INEC ghakulongora kuti chipani cha Labour Party na munthu wake Peter Obi, yayi, kweni mulwani wake Bola Tinubu ndiyo watonda. Wupu wakuwona vya mavoti wa EU ukayowoya kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghambura kujima. Ŵankhungu awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero ŵakawotcha panji kuparanya mabokosi gha mavoti ghanandi. Ku malo ghanyake, ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga mavoti. Ma servers agho ghakapelekanga ma results gha mavoti ghakaŵa kuti ghandagwirenge nchito kwa mazuŵa ghanandi. Kweniso vikaŵa vyambura machitiko kuti ŵapharazge pa foni. Ndipouli, makomiti ghakusora ghakafumiska mavoti agho ghakapambananga na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga. Pulezidenti wakale Obasanjo wakalongosora mwakudumura ivyo vikachitika pa chisankho cha pa 25 February mu uthenga wa pa vidiyo.^[51]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Malo gha Nigeria and Nkhaka ya Nigeria

Malo gha Nigeria

Charu cha Nigeria chili mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa pa Gulf of Guinea ndipo chili na malo ghakukwana 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi). Malire ake ndi makilomita 4,047, ndipo amagawana malire ndi Benin (773 km kapena 480 mi), Niger (1,497 km kapena 930 mi), Chad (87 km kapena 54 mi), ndi Cameroon (kuphatikiza Ambazonia) 1,690 km kapena 1,050 mi. Mphepete mwa nyanja yake ni mtunda wa makilomita 853. Charu cha Nigeria chili pakati pa latitude 4° na 14°N, ndipo longitude 2° na 15°E. Malo ghapacanya comene mu Nigeria ni Chappal Waddi pa mamita 2,419 (7,936 ft). Mlonga ukuru ni Niger na Benue, ndipo ukukumana na kunjira mu Niger Delta. Ili ni limoza mwa milonga yikuru comene pa caru cose ndipo kuli vyakumera vinandi vya mu Central Africa.

Chigaŵa chikuru chomene cha ku Nigeria ni chipalamba cha milonga ya Niger na Benue (iyo yikukumana na kuzgoka Y).^[52]Kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Niger kuli mapiri ghatali. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Benue kuli tumapiri na tumapiri uto tukupangiska Mambilla Plateau. Malo agha ghali pafupi na mphaka ya charu cha Cameroon.

Nyengo

Mapu gha nyengo ya ku Nigeria

Charu cha Nigeria chili na malo ghakupambanapambana. Kumwera kwenikweni kuli nkhalango zamvula, ndipo kukulokwa maji ghanandi chomene. Kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli chigaŵa cha Obudu. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ghakusangika kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ku mumphepete mwa nyanja kuli vyakumera vya mangrove.^[53]

Chigaŵa icho chili pafupi na mphaka na Cameroon, kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja, chili na nkhorongo zinandi ndipo chili mu chigaŵa cha nkhorongo za mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Cross-Sanaga-Bioko. Mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo mukukhala viyuni vya mtundu wa drill, ivyo vikusangika mu malo agha pera kweniso ku Cameroon. Malo agho ghali kufupi na Calabar, mu chigaŵa cha Cross River State, nagho ghali mu nkhorongo iyi. Chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Nigeria pakati pa Mlonga wa Niger na wa Cross River chataya nkhorongo zake zinandi chifukwa cha kukura kwa vinthu na kukorako chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu.

Vinthu vyose ivyo vili pakati pa kumwera na kumpoto ni nkhorongo. Vikuŵa kuti pa chaka kukulokwa maji ghanandi yayi, kweni ghakujumpha 500 m'paka 1,500. Vigaŵa vitatu vya savannah ni Guinea, Sudan, na Sahel. Nkhorongo ya ku Guinea yili na utheka utali uwo uli na makuni. Charu cha Sudan nacho chili nga ni malo agha, kweni chili na utheka na makuni ghafupi. Mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, muli utheka na mchenga. Mu cigaŵa ca Sahel, vula yikujumpha 500 mm pa caka, ndipo mapopa gha Sahara ghakwamba kunjira. Ku chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli Nyanja ya Chad.

Kuwona maji

Kuchepa kwa Nyanja ya Chad kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria, na kuyelezgera ukuru wa virwa vya Britain

Nigeria wali kugaŵika vigaŵa viŵiri: Nyanja ya Chad na Niger. Chigaŵa cha Niger chili na maji ghakukwana 63% gha charu ichi. Mlonga ukuru wa Niger ni Benue, uwo ukwenda kujumpha mu Cameroon na kunjira mu Chad.

Malo agha ghakuthika na maji kufuma kumpoto kwa Nigeria. Malo gha Bauchi ghakupambana na mabwiwi gha maji gha Niger/Benue na Komadugu Yobe. Mapiri gha kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria ghali ku chigaŵa cha Chad Basin, uko mlonga wa El Beid ndiwo uli mphaka na Cameroon, kufuma ku mapiri gha Mandara m'paka ku Nyanja ya Chad. Mlonga wa Komadugu Yobe ndiwo ukupangiska malo ghakuchemeka Hadejia-Nguru na nyanja za Ox-bow kuzingilizga nyanja ya Nguru mu nyengo ya vula.^[54]^[55] Mlonga unyake uwo uli kumpoto kwa charu ichi ni Ngadda na Yedseram. Mlonga uwo uli kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi nawo ngukuru.^[56]

Kweniso ku Nigeria kuli milonga yinandi mumphepete mwa nyanja.

Nyanja ya Chad, iyo yili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria, yili na mbiri yakusuzga comene mu vilimika ivi. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, malo agha ghachepa comene, ndipo ici cingaŵa cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakumwa maji kufuma mu malo agha kuti ŵamwepo.

Makuni na mauteka

Malo gha Mambilla Plateau agho ghali kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria.

Ku Nigeria kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vitatu: nkhorongo (uko kuli makuni ghanandi), viŵaya (uko kuli makuni ghanandi yayi, ndipo pakati pa makuni pali vyakumera na maluŵa), na mapiri (uko kuli vyakumera vinandi yayi, kweni chomenechomene mu mapiri kufupi na mphaka ya Cameroon). Malo gha nkhorongo na gha savani ghakupambana mu vigaŵa vitatu.

Malo ghanyake agho ghali kumwera kwa nkhorongo iyi, comenecomene kuzingilizga Mlonga wa Niger na Cross River, ghali na vivwati vya mangrove. Kumpoto kwa malo agha kuli chipalamba cha maji ghawemi, icho chili na vyakumera vyakupambana na vyakumera vya mangrove, ndipo kumpoto kwa malo agha kuli nkhorongo.

Vigaŵa vitatu vya savannah vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu: nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, iyo yili na utheka utali uwo uli na makuni ghanandi, ndipo yikusangika mu vyaru vinandi.^[57]

Nkhani za Umoyo

Kutowa kwa nkhalango ku Nigeria 1981 ∼2020^[58]

Ku Nigeria, suzgo likuru comene ndakuti ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito viswaswa, kusazgapo maji ghaheni. Mu misumba yikuru-yikuru nga ni Lagos na misumba yinyake yikuru-yikuru ya ku Nigeria, suzgo la kunozga vyakusakazika likusazgikira cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma, unandi wa ŵanthu, kweniso cifukwa cakuti maboma ghakutondeka kunozga vyakusakazga vyakusakazika. Suzgo ili likuŵapo chifukwa cha umoyo wambura kukhazikika wa ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa cha Kubwa ku Federal Capital Territory, uko ŵakutemwa kuwuskamo viswaswa mwambura kupambaniska. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti cifukwa cikuru ca kunangika kwa vinthu mu misumba yikuru ya mu caru ici nchakuti ŵanthu ŵakucita mapulani mwambura kwenelera, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghakurughakuru, ŵanthu mbaukavu, ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa vyawo ghakumanya yayi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita pa nkhani iyi, vikunanga malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala.^[59]

Wupu wa United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ukati mu 2005, caru ca Nigeria ndico cikaŵa cakusuzga comene kuti makuni ghamare. Mu caka ici, mu caru ici mukaŵa makuni ghakukwana 12,2%, panji kuti mahekitala 11,089,000. Pakati pa 1990 na 2000, caru ca Nigeria cikaluza makuni ghakukwana mahekitala 409,700 pa caka. Pakati pa 1990 na 2005, nkhorongo ya ku Nigeria yikamara pa 35.7% panji kuti mahekitala pafupifupi 6,145,000. Charu cha Nigeria chili na chiŵelengero cha 6.2/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172.

Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasangika na dongo ilo lili na sulefure kufuma ku migodi ya golide ku Zamfara. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya vyakupambanapambana pa nkhani iyi, kweni ŵakuwona kuti ŵana ŵakujumpha 400 ŵakafwa na ulwari wa kulwara na ulozi.

Chigaŵa cha Delta ku Nigeria, uko kuli makampani ghakurughakuru gha mafuta, kuli mafuta ghanandi agho ghatutuka na masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakuchitiska nkhondo.

Malo ghakusangirapo mafuta ghambura kuzomerezgeka, agho ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusintha mafuta ghakubisika kuŵa petulo na mafuta gha dizilo, ghakuwoneka kuti "ngaheni, ngaheni ndiposo ghakupeleka ndalama zinandi". Kaŵirikaŵiri, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuwona umo vinthu viliri pa nkhani ya chivikiliro na vyendendendeko (nga ni umo vikuŵira para sulfure yikufumamo yayi mu mafuta agho ŵakugwiliskira ntchito). Kweniso para munthu wakusazgako mafuta gha mafuta ghakufumira mu mafuta ghakuru, agho ghakuŵa nga ni mafuta ghapusu, ghakuŵa nga ni mafuta ghakupwantha. Malo ghakupangira mafuta ghambura kuzomerezgeka na dango ghalije nthowa izi ndipo "ghakuponya" mafuta agho ghakusangika. Kweni para mafuta ghamara (methane kuya ku butane, isobutane) ghakuŵa na ngozi yakuti ghangaphulika. Mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 125 ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kuphulika kwa vyakupangira mafuta ku Nigeria.^[60]

Ndyali

Nkhani ikulu: Ndyali za Nigeria

Boma

Nigerian National Assembly, Abuja

Charu cha Nigeria chili na vigaŵa 36 ndipo msumba ukuru ni Abuja. Pulezidenti ndiyo wakufiska mazaza. Mulongozgi wa boma wakuŵa mutu wa boma na wa boma. Mazaza gha pulezidenti ghakulongozgeka na wupu wa Senate na House of Representatives, uwo ukuŵa na nyumba ziŵiri, zina lake National Assembly. Bungwe la Senate lili na mipando 109, ndipo lili na mamembala ghatatu kufuma ku chigaŵa chilichose na yumoza kufuma ku msumba wa Abuja. Nyumba ya Malango yili na vithuzithuzi 360, ndipo chiŵelengero cha vithuzithuzi pa chigaŵa chilichose chikuthemba pa unandi wa ŵanthu.

Pulezidenti wa Nigeria wakusankhika mu ndondomeko ya vigaŵa viŵiri. Kuti munthu wasankhike mu cigaŵa cakwamba, wakwenera kupokera mavoti ghanandi ndiposo mavoti ghakujumpha 25% mu vigaŵa 24 pa 36.^[61]Usange palije uyo wakufiska chilato ichi, ŵakuvota kachiŵiri pakati pa uyo wakulongozga na uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi mu vigaŵa vinandi. Awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti ŵakuŵa na munthu munyake uyo wakuyana yayi na iwo pa nkhani ya fuko na chisopa: Mkhristu wa ku South wakusankha munthu wa ku North uyo ni Musulumani. Palije dango ilo likukanizga ivi, kweni ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa boma kufuma waka apo boma la France likambira ŵakulondezga dango ili.

Ndipouli, fundo iyi yakuti ŵanthu ŵavisopa na mafuko ghakupambanapambana ndiwo ŵalongozgenge ŵanyawo yikasuskika pa Chisankho cha 2023, apo Bola Ahmed Tinubu, uyo wakaŵa Musulumani, wakasankha Musulumani munyake, Senator Kashim Shettima kuti waŵe mulongozgi.

Ŵalara ŵa boma, nga ni pulezidenti, ŵakusankhika kwa vyaka vinayi.

Kugawikana kwa boma

Nkhani ikulu: Vigaŵa vya Nigeria

Map of Nigeria with administrative divisions

Charu cha Nigeria chili na vigaŵa 36 na chigaŵa chimoza cha Federal Capital Territory. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, vyaru ivi vili mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza: Kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi, kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, kumpoto kwa pakati, kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi, kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumwera kwa kumwera.^[62]^[63]

Mu Nigeria muli misumba yinkhondi iyo muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni (kufuma ku yikuru kuluta ku yichoko): Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Benin City na Port Harcourt. Msumba wa Lagos ndiwo ni ukuru comene mu Africa, uli na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 12 miliyoni.

Kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli misumba yinandi chomene. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti mu 2015, mu Nigeria mukaŵa misumba 20 iyo mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000.

Vipani

Mu chaka cha 2022, Nyumba ya Mafumu na Nyumba ya ŵimiliri mu Nigeria yikulongozgeka na magulu ghatatu:

Chipani cha Democratic People's Party ndicho chikaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose mu vyaka 16 vyakwambilira vya Repubulika Yachinayi. Likukhumba kuwezgerapo nkharo yake yiheni iyo yikaŵapo mu nyengo ya Jonathan pambere paŵavye mavoti gha 2015. Uyo wakulongozga, Abubakar, wakuwoneka kuti wakukumana na maboma gha chigaŵa cha chipani chake (makamaka Governor Wike) m'malo mwa ŵalwani ŵake ŵa ndyali.^[64]^[65]
Wupu wa All Progressives Congress ni wupu wa vipani vichoko ivyo vikususkana na pulezidenti Jonathan. Chipani cha Progressive chikapeleka Muhammadu Buhari ku mpando wa president mu 2015 ndipo chakhala chipani chakulongozga kwambira nyengo iyo. Na nduna zakumanyikwa comene za boma, Fashola (Public Works) na Amaechi (Transport), ŵanthu ŵakulondezga fundo za boma ŵakujiwona kuti mbankhongono.
Pa nyengo iyi, ŵa Labour ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzomerezgeka na boma.

Malango

Nkhani ikulu: Malango gha Nigeria

Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku Nigeria ndiyo njakwenelera. Ku Nigeria kuli malango ghanayi ghakupambanapambana, nga ni malango gha Chingelezi, common law, common law, na Sharia law:

Dango la ku England mu Nigeria lili na malango gha ku Britain agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya ukoloni.

Dango lakwendera lumoza ni malango gha boma agho ghalembeka mu charu icho munthu wali kukhalamo. (Ndondomeko iyi yikusangika comene mu vyaru vya Anglo-Saxon; kweni mu caru ca Europe, malango gha boma agho ghali kulembekeka makora, ndiposo agho ghakusangika mwakupepuka, ndigho ghakulongozga, nga ni umo viliri mu Code Napoléon mu France).

Malango gha cikaya ghakafuma ku malango na maluso gha cikaya, kusazgapo maungano gha kumazga mphindano agho ghakaŵako pambere caru ca Yoruba cindaŵeko.

Dango la Chisilamu likagwiranga ntchito ku Northern Nigeria, uko chisopa cha Chisilamu ndicho chikulongozga. Ŵasilamu ŵakugwiliskiraso ntchito chiyowoyero ichi mu chigaŵa cha Lagos, Oyo, Kwara, Ogun, na Osun. Malamulo gha visopo gha visopo ghakupambana mu vyaru vyose ndipo ghakupambana pa mulandu wa kusopa (nga nkhumwa na kupeleka moŵa).

Mu charu ichi muli makhoti gha milandu, ndipo khoti likuru chomene ni Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Nigeria.^[66]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Nigeria

Unduna wa Vyachilendo, Abuja

Apo charu cha Nigeria chikapokera wanangwa mu 1960, chikaŵika mtima comene pa umoza wa Africa. Chimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kughanaghanira chomene vya charu ichi ni ubwezi uwo ukaŵa pakati pa Nigeria na Israyeli mu ma 1960. Israyeli ndiyo wakawovwira na kulaŵilira mulimo wa kuzenga Nyumba za Ufumu.

Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake ya Nigeria yikayezgeka mu ma 1970 apo caru cikafumamo mu nkhondo ya cikaya. Gulu ili likawovwiranga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga maboma gha ŵazungu ku Southern Africa. Nigeria yikakhozgera African National Congress mwa kuŵa na maghanoghano ghakusuzga pa boma la South Africa. Nigeria yikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wakucemeka Organisation for African Unity (uyo sono ni African Union). Nigeria ndiyo yikambiska vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo ndiyo yikendeskanga vyaru vya ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) na ECOMOG (makamaka pa nyengo ya nkhondo za ku Liberia na Sierra Leone).

Chifukwa cha maghanoghano agha, Nigeria yikatuma ŵasilikari ku Congo mwaluŵiro, kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations ukayowoyera, pamanyuma pakuti charu ichi chafwatuka. Nigeria yikagwiraso nchito zinandi za Pan-African na pro-self-government mu ma 1970, kusazgapo kuvikilira MPLA ya Angola, SWAPO mu Namibia, na kovwira ŵakususkana na maboma gha banthu ba ku Portugal Mozambique, na Rhodesia. Nigeria yikulutilira kuŵa mu gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana. Kuumaliro wa Novembala 2006, likanozga ungano wa Africa-South America Summit ku Abuja kuti likhozge ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakiza ku ungano uwu ŵakachema kuti "South-South" pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Nigeria nayo wali mu wupu wa International Criminal Court na Commonwealth of Nations. Ŵakaŵachimbizga mu 1995 apo boma la Abacha likaŵalongozganga.

Purezidenti wakale wa Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan (pakati) ndi Purezidenti wa United States Barack Obama na First Lady Michelle Obama mu Ogasiti 2014

Kufuma waka mu ma 1970, Nigeria yikulutilira kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi pa nkhani ya mafuta. Charu ichi chikupanga mafuta ghanandi comene cifukwa cakuti nyengo zinyake chikuŵa na mphindano na vyaru vyakupambanapambana, comenecomene na vyaru vya ku United States.

Kwambira mu 2000, malonda gha pakati pa China na Nigeria ghakusazgikira comene. Kufuma mu 2000 m'paka mu 2016, malonda gha vyaru viŵiri ivi ghakwera pa madola 10,384 miliyoni. Ndipouli, umo vinthu viliri pakati pa China na Nigeria vyazgoka nkhani yikuru ya ndyali. Fundo iyi yikulongora kuti vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku China vikupanga pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya malonda ghose agho ghakuchitika pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Ivi vyapangiska kuti malonda ghaleke kwenda makora, cifukwa Nigeria yikuguliska vinthu vinandi comene kuluska ivyo yikuguliska ku China. Ntheura, chuma cha ku Nigeria chikuthemba chomene vinthu vyakukhora ivyo vikunjira mu charu ichi, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti makampani gha ku Nigeria ghasuzgike.

Pakulutilira na ndyali yake ya ku Africa, Nigeria yikamba kupanga ndalama yimoza ya ku West Africa yakucemeka Eco. Kweni pa Disembala 21, 2019, Pulezidenti wa Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara, Emmanuel Macron, na vyaru vinyake vinandi vya UEMOA vikapharazga kuti ŵasinthenge waka zina la CFA franc m'malo mwa kusintha ndalama nga umo ŵakaghanaghaniranga pakwamba. Kufumira mu 2020, ndalama za Eco zalekeskeka kufika mu 2025.^[67]

Chitetezo

Nkhani ikulu: Nigerian Armed Forces

Futi yakulimbana na ndege ya ŵasilikari ŵa Nigeria

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Nigeria ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Nigeria. Gulu ili lili na magulu ghatatu: Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria, Navy, na Air Force. Pulezidenti wa Nigeria wakuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, ndipo wakuchita milimo yake kwizira mu Unduna wa vya Vyankhondo. Mulongozgi wa AFN ni Chief of the Defence Staff, uyo wali pasi pa Minister of Defence wa Nigeria. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 223,000.

Kuyaniska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria (kumazere) na ŵa ku Belgium (kumalyero) kuyana na ŵanthu na ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira ntchito mu 2022

Boma la Nigeria lili na ŵasilikari 143,000 mu ŵasilikari (asilikari 100,000, ŵasilikari 25,000, ŵasilikari 18,000) na ŵasilikari 80,000 ŵa "gendarmerie & paramilitary" mu 2020, kuyana na International Institute for Strategic Studies. Kuyaniska na ici, Poland wali na ŵasilikari 114,500 mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari na "ŵasilikari" ndipo Germany wali na ŵasilikari 183,500, mwakuyana na buku lenelili.

Boma la Nigeria likagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana 0.4 peresenti ya ndalama izo likagwiliskira nchito mu 2017. Mu chaka cha 2022, boma la Nigeria lili na bajeti ya ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni ghaŵiri na mabiliyoni ghaŵiri gha ku United States.

Mulara wa mawupu ghakuvikilira kufuma mu Janyuwale 2021 ni Jenerale Lucky Irabor, nkhwantha ya nkhondo yakulimbana na uchigeŵenga. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, Lt. General Faruk Yahaya, Air Staff Air Marshal Isiaka Oladayo Amao na Navy Staff Vice Admiral Awwal Zubairu Gambo nawo ŵalipo.^[68]

Nkhani za kukhazikika

Police and millitant violence

Kulimbana na gulu la Boko Haram, ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakutemwa visambizgo vyautesi, na vigeŵenga, kukusazgikira cifukwa cakuti ŵapolisi ŵakuŵawukira. Bungwe la Council on Foreign Relations' Nigeria Security Tracker likati ŵanthu 1,086 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha kugaluka kwa Boko Haram na 290 ŵakafwa chifukwa cha nkhaza za ŵapolisi mu myezi 12 yakwambilira kufuma apo likambira mu Meyi 2011. Mu myezi 12 kufuma mu Okutobala 2021, ŵanthu 2,193 ŵakafwa na nkhaza za ŵapolisi ndipo 498 ŵakafwa na Boko Haram na ISWAP, kuyana na NST. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca urunji wawo.

Chigaŵa cha Niger Delta chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasuzgikanga na nkhondo mu 2016. Pakuzgora, boma liphya la Buhari likagwiliskira nchito nthowa ziŵiri za kukanizga ŵanthu na kuyowoyeskana.

Paumaliro wa 2016, boma la Nigeria likapeleka ndalama zakukwana naira 4.5 biliyoni (US$144 miliyoni) ku magulu agha kuti ghavikilire mafuta. Ŵanandi ŵakuzomera. Phangano ili likasazgikaso mu Ogasiti 2022, kweni pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa magulu agha. Awo ŵakwimira boma ŵakuyowoya za "nkhondo" - kwimikana. Ŵanthu ŵakopa kuti magulu agha, nangauli ghali na mazina ghapachanya, ghaleka kuŵa na udindo pa chigaŵa chawo na mafuko ghawo, ndipo ghazgokera ku vyakusanguluska na kujiwovwira. Mulimonsemo, mapaipi mu Niger Delta si "otetezedwa" moyenera - kuipitsa kwa Niger Delta ndi mafuta obedwa ndi mafuta olemera omwe amapangidwa mosaloledwa akupitilirabe osatsekedwa pambuyo pa 2016.^[69]

Kuwukira boma kwa Boko Haram

Kuwukira kwa Boko Haram, 2011 mpaka lero (kufikira Okutobala 2022), chiŵerengero chilichonse chikuyimira imfa 1,000.^[70]

Gulu la Boko Haram ndilo likucitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakomeke kufuma mu 2010. Kufuma apo, kuyana na Council on Foreign Relations' Nigeria Security Tracker, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 41,600 ŵali kufwa cifukwa ca nkhondo iyi (kufika mu Okutobala 2022). Wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali kufumamo mu vyaru vyapafupi.

Maboma agho ghakhwaskika na Boko Haram ghakakolerana mu Febuluwale 2015 kuti ghaŵike gulu la ŵanthu 8,700 kuti ŵarwe na Boko Haram. Kuzakafika mu Okutobala 2015, gulu la Boko Haram likaŵa kuti lafumiskikapo mu misumba yose iyo likaŵa pasi pa mazaza ghake kweniso pafupifupi mu vigaŵa vyose vya kumpoto kwa Nigeria. Mu 2016, gulu la Boko Haram likagaŵikana ndipo mu 2022, ŵasilikari 40,000 ŵakajipeleka. Gulu lakugaŵikana la ISWAP (Islamic State in West Africa) lichalipo.^[71]

Nkhondo pakati pa ŵaliska na ŵalimi

Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Nigeria, nkhondo yikambaso pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵa Hausa na Fulani na ŵalimi ŵa Chikhristu, comenecomene mu vigaŵa vya Kaduna, Plateau, Taraba na Benue. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, nkhondo izi zakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Nkhondo za pa caru ndiposo za pa vinthu vyakuthupi zikuŵa zinandi cifukwa ca kuzgoka kwa mapopa kumpoto kwa Nigeria, kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu ndiposo suzgo la vya cuma.

Padera pa masuzgo agho Ŵakhristu ŵakukumana nagho na magulu gha Boko Haram na ISWAP, Ŵakhristu ŵakudandawuraso kuti ŵaliska ŵa Fulani, awo ŵanandi mwa iwo Mbasilamu, ŵakuŵatambuzga chomene ŵalimi awo Mbakhristu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopa na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezgeka nawo ŵakukoleka na magulu gha vigeŵenga. Mu nkhani iyo wakayowoya mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Europe, mu Okutobala 2022, bishopu Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe, wa Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi, wakayaniska umo vinthu viliri ku Ŵakhristu mu caru cake na "ciŵembu ca Jihad ico cili na mazina ghanandi: uchigeŵenga, kukora ŵanthu, kukoma ŵaliska, vigeŵenga, magulu ghanyake gha ŵasilikari".

Kuyana na Aid to the Church in Need, ŵasembe 4 ŵa Katolika ŵakakomeka mu Nigeria mu 2022 pera, ndipo ŵasembe 23 na munthu yumoza wa ku seminare ŵakakoleka mu chaka ichi, panji ŵakakoleka kale kweni ŵakakhala mu wuzga mu 2022. Ŵasembe ŵanandi awo ŵakakoleka ŵakafwatulika, kweni ŵatatu ŵakakomeka ndipo mu Novembala 2022, ŵatatu ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali kusoŵa, kusazgapo Dada John Bako Shekwolo, uyo ŵakakoleka mu Malichi, 2019. Ŵasembe ŵanyake ŵanayi ŵakakoleka mu 2022, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakafumiskika. Ŵasembe awo ŵakakomeka ŵakaŵa Dada Vitus Borogo, Dada Joseph Bako, Dada John Mark Cheitnum, na Dada Christopher Odia. Wupu uwu, uwo uli na milimo yinandi ku Nigeria, ukadandawura comene cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikucitika.

Pa ungano wa pa Intaneti, mu Juni 2022, bishopu Matthew Man-Oso Ndagaoso, wa ku Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna, wakalongosora masuzgo agho Ŵakhristu ŵakukumana nagho mu charu ichi. "Kwa vilimika 14 ivyo vyajumpha, caru cikulondezgapo na Boko Haram, comene comene kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Apo tikagwiranga nchito iyi, tikaŵa na suzgo la vigeŵenga ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Apo tikadumbiskananga nkhani iyi, tikadumbiskana nkhani ya kukora ŵanthu na kupempha chiwombolero. Apo tikusuzgika na suzgo ili, tikusuzgikaso na ŵaliska ŵa Fulani". Pakuyowoya za kukoma na kukora ŵasembe ku Nigeria, bishopu uyu wakati: "Waliyose wali na wofi. Tose, ŵasembe, ŵanthu bweka, waliyose. Ŵanthu ŵakopa, ndipo nchakwenelera nadi. Ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika maghanoghano, ndipo nchakwenelera nadi. Para vinthu vili nthena, palije uyo wangaŵa wakuvikilirika. Usange mwafuma mu nyumba yinu, nanga pangaŵa muhanya, m'paka muwelere, mulije chivikiliro".

Mu Juni 2022, mu msumba wa St. Louis, mu Georgia, mukachitika ngozi ya kukoma ŵanthu. Tchalitchi la Francis Xavier, ku Owo. Boma likati ISWAP ndiyo yikakoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 50, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukayika kuti ŵaliska ŵa Fulani ndiwo ŵakakomeka..^[72]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Chuma cha Nigeria

File:GDP-per-capita West-Africa 2019.jpg

GDP pa munthu mu West Africa, 2019^[73]

Chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivyo vyatumizgika ku Nigeria, 2019

Charu cha Nigeria chili na chuma chikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo ni cha nambara 31 pa charu chose. GDP (PPP) pa munthu waliyose ni US$9,148 (kufika mu 2022), iyo njichoko chomene kuluska South Africa, Egypt panji Morocco, kweni njichoko chomene kuluska Ghana panji Ivory Coast.

Pambere caka ca 1999 cindafike, vinthu vikasuzganga comene cifukwa ca muwuso wa ŵasilikari, vimbundi, na uheni. Kuwezgerapo demokilase na kusintha kwa vinthu vya cuma kwawovwira kuti Nigeria yambe kucita makora vinthu pa nkhani ya vya cuma. Pamasinda pa 2015, chuma cha ku Nigeria chikasintha. Padera pa mafuta na gasi, Nigeria yikuguliska vyakununkhira na simenti, vinthu vya polypropylene (pulasitiki), vinthu vyakovwira munthu kuŵa wakutowa. Nigeria ndiyo yikulongozga mu vyamalonda, vyakurya, na vyakusanguluska mu Africa. Lipoti la Banki ya Charu chose la 2017 pa malo ghakwendeskera vinthu mu Africa likaŵika chalo ichi pa malo ghachinayi, kuseri kwa Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, na Sao Tome, kweni mu 2021, Nigeria yikaba mu gulu la World Logistics Passport, gulu la banthu bakugwira nchito kuti ŵasazgireko malonda pa charu chose. Nigeria yikupanga cithuzi cimoza pa vithuzi vinkhondi na cimoza vya Britain. Pamanyuma pa mafuta, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakutumira ku caru cawo ni izo ŵakutumira ku caru cawo.

Charu cha Nigeria chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi ni malasha, bauxite, tantalite, golide, tini, njere ya visulo, malibwe gha malibwe, niobium, lead, na zinc. Nangauli ku Nigeria kuli vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi ivi, kweni nchito ya migodi yili kwamba waka.^[74]

Ulimi

Vikuyu vya ku Nigeria vyatoleka kuti viwomire

Mu 2021, pafupifupi 23.4% ya GDP ya Nigeria yikupangika na ulimi, nkhalango na somba. Nigeria ndiyo yikupanga chomene maniyu pa caru cose. Vyakumera vinyake vikuru ni chimanga, mpunga, mphoza, mpunga wa yamsisi, na chimanga. Cacao ndiyo yikuguliskika comene mu vyaru vinyake. Charu cha Nigeria nacho chili pakati pa vyaru 20 ivyo vikuguliska mphira wakuthupi pa charu chose.

Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene ya ku Nigeria yindambe ndiposo pambere mafuta ghandambe kunjira mu caru ici, caru ici cikaŵa cakurya cakukwana. Kale, vyakurya ndivyo vikasanganga ndalama zinandi mu Nigeria. Ku Nigeria, kulimi kuli kumara cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu. Chaka chilichose charu ichi chikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 6.7 pa kunjizga vyakurya mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1970, boma la Nigeria likamba kugwiliskira ntchito vyakurya vyambura kukhazikika.

Chiŵelengero cha mpunga ku Nigeria chikakwera na 10% kufuma mu 2017/18 kufika mu 2021/22 kufika pa matani 5 miliyoni pa chaka, kweni chikaŵa chakusuzga kuti chikwaniske. Ntheura, mpunga uwo ukatoleka ku vyaru vinyake ukakhala waka pa mtunda wa matani 2 pa chaka. Mu Ogasiti 2019, Nigeria yikajara mphaka yake na Benin na vyaru vinyake vyapafupi kuti yikanizge kusaska mpunga mu charu ichi.

Mpaka sono, Nigeria likaguliskanga mpunga wambura kuyuyulika, kweni likatoranga mpunga wambura kuyulika, uwo ni cakurya cikuru comene mu caru ici. Para mulimo uwu wamara mu 2022, malo agha, agho ngakuru comene kumwera kwa Sahara, ghazamovwira ŵanthu 250,000 na kupanga mphunga zakukwana makilogiramu 50 pa chaka.^[75]

Mafuta ghakufula

Nigeria ndiyo yikupangiska mafuta ghanandi pa caru cose, ndipo ndiyo yikupanga mafuta ghanandi pa caru cose. Mafuta ghakovwira comene pa cuma ca ku Nigeria, ndipo ghakupanga 40% ya GDP na 80% ya ndalama za boma. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu chigaŵa cha Niger Delta, icho ni chigaŵa chikuru cha mafuta, ŵakususka mulimo wa kupanga mafuta.

Malo gha mafuta gha Niger Delta Nembe Creek ghakasangika mu 1973 ndipo ghakupanga malibwe gha mchenga gha mu Miocene mu malo agho ghakusangika pa mtunda wa makilomita 2 mpaka 4. Mu Juni 2013, kampani ya Shell yikapharazga kuti yikunozgaso umo yikugwilira ntchito mu Nigeria. Nangauli makampani ghanandi gha mafuta gha pa charu chose ghakachitanga ntchito mu charu ichi kwa vyaka vinandi, kweni mu 2014 ghakaŵa kuti ghaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama izi. Mu Ogasiti 2014, kampani ya Shell yikati yikumalizga kugura malo ghanayi gha mafuta ku Nigeria.

Ku Nigeria kuli malo gha mafuta 159 na visimi 1,481 ivyo vikugwira nchito kuyana na Dipatimenti ya vya Mafuta. Chigaŵa chakupambika chomene mu charu ichi ni Niger Delta Basin, icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mafuta ghanandi agho ghakusangika ku Nigeria ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, ndipo mu 1990, mafuta agha ghakaŵa 62.1% ya mafuta ghose gha ku Nigeria. Ivi vikupambana comene na malo ghakuru 16 agho ghakapanga mafuta gha 37.9% mu Nigeria. Mafuta ghakaŵa katundu uyo wakunjira mu Nigeria m'paka mu 2021, ndipo ghakaŵa 24 peresenti ya katundu uyo wakunjira mu charu ichi.

Pakuti caru ca Europe cikusuzgika na nkhondo ya ku Ukraine, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana vya kwendeska gasi kufuma ku Nigeria kuya ku Morocco panji Algeria. Kweni mu Meyi 2022, pakaŵavya icho chikachitika.^[76]^[77]^[78]

Kupanga na luso

Nigeria EduSat-1, satellite yakwamba yakuzengeka na Nigeria na Federal University of Technology Akure

Nigeria yili na makampani gha kupanga vinthu nga ni vikumba na vyakuvwara (ku Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha, na Lagos), pulasitiki na vyakurya. Ogun wakuwoneka kuti ni msumba ukuru wa mafakitale wa Nigeria, chifukwa mafakitale ghanandi ghali mu Ogun ndipo makampani ghanandi ghakusamukira kwenekuko. Msumba wa Aba, uwo uli kumwera kwa charu ichi, ukumanyikwa na vinthu vya mawoko na skapato. Nigeria yili na msika wa magalimoto 720,000 pa caka, kweni magalimoto ghambura kukwana 20% ghakupangika mu caru.

Mu 2016 (chaka chaumaliro icho tikasangirapo maukaboni), Nigeria ndiyo yikapanganga simenti yikuru chomene kumwera kwa Sahara. Aliko Dangote, munthu musambazi comene wa ku Nigeria, wakaŵa musambazi cifukwa ca kupanga simenti na vyakurya vinyake. Kuyana na umo iyo wakughanaghanira, Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited yikupanga matani 1.3 miliyoni gha nchero pa caka. Ivi vikayananga na chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza vya vyakufumiska vya UK mu 2021. Kweni vikuwoneka kuti mafakitale gha Katsina, Jos na Osogbo ghaleka kugwira ntchito.

Mu Juni 2019, Nigeria EduSat-1 yikatumika kufuma ku International Space Station. Iyi yikaŵa satelayiti yakwamba kuzenga ku Nigeria, ndipo yikati yaŵa na satelayiti zinandi za ku Nigeria izo zikapangika na vyaru vinyake. Mu chaka cha 2021, chalo cha Nigeria chili na ma pharmaceutical production capacity pafupifupi 60 peresenti mu Africa, makampani ghakurughakuru gha pharmaceutical ghali ku Lagos. Kampani yakupanga munkhwala iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Nigeria ni Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Nigeria yili na makompyuta ghanandi nga ni Zinox, makompyuta ghakwambilira gha ku Nigeria, kweniso makompyuta ghanyake nga ni mapiritsi. Kufika mu Januwale 2022, Nigeria ndiyo yikupanga makampani 5 pa 7 gha unicorn mu Africa.^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88]^[89]

Mauthenga gha pa Intaneti na Mauteŵeti

Awo ŵakulemba mabuku ku Nigeria ŵakunozga database ya Wikidata

Boma la Nigeria lili na mabungwe gha vya ndalama agho ghakusanga ndalama zinandi chomene, nga ni mabanki gha mu charu ichi na gha pa charu chose, makampani ghakwendeska katundu, makampani ghakuchitiska malonda, makampani gha inshuwalansi, na mabungwe ghanyake.

Chifukwa chakuti Nigeria yili pakatikati pa Africa, vyakuthupi vikovwira comene pa mulimo wa kuzenga. Boma la Buhari likamba kunozga vinthu vya mu charu ichi mu 2015. Ŵakuzenga misewu yiphya na kunozga misewu yinandi, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti boma likupeleka ndalama zinandi. Chinthu chinyake icho chikulongora kuti vinthu vyasintha ni Second Niger Bridge kufupi na Onitsha, iyo yikamara kuzengeka mu 2022.

Msika wa tumafoni wa ku Nigeria ndiwo ukukura mwaluŵiro comene pa caru cose, ndipo ŵamalonda ŵakumanyikwa comene (nga ni MTN, 9mobile, Airtel na Globacom) ŵali na malo ghakuru comene na ghakovwira comene mu caru ici. Chigaŵa cha ICT ku Nigeria chikukura chomene, ndipo chikaŵa na 10% ya GDP ya charu mu 2018 pakuyaniska na 1% mu 2001. Msumba wa Lagos ukuwoneka kuti ni umoza mwa malo ghakurughakuru gha vya sayansi mu Africa. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika na wupu wa GSM Association, ŵanalume ŵakukwana 92% na ŵanakazi 88% mu Nigeria ŵakaŵa na foni. Pakugwiliskira nchito nthowa zakupambanapambana, kusazgapo kweni kuti zikumalira waka pa kukakika mwambura kuzomerezgeka, kudumura mawebusayiti, kutora pasipoti, na kukanizga ŵanthu kugura maakaunti gha ku banki, boma la Nigeria likulanga ŵanthu chifukwa cha kujilongora pa intaneti na kukanizga wanangwa wa pa intaneti.^[90]

Ulendo

Nkhani ikulu: Ulendo ku Nigeria

Chipopoma cha Òwú, icho ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakaluta

Ulendo wa ku Nigeria ukwendera chomene vinthu vyachilendo chifukwa cha mitundu yinandi iyo yili mu charu ichi. Ku Abuja kuli mapaki ghanandi na malo ghanyake. Malo ghakuru chomene, agho ni Millennium Park, ghakalembeka na Manfredi Nicoletti ndipo ghakajulika mu Disembala 2003. Pambuyo pa ntchito ya kukonzanso yomwe idakwaniritsidwa ndi boma la Bwanamkubwa Raji Babatunde Fashola, Lagos pang'onopang'ono ikukhala malo ofunikira alendo. Sono msumba wa Lagos ukucita vinthu vinyake kuti uŵe msumba wa caru cose. Chikondwerero cha Eyo cha 2009 (chikondwerero chapachaka chochokera ku Iperu Remo, Ogun State) chinali sitepe yopita ku mzinda wa dziko. Mazuŵa ghano, msumba wa Lagos ukumanyikwa na ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa bizinesi. Ku Lagos kukaŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ŵa fuko la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.

Ku Lagos kuli maji gha mchenga agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic, nga ni Elegushi Beach na Alpha Beach. Lagos nayo wali na malo ghanandi ghakusungirako ŵanthu, kusazgapo Inagbe Grand Beach Resort na ghanyake ghanandi agho ghali kufupi na msumba uwu. Lagos yili na mahotelo ghakupambanapambana kufuma ku mahotelo gha nyenyezi zitatu mpaka nyenyezi zinkhondi, pamoza na mahotelo gha ku malo agha nga ni Eko Hotels and Suites, Federal Palace Hotel na ma franchises gha vyalo vinandi nga ni Intercontinental Hotel, Sheraton, na Four Points by Sheraton. Malo ghanyake agho mungasanga ni Tafawa Balewa Square, tawuni ya Festac, The Nike Art Gallery, Freedom Park, na Cathedral Church of Christ.^[91]

Magesi

Nkhani ikulu: Energy in Nigeria

Kamupani ya magesi ku Abuja

Mu 2011, Nigeria yikagwiliskiranga ntchito magesi ghakukwana 108 Mtoe. Nkhongono zinandi zikufuma ku vyakumera vya viŵeto na vyakuseluska, ivyo vikupangiska kuti pakhale vyakumera vyakudura 83%. Vinyake vyose vikufuma ku mafuta (16%) na maji (1%). Kufuma waka apo charu cha Nigeria chikapokera wanangwa, chikuyezgayezga kupanga vyakupangira nkhongono za nyukiliya. Kwambira mu 2004, Nigeria yili na malo ghakucitira kafukufuku gha ku China pa Yunivesite ya Ahmadu Bello ndipo yapempha wovwiri ku International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) kuti lipange mapulani ghakukwana 4,000 MWe gha nyukiliya m'paka mu 2027 kuyana na pulogiramu ya caru ya kugwiliskira nchito nyukiliya pakupanga magesi. Mu 2007, Pulezidenti Umaru Yar'Adua wakachiska charu ichi kuti chigwiliskirenge ntchito nkhongono za nyukiliya. Mu 2017, charu cha Nigeria chikalemba chikalata cha UN pa nkhani ya kukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.

Mu Epulero 2015, Nigeria yikamba kudumbiskana na kampani ya Russia yakuchemeka Rosatom kuti yikambiske kupanga, kuzenga na kwendeska vyalo vinayi vya nyukiliya m'paka mu 2035. Mu Juni 2015, charu cha Nigeria chikasankha malo ghaŵiri ghakupangira majini agha. Boma la Nigeria na la Rosatom ŵakayowoyapo yayi uko malo agha ghali, kweni ŵakugomezga kuti malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha Akwa Ibom na Kogi. Pa malo agha pali kupangaso malo ghaŵiri. Mu 2017, ŵakalembeska mapangano gha kuzenga chingalaŵa cha Itu..^[92]

Vyakuzenga

Misewu

Mlatho wacitatu wa ku Niger

Ku Nigeria kuli misewu yikuru comene mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Msewu uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 200,000, ndipo makilomita 60,000 mwa mtunda uwu ghali na asphalt. Misewu na misewu yikuruyikuru ya ku Nigeria yikwendeskeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90 peresenti. Likupeleka N2.4 trillion ($6.4 billion) ku GDP mu 2020.

Makilomita 35,000 gha misewu iyi ghali pasi pa boma. Mu boma lachiwiri la a Buhari, bajeti yakusungirako na kupangira misewu ya makilomita 35,000 iyi yikasazgikira kaŵiri kufuma pa 295 billion naira ($819 million) mu 2018 kufika pa 563 billion naira ($1.3 billion) mu 2022. Uyo wakuwona vya bajeti iyi (kufika mu Seputembala 2022) ni nduna Fashola, yumoza wa ŵandyali ŵakuchindikika chomene mu Nigeria. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, misewu yikuruyikuru iyo yikwendeska vyaru vyakuzirwa nga ni Lagos-Ibadan, Lagos-Badagry na Enugu-Onitsha yikasintha.

Msewu unyake wose ni nkhani ya boma, ntheura uli na kawonekero kakupambana na ka boma ako muli. Boma la Lagos, Anambra, na Rivers, ilo ndakukhora pa nkhani ya vyachuma, likutondeka chomene. Misewu yinandi yikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 na 1990. Chifukwa chakuti misewu iyi yikuwoneka makora yayi kweniso yili na vinthu viheni chomene. Ntchipusu yayi kwenda. Kanandi mu nyengo ya vula, misewu yinyake yikuŵa yakusuzga kuyendamo chifukwa cha vibulunga. Kanandi vigeŵenga vikugwiliskira nchito uheni uwu.^[93]^[94]

Njanji

Msewu wa njanji uwu uli kunozgekaso chomene ndipo uli na mapulojekiti nga ni Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway.

Kwenda mu ndege

Nkhani ikulu: List of airports in Nigeria

Ndege ya Boeing 737-200 ya Chanchangi Airlines

Gulu la ndege la boma la Nigeria Airways likaŵa na ngongoli zinandi mu 2003 ndipo likagulika na British Virgin Group; kwambira pa 28 Juni 2005 likwenda pasi pa zina lakuti Virgin Nigeria Airways. Paumaliro wa chaka cha 2008, Virgin Group yikapharazga kuti yikufumamo mu ndege iyi, ndipo kufuma mu Seputembala 2009 ndege iyi yikugwira ntchito nga ni Nigerian Eagle Airlines. Ndege yikuru comene ya ku Nigeria ni Arik Air, iyo yikaŵa mu 2004. Lili na ndege zakujumpha 20 ndipo likwendeskanga maulendo gha pa charu chose.

Makampani opanga ndege ku Nigeria adapanga ma naira 198.62 biliyoni (€ 400 miliyoni) mu 2019, zomwe zikuyimira gawo la 0.14 peresenti ya GDP. Ndilo likakura chomene mu Nigeria mu 2019. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga pa sitima chikakwera kufuma pa 9,358,166 mu 2020 kufika pa 15,886,955 mu 2021, ndipo ichi chikukwana 69 peresenti. Kufuma mu 2020 m'paka mu 2021, chiŵelengero cha ndege chikakwera na 46 peresenti. Chiŵelengero cha katundu chikaŵa matani 191 mu 2020 kweni chikakwera kufika matani 391 mu 2021. Mu Disembala 2021, Anambra International Cargo Airport yikamba kugwira ntchito. Mu Epulero 2022, chipatala chachiŵiri cha ku chipatala cha ndege cha Murtala Muhammed International Airport chizamunjira mu ntchito. Ntchito iyi yingawovwira kuti chiŵanja cha ndege ichi chiŵe na ŵanthu 14 miliyoni pa chaka..^[95]

Ku Nigeria kuli ma eyapoti 54.

Murtala Muhammed International Airport ku Lagos,
Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport ku Abuja,
Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport ku Kano,
Akanu Ibiam International Airport ku Enugu na
Port Harcourt International Airport ku Port Harcourt.

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Nigeria

Unandi wa ŵanthu (ŵanthu pa kilomita yimoza) ku Nigeria

Wupu wa United Nations ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria mu 2021 ŵakaŵa 213,401,323, ndipo 51.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku mizi ndipo 48.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa mu matawuni. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 42.5% ŵakaŵa na vyaka 14 panji kujumphirako, 19.6% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24, 30.7% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 25 na 54, 4.0% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 55 na 64, ndipo 3.1% ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 65 na 65. Mu 2017, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 18.4. Nigeria ni caru ca nambara sikisi pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakubabika chikaŵa 35.2 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakufwa chikaŵa 9.6 pa ŵanthu 1,000. Kufuma mu 1990 kufika mu 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Nigeria chikakwera na 57 miliyoni. Charu cha Nigeria ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa, ndipo pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi, ŵanthu 17 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵalipo mu 2017.^[96]

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Europe, North America, na Australia. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali kusamira ku United States. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru ivi ŵali kujoyinako gulu la "Egbe Omo Yoruba", ilo ni wupu wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yoruba ku North America. Msumba ukuru comene wa Nigeria ni Lagos. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lagos ŵakukura kufuma pa 300,000 mu 1950 kufika pa 13.4 miliyoni mu 2017.

Population in Nigeria^[97]^[98]
Year	Million
1971	55
2000	125
2017	191

Ku Nigeria kuli mafuko ghakujumpha 250, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Mtundu ukuru chomene ni wa Hausa, Yoruba, na Igbo, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 60 peresenti, apo ŵa Edo, Ijaw, Fulɓe, Kanuri, Urhobo-Isoko, Ibibio, Ebira, Nupe, Gbagyi, Jukun, Igala, Idoma, Ogoni, na Tiv ŵalipo 35 na 40 peresenti. Chigaŵa chapakati cha Nigeria chikumanyikwa na mitundu yakupambanapambana, nga ni Atyap, Berom, Goemai, Igala, Kofyar, Pyem, na Tiv. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Britain, America, India, China (pafupifupi 50,000), Zimbabwe, Japan, Greece, Syria, na Lebanon. Ŵalendo awo ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi panji kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.^[99]^[100]^[101]^[102]

Viyowoyero

Nkhani ikulu: Viyowoyero vya ku Nigeria

Mapu gha viyowoyero vya ku Nigeria

Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 525 ku Nigeria, ndipo viyowoyero 8 pa viyowoyero ivi vili kumara. Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Nigeria, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Chiyowoyero cha boma cha ku Nigeria, Chingelezi, chikasankhika kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵeso ŵakukolerana mu viyowoyero vyawo chifukwa cha umo charu cha Britain chikakhalira mu 1960. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyapafupi na charu ichi ŵali kusintha chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi icho chikuyowoyeka mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci na Cingelezi.

Viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Nigeria ni viyowoyero vitatu vikuruvikuru vya mu Africa: viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ni Niger-Congo, nga ni Igbo, Yoruba, Ibibio, Ijaw, Fulfulde, Ogoni, na Edo. Chiyowoyero cha Kanuri chikayowoyeka kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, chomenechomene ku Borno na Yobe. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi pa nkhani ya masambiro, bizinesi, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu misumba ya mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Pa viyowoyero vitatu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Nigeria, chiyowoyero cha Hausa ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene.

Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Nigeria ŵakukhala ku mizi, viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya mu charu ichi ni viyowoyero vya ku mizi. Viyowoyero vinyake vikuruvikuru nga ni Chiyoruba na Chiigbo, vili kufuma ku viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Chingelezi cha Pidgin cha ku Nigeria, icho kanandi chikuchemeka waka kuti "Pidgin" panji "Broken" (Chingelezi chakuphwanyika), ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa cha Niger Delta ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi.^[103]

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Nigeria

National Church of Nigeria, Abuja

Abuja National Mosque

Ŵanthu ŵa mu Nigeria ŵakutemwa visopa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵali kugaŵikana pafupifupi mwakuyana waka mu visopa vya Cisilamu na Cikhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vya mu Africa. Chiŵelengero cha Ŵakhristu ku Nigeria chikukhilira pasi cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵana awo ŵakubabika para ŵakuyaniskika na Ŵasilamu. Nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, uko Chisilamu na Chikhristu ni visopa vikuru comene.

Lipoti la mu 2012 pa nkhani ya chisopa na umoyo wa ŵanthu ilo likalembeka na Pew Research Center likati mu 2010, ŵanthu 49.3% ku Nigeria ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, 48.8% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, ndipo 1.9% ŵakaŵa ŵalondezgi ŵa visopa vinyake (nga ni Bori ku North) panji ŵambura kukolerana na visopa vinyake. Ndipouli, lipoti la Pew Research Center ilo likafuma mu 2015, likati ŵanthu Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 50 peresenti, ndipo mu 2060, Ŵasilamu ŵazamuŵa 60 peresenti ya ŵanthu mu charu ichi. Mu 2010, pa kafukufuku uyo wakachitika ku Association of Religion Data Archives, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu 48.8% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakwenera kuŵa maso chomene na ivyo ŵakuyowoya chifukwa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo Mbakhristu.^[104]^[105]^[106]

Chisilamu chikusangika chomene kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nigeria (Hausa, Nupe, Fulani na ŵanyake), ndipo ŵanthu 99% mbasilamu. Ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yoruba ŵali na visopa vinandi. Chikhristu cha Chiprotesitanti na Chikhristu cha ku malo agha chikuchitika chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, apo Chikhristu cha Katolika cha ku Romu ndicho chikuwoneka chomene ku South Eastern Nigeria. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya kumwera nga ni Ibibio, Efik, Ijo, na Ogoni ŵakugomezga Chikatolika na Chiprotesitanti. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Igbos (ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi) na Ibibio (kumwera) ŵalipo 98 peresenti Mbakhristu, ndipo 2 peresenti ŵakuchita visopa vyawo. Chigaŵa chapakati cha Nigeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mafuko ghachoko waka, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbakhristu ndipo ŵakulondezga visopa vyaunenesko..^[107]

Chongo

Kwambira mu 2010, gulu la Boko Haram likuwukira kumpoto kwa Nigeria. Mu vyaka 12 vyakulondezgapo, kuyana na "Nigeria Security Tracker" ya Council on Foreign Relations, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 41,600 ŵakafwa cifukwa ca gulu ili (kufika mu Okutobala 2022). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira kumwera panji ku misumba yikuruyikuru, nga ni Maiduguri. Gulu la Boko Haram likakhwaskaso matchalitchi.

Kweni fundo yakuti "Ŵasilamu ŵakususkana na Ŵakhristu" njambura kupulikikwa. Nangauli gulu la Boko Haram likuŵatinkha Ŵakhristu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kufwa Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti cifukwa cakuti gulu la Boko Haram likakoma Ŵasilamu ŵanandi comene, likamba kupatukana mu 2016. Malipoti gha Nigeria Security Tracker (NST) ghakulongora kuti (kwambira mu Malichi 2022) kuti kuukira kwa Boko Haram ku matchalitchi kwachepa, apo kuukira kwa masisiteri kwasazgikira. Ciŵelengero cicoko ca Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakomeka na Boko Haram cikulongora kuti ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kucimbira.

Gulu la Boko Haram lakhala likuchepa kufuma mu Malichi 2022. Kufuma mu 2021, gulu la Islamic State in West Africa (ISWAP) likuwoneka kuti ndakuzirwa chomene kuluska Boko Haram. Mwachiyelezgero, ISWAP ndiyo yikapangiska kuti mpingo wa Owo ukomeke pa Pentekoste mu 2022.^[108]^[109]

Umoyo

Ŵana ku chipatala cha Ilorin.

Kupeleka wovwiri wa vyaumoyo mu Nigeria ni udindo wa maboma ghatatu mu chalo ichi pamoza na maboma gha wanangwa. Boma la Nigeria likamba kunozgaso ndyali zake kufuma waka apo likacitira ndondomeko ya ku Bamako mu 1987, iyo yikakhozga nthowa zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵasangenge munkhwala na wovwiri wa munkhwala. Ndondomeko yiphya iyi yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na mwaŵi wa kupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala mu vigaŵa vyawo. Ndondomeko yikuru yikasazgikira ku vigaŵa vyose vya wovwiri wa munkhwala, ndipo pamasinda vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pa nkhani ya wovwiri wa munkhwala.

Viŵelengero vya HIV/AIDS ku Nigeria ni vichoko chomene pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Botswana na South Africa. Kufumira mu caka ca 2019, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵakukoma HIV pa ŵanthu ŵalara msinkhu ŵa vyaka 15-49 cikaŵa 1.5 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Nigeria ŵakukhala vyaka 54,7, ndipo ŵanthu 71% na 39% ŵali na maji ghawemi kweniso malo ghawemi ghakukhala. Kufika mu 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa ni 74.2 pa ŵana 1,000.

Mu 2012, Yunivesite ya Nigeria yikambiska pulogiramu yiphya ya kupeleka viwangwa ku ŵanthu awo ŵali na nthenda ya leukemia, lymphoma, panji sickle cell disease. Nigeria yikaŵa caru caciŵiri mu Africa kucita opareshoni iyi. Mu chaka cha 2014, nthenda ya Ebola yikati yayamba, charu cha Nigeria ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kumazga nthenda iyi mu vyaru vinyake vitatu vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.

Boma la Nigeria likusuzgika comene na suzgo la ŵadokotala cifukwa cakuti ŵadokotala ŵanandi ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakuluta ku North America na Europe. Mu 1995, ku United States pera kukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵakukwana 21,000 ŵa ku Nigeria. Boma lili na chilato chakuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵalutilire kugwira ntchito.^[110]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Masambilo ku Nigeria

Abisogun Leigh Science Building, ya Yunivesite ya Lagos State's Faculty of Science

Unduna wa vya masambiro ndiwo ukuwona vya masambiro mu Nigeria. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakulongozga masukulu gha boma na gha boma. Masukulu agha ghakupangika mu vigaŵa viŵiri: sukulu za ŵana ŵa sukulu, pulayimale, sekondare, na masukulu ghapachanya. Pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa mafuta mu ma 1970, masambiro gha visukulu vikuru vikuru ghakaŵa makora mwakuti ghafike ku vigaŵa vyose vya Nigeria.

Boma la Nigeria likupeleka masambiro kwawanangwa, kweni palije dango lakuti munthu waliyose wakwenera kusambira sukulu. Masambiro agha ghakukhala vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza, vyaka vitatu vya sukulu ya sekondare, vyaka vitatu vya sukulu ya sekondare, na vyaka vinayi, vinkhondi, panji vinkhondi na cimoza vya masambiro gha ku yunivesite agho ghakovwira munthu kuti waŵe na digiri. Boma ndilo likulongozga masambiro gha pa yunivesite. Masambiro gha ku sekondare mu Nigeria ghali na maunivesite (ghaweni na ghapadera), ma polytechnics, ma monotechnics, na makoleji gha masambiro. Mu charu ichi muli masukulu ghakusambizga masukulu ghapachanya 138, ndipo 40 ghali mu mawoko gha boma, 39 ghali mu mawoko gha boma, ndipo 59 ghali mu mawoko gha ŵekha. Dziko la Nigeria lili pa nambala 114 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2022, kufuma pa nambala 118 mu 2021.^[111]^[112]^[113]^[114]^[115]

Chiwawa

Nkhani ikulu: Viwawa mu Nigeria

Wapolisi wa ku Nigeria pa chikondwelero cha Eyo ku Lagos

Ku Nigeria kuli vigeŵenga vinandi ivyo vikwendeska malonda gha minkhwala yakuzweteska wongo.

Mabungwe ghakupambanapambana gha ku Nigeria panji "masukulu ghakusambizga vya chisopa" ghakuchitako vinthu vyaupusikizgi na nkhaza za ndyali kweniso ghakwendeska vimbundi mu Nigeria. Pakuti mabungwe agha ghakukolerana chomene na ŵandyali na ŵasilikari, ghakupeleka mwaŵi ku ŵana ŵa sukulu kuti ŵamanye vinandi. Mwaciyelezgero, wupu wa Supreme Vikings Confraternity ukuyowoya kuti ŵanthu 12 ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Rivers State ŵali mu gulu la cisopo. Mu vigaŵa vya pasi, muli "ŵasepuka ŵa mu chigaŵa", magulu gha vigeŵenga agho ghakucita vinthu vinandi mu Lagos. Ku Lagos, ŵanthu 273 na ŵapolisi 84 ŵakakomeka kufuma mu Ogasiti 2000 m'paka Meyi 2001.

Ku Gulf of Guinea kuli ŵankhungu, ndipo ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose. Chifukwa chakuti ku Nigeria ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukopeka, ŵanthu 28 pa ŵanthu 30 awo ŵakakoleka pakati pa Janyuwale na Juni 2013 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Nigeria.

Pa caru cose, Nigeria njakumanyikwa cifukwa ca upusikizgi wa ku banki uwo ukucemeka 419, mtundu wa upusikizgi wa kulipira ndalama zakwendakwenda (wakucemeka kuyana na cipaturo 419 ca Dango la Nkhaza la Nigeria) pamoza na "upusikizgi wa ku Nigeria", mtundu wa upusikizgi uwo ukucitika na ŵanthu na magulu gha vigeŵenga. Vinthu ivi ni banki ya ku Nigeria iyo yikukolerana nayo (malango ghakukanizga ivi) kweniso munthu munyake uyo wakuti wali na ndalama izo wakukhumba kutorako ku banki iyi. Munthu uyo wapika ndalama wakughanaghana kuti wangapokera ndalama izo ŵamutuma ndipo waŵenge nazo. Mu malo mwake, ŵakutora ndalama, panji ŵakukanizga kulipira ndalama zinandi (izo zikuwoneka nga ni zichoko pakuyaniska na usambazi uwo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵangasanga). Mu 2003, wupu wakuwona vya vigeŵenga wa ku Nigeria (Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission) ukapangika kuti uwovwire pa nkhani iyi na zinyake.^[116]

Ukavu

Nkhani ikulu: Ukavu mu Nigeria

Kuyana na International Monetary Fund, 32% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakukhala mu ukavu (kufika mu 2017), ŵakukhala na ndalama zakukwana US$2.15 pa zuŵa. Banki ya Charu chose yikati mu Malichi 2022 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakavu ku Nigeria chikakwera na 5 million kufika pa 95.1 million mu nyengo ya Covid. Ntheura, ŵanthu 40 pa ŵanthu 100 wose ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakukhala pasi pa ukavu wa US$1.90 nga umo Banki ya Caru Cose yikulongolera.

Ndalama izo IMF na World Bank ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa caru cose, zikugwiliskira nchito nkhongono zakugulira za dola ya ku America yayi. Ntheura, nthowa iyi njakususkana. Mwaciyelezgero, nangauli ku Nigeria kuli malo ghakusangika ŵanthu ŵambura nchito, kweni fundo yakuti ŵanalume 92% na ŵanakazi 88% mu Nigeria ŵali na foni njakusuzga kuyilondezga na unandi wa ukavu uwo walembeka na IMF na World Bank.^[117]

Wanangwa wa Munthu

Nkhani ikulu: Wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Nigeria

Kumazga SARS ni gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na nkhaza za ŵapolisi ku Nigeria.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakutondeka kulondezga malango gha boma. Kuyana na U.S. Dipatimenti ya Boma, masuzgo ghakuru gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ni kugwiliskira nchito nkongono zinandi na mawupu gha kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuleka kulangika cifukwa ca kuyuzgika na mawupu gha kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kukakika mwambura kwenelera, kukakika kwa nyengo yitali, vimbundi vya ŵeruzgi na mazaza gha ŵalara ŵa boma pa wupu wa vyeruzgi, kukaka, kutambuzgika na vinthu vinyake vyakofya, vyambura urunji panji vyakukhozga soni ŵanthu awo ŵali mu jele, ŵakukakika na ŵakukayikira; vinthu vyakofya na vyakofya mu jele na malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu; kusuzga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe mahule na kugwira nchito mwankhongono, nkhaza za mu cikaya na kukoma ŵanthu, kugwira nchito kwa ŵana, kuyuzga ŵana na kuŵagwiliskira nchito uheni, nkhaza za mu mbumba, kusankhana chifukwa ca mtundu, cigaŵa na cisopa.

Boma la Nigeria ndilo likukolerana na phangano lakumazga nkhanza zose izo zikucitikira ŵanakazi. Kusankhana chifukwa cha kugonana ni nkhani yikuru ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Nthengwa zacicicizgo zikucitika comene. Nthengwa za ŵana zichali zakutchuka ku Northern Nigeria; 39% ya ŵasungwana ŵakutengwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka 15, nangauli dango lakukanizga nthengwa za ŵana ŵasungwana ŵa vyaka vyakukwana 18 likakhazikiskika mu 2008. Ku Northern Nigeria ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutora mitala. Kujilambika kwa muwoli kwa mfumu wake ndiposo nkhaza za pa nyumba ni vyakuzara. Ŵanakazi ŵalije wanangwa wa kupoka malo. Mu 2015, pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakababika, 814 ŵakafwanga. Nangauli mu 2015 boma likakanizga kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitikenge viŵaro vya mu viŵaro vyawo. Ku Nigeria, ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ya miliyoni ŵali na nthenda iyi, comenecomene cifukwa ca kusoŵa munkhwala. Nthengwa zaciwukirano zingapangiska kuti munthu waŵe na nthenda iyi.

Ŵanakazi ŵakukumana na suzgo likuru comene pa ndyali mu Nigeria, cifukwa cakuti ŵakusuzgika na kusankhana mitundu ndipo ŵakukhozga suzgo lawo mu vigaŵa vya cikaya, vya cuma, na vyandyali. Mu 1979, ŵanakazi wose mu caru ici ŵakafwatuka. Ndipouli, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ku Nigeria, uko kuli muwuso wa ŵafumu, ŵakulutilira kupika mazaza na ŵafumu ŵawo. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakugwira nchito zinandi mu vipatala. Ŵanakazi ŵacoko comene mu boma kufuma apo ŵakafwatukira ku Britain. Ŵanakazi ŵali kucepa comene mu mauteŵeti ghose gha mu boma, ndipo ŵachali na maudindo ghacoko comene. Kweni mazuŵa ghano, cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakusambira comene, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakucita vinthu vinyake kuti ŵateŵetere makora mu boma.

Kuyana na dango la Sharia ilo likugwira ntchito ku Ŵasilamu mu vyaru 12 vya kumpoto kwa charu ichi, ŵanthu awo ŵakumwa moŵa, kugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha, ŵambura kugomezgeka, na kwiba ŵakulangika chomene. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2013, ŵanthu 98% ku Nigeria ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwenera yayi kuzomera kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Mu vyaka 23 ivyo vyajumpha (kufika mu Seputembala 2022), ŵantchito ŵa pa yunivesite ku Nigeria ŵakanjiramo mu sitiroko maulendo 17. Pa cifukwa ici, sukulu ya cihanya ya mu 2022 yikanikika mu caru cose.^[118]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Chikhalidwe cha Nigeria

Nkhani za mabuku

Nkhani ikulu: Nigerian literature

Chinua Achebe, uyo wakapokera chawanangwa cha Booker Prize mu 2007 na Peace Prize of the German book trade mu 2002

Mabuku ghanandi gha ku Nigeria ghakulembeka mu Chingelezi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Nigeria ŵakulipulikiska. Ndipouli, mabuku gha mu viyowoyero vya Yoruba, Hausa na Igbo (ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakukhala chomene mu Nigeria) ghalipo. Na Wole Soyinka, Nigeria yingapeleka uyo wapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. Chinua Achebe wakapokera chawanangwa cha Booker mu 2007 ndipo Ben Okri mu 1991. Mu 2002, Achebe wakapokera chawanangwa cha German Book Trade. Lola Shoneyin wali kupokera vyawanangwa vinandi cifukwa ca buku lake lakuti The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives (novel).

Music

Nkhani ikulu: Sumu za ku Nigeria

Ŵakwimba ŵanandi ŵa kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 nga ni Fela Kuti ŵakasazga sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na za ku America kuti ŵapange sumu za Afrobeat. Sumu ya JuJu, iyo ni sumu ya viwoneskero iyo yikusazgikana na sumu za ku Yoruba ndipo yikumanyikwa na Themba Sunny Adé, yikufuma ku Nigeria. Nyimbo za Fuji, mtundu wa Yoruba percussion, zinalengeka na kutchuka na Mr. Fuji, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister.

Sumu ya Afan yikapangika na kuthandazgika na mulembi na wakwimba Umuobuarie Igberaese. Muzika wa Kennis ndiwo ukayambiska gulu la Afrobeats ku Nigeria. Kennis Music yikumanyikwa kuti ndiyo yikapangiska kuti sumu za ku Nigeria zisinthe chomene. Mu Novembala 2008, nyimbo za ku Nigeria (na za ku Africa) zikapokera mahara gha pa charu chose apo MTV yikapeleka mashopu ghakwamba gha mashopu gha mashopu gha ku Africa ku Abuja.^[119]

Cinema

Nkhani ikulu: Cinema of Nigeria

Top five highest grossing Nigerian films:

Omo Ghetto: The Saga (₦636 million)^[120]

The Wedding Party (₦452 million)^[121]

The Wedding Party 2 (₦433 million)^[122]

Chief Daddy (₦387 million)^[123]

King of Thieves (2022, ₦321 million)^[124]

Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ghakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Nollywood. Mu India pera ndimo muli mafilimu ghakurughakuru. Ma studio gha mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ghali ku Lagos, Kano, na Enugu, ndipo ghakupanga ndalama zinandi mu misumba iyi. Mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ndigho ni ghapacanya comene mu Africa pa nkhani ya mtengo na unandi wa mafilimu agho ghakupangika pa caka. Nangauli mafilimu gha ku Nigeria ghapangika kwamba m'ma 1960, kweni makampani gha mafilimu gha mu charu ichi ghakovwira chomene chifukwa cha kupanga mafilimu na kupanga vinthu vinyake.

Mu 2009, filimu ya The Figurine yikapangiska kuti ŵapharazgi ŵamanye vinandi vya sinema ya ku Nigeria. Filimu iyi yikaŵa yakukondweska chomene ku Nigeria, kweniso yikayowoyeka pa viphikiro vya pa charu chose. Filimu ya Ijé ya Chineze Anyaene ya mu 2010, yikapambana na The Figurine kuŵa filimu ya ku Nigeria iyo yikasanga ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu 2016, filimu iyi yikaŵa The Wedding Party, yakulembeka na Kemi Adetiba.

Kuumaliro wa 2013, makampani gha mafilimu ghakapanga ndalama zakukwana ₹1.72 trillion (US$4.1 billion). Mu 2014, makampani agha ghakaŵa na ndalama zakukwana mabiliyoni 853.9 (US$5.1 billion), ndipo ghakaŵa ghacitatu pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi pamanyuma pa United States na India. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskiranga mafilimu zikure.

T.B. Joshua's Emmanuel TV, yakufuma ku Nigeria, njimoza mwa mawayilesi agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwonelera mu Africa.^[125]

Festival

Nkhani ikulu: Festivals in Nigeria

An Eyo Iga Olowe Salaye masquerade jumping

From the yearly Kano Durbar festival

Ku Nigeria kuli viphikiro vinandi, ndipo vinyake vikaŵako pambere visopa vikuruvikuru vindafike mu charu ichi. Kanandi vikondwelero vikuruvikuru vya Chisilamu na Chikhristu vikukondwelereka mu nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakutemwa. Bungwe la Nigeria Tourism Development Corporation lakhala likugwira ntchito ndi maboma kuti liwongolere zikondwerero zachikhalidwe zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri pazachuma cha zokopa alendo.^[126]

Kuphika

Vyakurya vya ku Nigeria, nga ni vyakurya vya ku West Africa, vikumanyikwa na unandi wake. Vyakununkhira vinandi, vyakumera, na vyakununkhira vikugwiliskirika nchito pamoza na mafuta gha makuni gha maolive panji mafuta gha phesulu kuti vipangiske soseji zakunowa comene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakutemwa kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Kanandi Suya wakuguliskika mu matawuni, comenecomene usiku.^[127]

Fashion

Nkhani ikulu: Fashion in Nigeria

Makampani gha mafashoni mu Nigeria ghakovwira chomene pa vyachuma. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyambura kujitozga, kweni ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya mu nyengo iyo. Charu cha Nigeria chikumanyikwa cifukwa ca vyakuvwara na vyakuvwara ivyo vili mu mafashoni pera yayi, kweniso cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakupanga vyakuvwara. Wupu wa Euromonitor ukati msika wa mafashoni wa ku Sub-Saharan uli na ndalama zakukwana madola 31 biliyoni. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakumanyikwa na vinthu vinandi vya mafashoni na vyakuvwara ivyo ni vyakubisika yayi. Ŵakafumiskaso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mafashoni awo ŵali kupanga nthowa zinandi na bizinesi zinandi.^[128]

Sports

Nkhani ikulu: Sports in Nigeria

Nigeria at the 2018 FIFA World Cup

Mpira wa makara ndiwo ni maseŵero ghakurughakuru mu Nigeria. Gulu la mpira wa ku Nigeria, ilo likumanyikwa kuti "Super Eagles", lafika pa World Cup kankhondi na kamoza mu 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, na 2018. Mu Epulero 1994, Super Eagles yikaŵa na malo gha nambara 5 mu FIFA World Rankings, malo ghapachanya chomene agho timu ya mpira wa ku Africa yikasanga. Ŵakatora nkhonya ya Africa mu 1980, 1994, na 2013, ndipo ŵakakondweleraso nkhonya ya U-17 na U-20 World Cup. Ŵakawina mendulo ya golide mu mpira pa maseŵera gha Olympic a 1996 (uko ŵakathereska Argentina) ndipo ŵakazgoka timu yakwamba ya mpira ya ku Africa kuwina golide mu maseŵera gha Olympic.

Wolondezga bola ku Nigeria pa 2018 FIFA World Cup ku Russia

Nigeria nayo wakuchitako maseŵero ghanyake nga ni basketball, cricket na track and field. Ku Nigeria, maseŵero gha nkhonya nagho ngakuzirwa. Gulu la mpira la ku Nigeria ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kuthereska timu ya ku United States. Mu vyaka vyakumasinda, charu cha Nigeria chikakhumba kunjira mu maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha 2012 apo chikathereska vyaru vinyake nga ni Greece na Lithuania. Ku Nigeria kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuchita maseŵero gha basketball mu vyaru vya America, Europe na Asia. Ŵaseŵero aŵa ni Hakeem Olajuwon, uyo wali ku Basketball Hall of Famer, ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa mu NBA. Mpikisano wa mpira wa ku Nigeria wafika pa malo ghakuru chomene mu Africa. Maseŵera agha ghakaŵa pa TV ya Kwese ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakawonelera.

Boma la Nigeria likalemba mbiri pakutola timu yakwamba ya banthu ŵa banthu ŵaŵili kufuma ku Africa kuti yikwane pa maseŵero gha Olympic gha nyengo yakuzizima. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1990, Scrabble yikaŵa maseŵero gha boma mu Nigeria. Kuumaliro wa chaka cha 2017, mu charu ichi mukaŵa magulu ghakujumpha 100 agho ghakaŵa na ŵasepuka pafupifupi 4,000. Mu chaka cha 2018, wupu wa Nigeria Curling Federation ukakhazikiskika kuti uŵike maseŵero gha Curling mu charu ichi. Pa 2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship ku Norway, Nigeria yikathereska France na 8-5 pakutonda chiphalizgano chakwamba.

Nigeria yikaŵa na timu za ŵanakazi na ŵanalume mu mpira wa beach volleyball izo zikathereskana pa 2018-2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup. Wupu wa U21 wa chalo ichi wafika pa chigaŵa cha 2019 FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships.

Ku Nigeria ndiko kukababikira maseŵero agha. Ni maseŵero agho ghakucitikira mu magulu agho ghakucitika mwa kuponya bola pa mukwawu.^[129]

Wonaniso

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Vyakulemba

Ukaboni

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↑ Pereltsvaig, Asya (16 Juni 2011). "Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World". Archived from the original on 15 Meyi 2012. Retrieved 4 Julayi 2019.
↑ "The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center (in American English). Retrieved 25 Meyi 2020.
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↑ Campbell, John (29 Janyuwale 2020). "Perceptions of Corruption in Nigeria Remain High, According to NGO". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 12 Epulelo 2021.
↑ "A light shines on Nigerian corruption". The Christian Science Monitor. 16 Okutobala 2020. Retrieved 12 Epulelo 2020.
↑ The Arabic name nahr al-anhur is a direct translation of the Tuareg.
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↑ Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.
↑ Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "Exploring the Nok Enigma Archived 4 Malichi 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008.
↑ B.E.B. Fagg, "The Nok Culture in Prehistory", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1.4, December 1959.
↑ Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2009). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives (13, revised ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-495-57367-8.
↑ "Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". Metmuseum.org. 2 Juni 2014. Retrieved 16 Julayi 2014.
↑ Tylecote 1975 (see below)
↑ Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.
↑ Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9783937248462.
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
↑ Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9.
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–54. ISBN 978-1-57607-682-8. Retrieved 29 Malichi 2015.
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3. Retrieved 29 Malichi 2015.
↑ Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 Epulelo 2021 at the Wayback Machine
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↑ Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266
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↑ "Chad Basin National Park". 2 Okutobala 2013. Archived from the original on 2 Okutobala 2013. Retrieved 22 Okutobala 2022.
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↑ Fashae, Olutoyin (2017). "Geospatial Analysis of Changes in Vegetation Cover over Nigeria". Bulletin of Geography (13): 17–27.
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Wonani vinandi

Hill, Sam (15 Janyuwale 2020). "Black China: Africa's First Superpower Is Coming Sooner Than You Think". Newsweek (in English).
Dibua, Jeremiah I. Modernization and the crisis of development in Africa: the Nigerian experience (Routledge, 2017).
Ekundare, Olufemi R. An Economic History of Nigeria 1860-1960 (Methuen & Co Ltd, 1973).
Falola, Toyin; and Adam Paddock. Environment and Economics in Nigeria (2012).
Falola, Toyin and Ann Genova. Historical Dictionary of Nigeria (Scarecrow Press, 2009)
Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton. A History of Nigeria (2008)
Shillington, Kevin. Encyclopedia of African History. (U of Michigan Press, 2005) p. 1401.
Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. Nigeria: a country study (U.S. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1992) online free, comprehensive historical and current coverage; not copyright.
Jones, Cunliffe-Peter. My Nigeria: Five Decades of Independence. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
Achebe, Chinua. The Trouble with Nigeria. (Fourth Dimension, 1983)

Vyakuwalo

Official website
Wikimedia Atlas of Nigeria
Geographic data related to Nigeria at OpenStreetMap
Know More about Nigeria
Nigeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

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[16] "A light shines on Nigerian corruption". The Christian Science Monitor. 16 Okutobala 2020. Retrieved 12 Epulelo 2020.

[17] The Arabic name nahr al-anhur is a direct translation of the Tuareg.

[18] "Online Etymological Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 28 Julayi 2014.

[PB_2014-19] Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.

[20] Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "Exploring the Nok Enigma Archived 4 Malichi 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008.

[21] B.E.B. Fagg, "The Nok Culture in Prehistory", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1.4, December 1959.

[archaeology-22] Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2009). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives (13, revised ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-495-57367-8.

[23] "Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". Metmuseum.org. 2 Juni 2014. Retrieved 16 Julayi 2014.

[24] Tylecote 1975 (see below)

[25] Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.

[26] Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9783937248462.

[Juang3-27] 27.0 ^27.1 Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.

[28] Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9.

[diverse-slavery-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–54. ISBN 978-1-57607-682-8. Retrieved 29 Malichi 2015.

[slave-trade-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3. Retrieved 29 Malichi 2015.

[31] Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 Epulelo 2021 at the Wayback Machine

[32] Peterson, Derek R., ed., Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic (Ohio University Press, 2010).

[33] "The end of slavery". The Story of Africa. BBC News. Retrieved 28 Meyi 2011.

[34] Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.

[35] "The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 Ogasiti 2021.

[36] Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp 158–59.

[37] Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115

[38] Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266

[39] Watts, Michael (1987) State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, Institute of International Studies, University of California, ISBN 0-87725-166-5.

[40] African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990

[41] "Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3 March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007.

[42] Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.

[43] "Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al". Center for Constitutional Rights.

[44] McGreal, Chris (24 Epulelo 2007). "Ruling party named winner in disputed Nigerian election". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 Novembala 2008.

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[46] "Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat". Channels Television. Retrieved 5 Okutobala 2022.

[47] "Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins". BBC. Retrieved 31 Malichi 2015.

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[encarta22-52] "Nigeria". Encarta. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 11 Novembala 2003. Retrieved 19 Julayi 2007.

[gai42-53] "The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria". Geographical Alliance of Iowa. University of Northern Iowa. Archived from the original on 28 Malichi 2010. Retrieved 13 Ogasiti 2007.

[54] Gbolagade, Lameed (2011). Species diversity and richness of wild birds in Dagona Waterfowl Sanctuary, Nigeria (in English) (5 ed.). pp. 855–866. ISSN 1996-0786. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[55] "Chad Basin National Park". 2 Okutobala 2013. Archived from the original on 2 Okutobala 2013. Retrieved 22 Okutobala 2022.

[56] "TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE LAKE CHAD BASIN". 4 Malichi 2016. Archived from the original on 4 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 22 Okutobala 2022.

[gai4-57] "The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria". Geographical Alliance of Iowa. University of Northern Iowa. Archived from the original on 28 Malichi 2010. Retrieved 13 Ogasiti 2007.

[58] Fashae, Olutoyin (2017). "Geospatial Analysis of Changes in Vegetation Cover over Nigeria". Bulletin of Geography (13): 17–27.

[59] Ogbonna, D.N.; Ekweozor, I.K.E.; Igwe, F.U. (2002). "Waste Management: A Tool for Environmental Protection in Nigeria". Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment. 31 (1): 55–57. doi:10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0055:wmatfe]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 4315211.

[60] Onukwue, Alexander (25 Epulelo 2022). "Nigeria's illegal oil refineries keep killing people". Quartz (in English). Retrieved 10 Okutobala 2022.

[61] "Patrick Obahiagbon: Labour Party won't get 25% of votes in 24 states". TheCable (in American English). 4 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2022.

[62] "Constitution amendment: What the people want". 4 Novembala 2012. Retrieved 14 Disembala 2012.

[63] "Constitutional review: Nigeria needs broader representation". 6 Disembala 2012. Archived from the original on 11 Meyi 2013. Retrieved 14 Disembala 2012.

[64] Iroanusi, QueenEsther (9 Ogasiti 2022). "2023: How rift between Wike, Atiku started - Lawmaker". Premium Times Nigeria (in British English). Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2022.

[65] "Atiku Abubakar response to Governor Nyesom Wike and im team wey pull out of PDP Presidential Campaign Council". BBC News Pidgin. 21 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2022.

[66] "Africa :: Nigeria". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (United States). 12 Sekutembala 2022.

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