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Theobroma cacao

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Theobroma cacao
taxon
subclass ofuseful plant, fruit tree Sesa
part ofchocolate industry, cocoa Sesa
has useafforestation, aduane, medicinal plant, psychoactive drug Sesa
official nameIndigenous Cacao Sesa
native labelCacao fructus, Theobroma fructus Sesa
short nameT. cacao Sesa
taxon nameTheobroma cacao Sesa
taxon rankspecies Sesa
parent taxonTheobroma Sesa
is pollinated byCeratopogonidae, Forcipomyia squamipennis Sesa
this taxon is source ofcocoa bean, cocoa powder, chocolate, cacao pod Sesa
indigenous toAmazon rainforest Sesa
owned byindigenous peoples of South America Sesa
discoverer or inventorChristopher Columbus Sesa
time of discovery or invention1502 Sesa
location of discoveryMexico Sesa
maintained by WikiProjectWikiProject Invasion Biology Sesa
related categoryCategory:Chocolate Sesa
hardiness of plant11 Sesa
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=101885 Sesa
sequenced genome URLhttps://plants.ensembl.org/Theobroma_cacao Sesa

Theobroma cacao (anaa cocoa dua) yɛ dua ketewa bi a ɛwɔ Malvaceae abusua mu.yɛ ketewa (ne tenten yɛ mita 6–12 (anammɔn 20–39) .[1][2] Wɔde n’aba, koko aba, yɛ chocolate ne koko bɔta.[3] Ivory Coast ne ɔman a ɛso sen biara a ɛsow cocoa aba wɔ 2018 mu, na na ne nnɔbae yɛ tɔn ɔpepem 2.2.

Nhwiren ne nnaba

Nkyerɛkyerɛmu

[sesa]
Nhwiren
[sesa]

Nhwiren no gu nnua no so wɔ nnua no mu, na wɔfrɛ no cauliflory. Nhwiren no yɛ nketewa, ne kɛse yɛ sɛntimita 1–2 (3⁄8–13⁄16 in), na ne ntini yɛ pink.[4]

Na' Aba

[sesa]

Aduaba no a wɔfrɛ no cacao pod no yɛ ovoid, ne tenten yɛ sɛntimita 15–30 (nsateakwaa 6–12) na ne tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ sɛntimita 8–10,

Aba no na wɔde yɛ chocolate, na wɔ aman bi so no, wɔde nkate no yɛ nsa a ɛma obi ho tɔ no, ne nea wɔde nom a ɛyɛ dɛ. Ngo pii wɔ aba biara mu. Ade titiriw a ɛwɔ aba no mu ne theobromine, a ɛyɛ nnuru a ɛma ahoɔden a ɛte sɛ caffeine.[5]

Kokoo Ho Adeyɛ

[sesa]
Cocoa aba ho adwuma– 2022
Country Cocoa aba ho adwuma
(tonnes)
lvory Coast 2,230,000
 Ghana 1,108,663
Indonesia 667,296
Ecuador 337,149
Cameroon 300,000
Nigeria 280,000
World 5,874,582
Beaɛ A Menyaa Mmoaa Fii[6]

Wɔ afe 2022 mu no, wiase nyinaa nnɔbae a wɔtɔ no yɛ tɔn ɔpepem 5.9, na Ivory Coast na edi kan wɔ nnɔbae no nyinaa mu ɔha mu nkyem 38. Afoforo a na wɔyɛ nnɔbae kɛse ne Ghana ( ɔha mu 19) ne Indonesia ( ɔha mu 11).

Kokoo Ho Ahobammɔ

[sesa]

Mmoawa ne nyarewa a ɛwɔ cocoa mu, ne wim nsakrae kyerɛ sɛ yebehia nnua ahorow foforo na ama yɛatumi adi ɔhaw ahorow yi ho dwuma.[7] Wɔ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn a wɔtete nnɔbae no anya nnɔbae ahorow pii, na wɔahwɛ ma nnɔbae a ɛwɔ asase so no daakye ho, animdefo ayɛ A Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Cacao Genetic Resources, a ɛno na ɛde Cocoa Adwuma a Ɛkɔ So no ho Nnyinasosɛm no.[8] Wɔn a wɔyɛ cocoa no ne wɔn adetɔfo agye saa nhyehyɛe yi atom, na ne botae ne sɛ wɔbɛboa ma wɔaka cocoa ahorow no ho asɛm, na wɔama cocoa a wɔaboaboa ano no mu ayɛ den, na mfaso a ɛwɔ so no ayɛ kɛse, na ama wɔanya nneɛma a wɔakora so no ho nsɛm pii. Wɔbɔ mmeae bi a cocoa gu ahorow ho ban wɔ ɔkwan horow so[9], sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔbɔ ɔman no aguan ahorow ho ban. Nanso, nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe nnansa yi a ɛfa awosu mu nneɛma ahorow ne wim tebea ho no kyerɛ sɛ edu 2050 a, saa mmeae a wɔabɔ ho ban no mu pii renyɛ papa mma cocoa. Ɛsan nso kyerɛ beae bi a ɛbɛn Iquitos wɔ Peru a ɛbɛkɔ so ayɛ nea ɛfata sɛ wɔdɔ kɔkɔɔ, na ɛhɔ na abɔde a nkwa wom pii wɔ, na ɛkae sɛ wɔnhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛbɔ saa beae yi ho ban. Nhyehyɛe afoforo te sɛ International Cocoa Quarantine Centre no, atirimpɔw ne sɛ ɛbɛko atia cocoa nyarewa na abɔ awosu ahorow ho ban.

Kokoo nhwiren
Theobroma kokoo

Kokoo Nkɔso Ho Abakɔsɛm

[sesa]

Akoko dua no fi Amazon kwae mu, na wɔdii kan de no yɛɛ fie bɛyɛ mfe 5,300 a atwam ni, wɔ Equatorial South America fi Santa Ana-La Florida (SALF) beae a ɛnnɛ wɔfrɛ hɔ Ecuador anafo fam apuei (Zamora-Chinchipe Mantam) no.[10][11]

Wɔ Mesoamerica no, wɔahu adaka a wɔde noa cacao no bi wɔ tetefo nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu no wɔ Early Formative (1900-900 BC) bere mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ade a ɛte saa bi a wohui wɔ Olmec tetefo nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu wɔ Veracruz, Mexico, Gulf Coast no kyerɛ sɛ nnipa a wɔtraa ase ansa na Olmecfo reba no fii ase de cacao dii dwuma wɔ 1750 A.Y.B.[12] Wɔ Mexico, wɔ Pacific mpoano wɔ Chiapas, no, Mokaya tetefo nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu wɔ hɔ no ma yehu sɛ na nnipa nom kakao nsa a efi bere bi a atwam koraa, bɛyɛ afe 1900 A.Y.B.[12]

Nhwɛsode

[sesa]
  • Adwumayɛfo a wofi India a wɔatu akɔtra Trinidad, a wɔregye wɔn ahome wɔ kokofuw mu, 1903
    Adwumayɛfo a wofi India a wɔatu akɔtra Trinidad, a wɔregye wɔn ahome wɔ kokofuw mu, 1903

Beaɛ A Menyaa Mmoaa Fii

[sesa]
  1. ↑ Player_list
  2. ↑ Player_list
  3. ↑ "Theobroma cacao", Wikipedia (in English), 2024-06-03, retrieved 2024-07-04
  4. ↑ Louis P. Ronse De Craene (2010-02-04), Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution (in English), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-48455-8, retrieved 2024-07-04
  5. ↑ player_list, retrieved 2024-07-04
  6. ↑ "Cocoa bean production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  7. ↑ Google Sites: Sign-in, retrieved 2024-07-04
  8. ↑ Google Sites: Sign-in, retrieved 2024-07-04
  9. ↑ Evert Thomas, Maarten van Zonneveld, Judy Loo, Toby Hodgkin, Gea Galluzzi, Jacob van Etten (2012-10-24), "Present Spatial Diversity Patterns of Theobroma cacao L. in the Neotropics Reflect Genetic Differentiation in Pleistocene Refugia Followed by Human-Influenced Dispersal", PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. e47676, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047676, ISSN 1932-6203, PMC 3480400, PMID 23112832, retrieved 2024-07-04{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Sonia Zarrillo, Nilesh Gaikwad, Claire Lanaud, Terry Powis, Christopher Viot, Isabelle Lesur, Olivier Fouet, Xavier Argout, Erwan Guichoux, Franck Salin, Rey Loor Solorzano, Olivier Bouchez, Hélène Vignes, Patrick Severts, Julio Hurtado, Alexandra Yepez, Louis Grivetti, Michael Blake, Francisco Valdez (2018-12), "The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon", Nature Ecology & Evolution (in English), vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 1879–1888, retrieved 2024-07-04 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Sweet discovery pushes back the origins of chocolate (in English), retrieved 2024-07-04
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 player_list, archived from the original on 2011-06-28, retrieved 2024-07-04
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