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Komilkhuja (munozara | hissa)
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Teg: Qaytarildi
Komilkhuja (munozara | hissa)
9 081 edits
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Teg: Qaytarildi
Qator 1: Qator 1:
{{Etnik guruh bilgiqutisi
{{Andoza:Fiqh}}
|nomi = Falastinliklar {{lang-ar|الفلسطينيون}}, {{Transliteration|ar|al-Filasṭīniyyūn}}
[[File:Atai (Walters MS 666) - A Juriconsult Giving Sexual Advice (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Muftiy]] kuyovi nikohini tuza olmagan ayolga nasihat qiladi(Usmonli tasviri, [[1721-yil]]).]]
|asl nomi =
'''Islomda jinsiy aloqa''' – asosan [[Qur’on]]ga, [[Muhammad]] alayhissalomga taalluqli soʻzlar (''[[hadis]]lar'') va diniy rahnamolarning jinsiy faoliyatni erkak va ayol oʻrtasidagi nikoh munosabatlari bilan chegaralovchi hukmlari (''[[fatvo]]'')ga asoslangan keng koʻlamli qarashlar va qonunlarni oʻz ichiga oladi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rassool |first1=G. Hussein |title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44125-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&q=islamic+sexual+jurisprudence&pg=PA75 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence |date=2016 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-853-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB29DwAAQBAJ&q=editions%3AISBN1851684565 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>. '''Jinsiy huquqshunoslik''' ({{lang-ar|الفقه الجنسي}}) va '''nikoh huquqshunosligi''' ({{lang-ar|فقه النكاح}}) islom ilmiy nuqtai nazarlari va jinsiy aloqa haqidagi hukmlarining kodifikatsiyasi boʻlib, ular ham oʻz navbatida [[Islomda oila fiqhi|islomda oila fiqhi]], islomda nikoh fiqhi, [[tahorat]], [[Islom jinoyat fiqhi|jinoiy]] va [[Islom bioetikasi|bioetik]] huquqning tarkibiy qismlarini oʻz ichiga oladi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallat |first1=Chibli |last2=Connors |first2=Jane Frances |title=Islamic Family Law |date=1990 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-1-85333-301-9 |pages=55, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goEwYQVb6HIC&q=sexual&pg=PA31 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohn-Sherbok |first1=Dan |last2=Chryssides |first2=George D. |last3=El-Alami |first3=Dawoud |title=Love, Sex and Marriage: Insights from Judaism, Christianity and Islam |date=2013 |publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd |isbn=978-0-334-04405-5 |pages=XX, 88, 182, 196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-b2FxcBswC&q=Islam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Aftab |title=Sex & Sexuality in Islam |date=2006 |publisher=Nashriyat |isbn=978-969-8983-04-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRTYAAAAMAAJ&q=islam+family+sex |access-date=26 May 2020 |page=296|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=Christie S. |title=Islamic Criminal Law: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-980604-1 |pages=10, 11, 12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFnZtem-HTQC&q=islamic+sexual+jurisprudence&pg=PA10 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zia |first1=Afiya Shehrbano |title=Sex Crime in the Islamic Context: Rape, Class and Gender in Pakistan |date=1994 |publisher=ASR |isbn=978-969-8217-23-5 |pages=7, 9, 32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=se_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=islam+sex+criminal |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=IB>{{cite book |last1=Bagheri |first1=Alireza |last2=Al-ali |first2=Khalid Abdulla |title=Islamic Bioethics: Current Issues And Challenges |date=30 August 2017 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-1-78326-751-4 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpA4DwAAQBAJ&dq=sterilization+permitted+Islam&pg=PA239 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>. Islomda jinsiy aloqaga oid barcha koʻrsatmalar, birinchidan, [[Taqvodorlik|taqvo]] yoki itoat, ikkinchidan esa, [[imon]] yoki [[Alloh]]ga sodiqlikning bir qismi hisoblanadi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halstead |first1=Mark |last2=Reiss |first2=Michael |title=Values in Sex Education: From Principles to Practice |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-57200-7 |page=284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaaCAgAAQBAJ&dq=sex+taqwa&pg=PA99 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Edward E. |title=The Columbia Sourcebook of Muslims in the United States |date=18 May 2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13957-1 |page=226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToXGAgAAQBAJ&dq=sex+taqwa&pg=PA226 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>. Islomiy nikoh fiqhi musulmon erkaklarga bir nechta ayolni oʻz nikohiga olishga ruxsat beradi(bu [[islomda koʻpxotinlilik]] deb ataladi)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Saeeda |title=Education, Leadership and Islam: Theories, discourses and practices from an Islamic perspective |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-05254-6 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afUWCgAAQBAJ&q=sex+segregation+islam&pg=PA96 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>.
|tasvir = File:Flag of Palestine.svg
|tasvir tagyozuvi = Falastin bayrogʻi
|soni = 14,3 mln<ref name="PCBS 2022" >[https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_InterPopDay2022E.pdf „Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Presents the Conditions of Palestinian Populations on the Occasion of the International Population Day, 11/07/2022“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127221910/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_InterPopDay2022E.pdf |date=27 November 2023 }}, [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ]] (PCBS) 7 July 2022</ref>
|hudud = {{flag|Falastin|name=Falastin davlati}}
|hudud1 = {{flag|Falastin}}
|soni1 = 5 350 000<ref name="PCBS 2022" />
|izohlar1 = <ref name=UNRWA2019/><ref name=Maan11716>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=772177 'PCBS reports Palestinian population growth to 4.81 million,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713062707/http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=772177 |date=13 July 2016 }} [[Ma'an News Agency]] 11 July 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ 'The World Fact Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722231029/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |date=22 July 2021 }} CIA July 2015.</ref>
|hudud2 = {{flag|Iordaniya}}
|soni2 = 5 415 491<ref name=UNRWA2019/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/pop_2009-E.pdf|title=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Press Release|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094916/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/pop_2009-E.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|hudud3 ={{flag|Isroil}}
|soni3 = 2 037 000
|izohlar3 = <ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-population-approaches-9-7-million-as-2022-comes-to-an-end/ „Israel’s population approaches 9.7 million as 2022 comes to an end“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602142255/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-population-approaches-9-7-million-as-2022-comes-to-an-end/ |date=2 June 2023 }}, ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' 10 December 2022</ref>
|hudud4 = {{flag|Suriya}}
|soni4 = 568,530 (Faqat 2021-yilda qochqinlar roʻyxatga olingan)
|izohlar4 =<ref name=UNRWA2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work|title=Where We Work UNRWA|website=UNRWA|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707222721/https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work|url-status=live}}</ref>
|hudud5 ={{flag|Chili}}
|soni5 = 500 000
|izohlar5 = <ref name=laventana1>{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514 |title=La Ventana&nbsp;– Littin: "Quiero que esta película sea una contribución a la paz" |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |access-date=17 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514 |archive-date=22 July 2009 }}</ref>
|hudud6 = {{flag|Saudiya Arabistoni}}
|soni6 = 400 000
|izohlar6 =<ref name=Joshproj>{{cite web|title=The Arab, Palestinian people group is reported in 25 countries|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14276/YM|publisher=Joshua Project|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918090914/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14276/YM|url-status=live}}</ref>
|hudud7 = {{flag|Qatar}}
|soni7 =295,000
|izohlar7 =<ref name=Joshproj/>
|hudud8 ={{flag|Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari}}
|soni8 = 200,000
|izohlar8 =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themedialine.org/by-region/palestinians-living-in-uae-uncertain-over-peace-deal-with-israel/|title=Palestinians Living in UAE Uncertain Over Peace Deal With Israel|date=16 August 2020|website=The Media Line|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524015936/https://themedialine.org/by-region/palestinians-living-in-uae-uncertain-over-peace-deal-with-israel/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|hudud9 = {{flag|Livan}}
|soni9 = 174,000 (2017 yilgi aholi roʻyxati)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/lebanon-conducts-first-ever-census-palestinian-refugees |title=Lebanon conducts first-ever census of Palestinian refugees |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224210451/http://jordantimes.com/news/region/lebanon-conducts-first-ever-census-palestinian-refugees |url-status=live }}</ref> –458,369 (2016-yilda roʻyxatga olingan qochqinlar)<ref name=UNRWA2019/>
|izohlar9 =
|hudud10 = {{flag|Gonduras}}
|soni10 =27 000 – 200 000<ref name=Joshproj />
|izohlar10 =<ref>Jorge Alberto Amaya, [http://documents.mx/documents/los-arabes-articulo-copia.html Los Árabes y Palestinos en Honduras: su establecimiento e impacto en la sociedad hondureña contemporánea:1900–2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818115513/http://documents.mx/documents/los-arabes-articulo-copia.html |date=18 August 2016 }} 23 July 2015.'En suma, los árabes y palestinos, arribados al país a finales del siglo XIX, dominan hoy en día la economía del país, y cada vez están emergiendo como actores importantes de la clase política hondureña y forman, después de Chile, la mayor concentración de descendientes de palestinos en América Latina, con entre 150,000 y 200,000 personas.'</ref>
|hudud11 ={{flag|Germaniya}}
|soni11 = 100 000
|izohlar11 =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/inside-famous-palestinian-berlin-germany-neighbourhood|title=Inside Berlin's famous Palestinian neighbourhood|website=Middle East Eye|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103043953/https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/inside-famous-palestinian-berlin-germany-neighbourhood|url-status=live}}</ref>
|hudud12 ={{flag|Kuvayt}}
|soni12 = 80 000
|izohlar12 = <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/palestinians-open-kuwait-embassy.html|work=Al Monitor|title=Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy|date=23 May 2013|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522150710/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/palestinians-open-kuwait-embassy.html|archive-date=22 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|hudud13 ={{flag|Misr}}
|soni13 = 70 000
|izohlar13 =<ref name=Joshproj/>
|hudud14 = {{flag|El Salvador}}
|soni14 = 70 000
|izohlar14 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elsalvadorperspectives.com/2006/02/el-salvadors-palestinian-connection.html|title=El Salvador's Palestinian connection|date=26 February 2006|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015104059/https://www.elsalvadorperspectives.com/2006/02/el-salvadors-palestinian-connection.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|hudud15 = {{flag|Braziliya}}
|soni15 = 59 000
|izohlar15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.org.br/historico/e4.htm |title=test0.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323120645/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.org.br/historico/e4.htm |archive-date=23 March 2009 }}</ref>
|hudud16 = {{flag|Liviya}}
|soni16 = 59 000
|izohlar16 = <ref name=Joshproj/>
|hudud17 = {{flag|Iroq}}
|soni17 = 57 000
|izohlar17 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-awdacal.org/iraq-facts.html |title=Factsheet: Palestinian Refugees in Iraq |access-date=16 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720101345/http://al-awdacal.org/iraq-facts.html |archive-date=20 July 2009}}</ref>
|hudud18 = {{flag|Kanada}}
|soni18 = 50 975
|izohlar18 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF&GID=837928 |title=Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agg.. |publisher=2.statcan.ca |access-date=22 April 2009 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150441/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|hudud19 = {{flag|Yaman}}
|soni19 = 29 000
|izohlar19 = <ref name=Joshproj/>
|hudud20= {{flag|Birlashgan Qirollik}}
|soni20 = 20 000
|izohlar20 =<ref name=Europe>{{cite web|url=http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:4367|title=The Palestinian Diaspora in Europe|access-date=22 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824052806/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:4367|archive-date=24 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|hudud21= {{flag|Peru}}
|soni21= 15 000
|izohlar21= {{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
|hudud22={{flag|Meksika}}
|soni22= 13 000
|izohlar22= <ref name=Joshproj/>
|hudud23={{flag|Kolumbiya}}
|soni23= 12 000
|izohlar23=<ref name=Joshproj/>
|hudud24= {{flag|Niderlandiya}}
|soni24= 9 000 – 15 0000
|izohlar24= <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palestinelink.eu/palestine/facts-and-figures/palestinians-in-the-netherlands/ |title=Did you know that ... Palestinians in the Netherlands – Palestine Link |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104211217/http://www.palestinelink.eu/palestine/facts-and-figures/palestinians-in-the-netherlands/ |archive-date=4 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|hudud25= {{flag|Avstraliya}}
|soni25= 7 000 (tax)
|izohlar25= <ref>{{cite web |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/11443/handing-on-the-key_brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en |title=Handing on the key |access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102045850/http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/11443/handing-on-the-key_brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/Lookup/C41A78D7568811B9CA256E9D0077CA12/$File/20540_2001%20(corrigendum).pdf|title=Australians' Ancestries|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311184537/http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/Lookup/C41A78D7568811B9CA256E9D0077CA12/$File/20540_2001|url-status=live}}</ref>
|hudud26= {{flag|Shvetsiya}}
|soni26= 7 000
|izohlar26= <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immi.se/encyklopedi/tiki-index.php?page=Palestinier|title=Palestinier|author=Miguel Benito|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729055833/http://www.immi.se/encyklopedi/tiki-index.php?page=Palestinier|archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
|hudud27= {{flag|Jazoir}}
|soni27= 4 030
|izohlar27= <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e485e16.html |title=2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Algeria |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |year=2013 |access-date=22 December 2013 |archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521172440/https://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e485e16.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|tillari = ''' Falastin va Isroilda:''' <br />[[Falastin arabcha|Arabcha]], [[Zamonaviy ibroniycha|Ibroniycha]], [[Ingliz tili|Inglizcha]]<br />
|dini = '''Koʻpchilik:'''<br />[[Sunniylik]]<br />'''Ozchilik:'''<br />[[Xristianlik]], [[Mazhabga mansub bo'lmagan musulmon|mazhabsiz Islom]], [[Darziylar]], [[Samariylik]]<ref>Mor, M., Reiterer, F. V., & Winkler, W. (2010). Samaritans: Past and present: Current studies. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 217.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/clinging-to-ancient-traditions-the-last-samaritans-keep-the-faith/ |title=Clinging to ancient traditions, the last Samaritans keep the faith |last=Miller |first=Elhanan |date=26 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328152557/https://www.timesofisrael.com/clinging-to-ancient-traditions-the-last-samaritans-keep-the-faith/ |url-status=live }}</ref>, [[Shialik]]<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521075104/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |date=21 May 2020 }} retrieved 4 September 2013</ref>
|etnik guruhlari = [[Iordaniya demografiyasi|Iordanlar]], [[Livanlar]], [[Suriyaliklar]], [[Arablar]] va boshqalar<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hajjej |first1=Abdelhafidh |last2=Almawi |first2=Wassim Y. |last3=Arnaiz-Villena |first3=Antonio |last4=Hattab |first4=Lasmar |last5=Hmida |first5=Slama |date=9 March 2018 |title=The genetic heterogeneity of Arab populations as inferred from HLA genes |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=e0192269 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192269 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5844529 |pmid=29522542 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392269H |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|manbalar =
}}


''' Falastinliklar ''' ({{lang-ar|الفلسطينيون}}, {{Transliteration|ar|al-Filasṭīniyyūn}}; {{lang-he|פָלַסְטִינִים}}, {{Transliteration|he|Fālasṭīnīm}}) yoki '''Falastin aholisi''' ({{lang-ar|الشعب الفلسطيني|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ar|ash-sha‘b al-Filasṭīnī}}), '''Falastinlik arablar''' ({{lang-ar|العرب الفلسطينيون|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ar|al-ʿArab al-Filasṭīniyyūn}}) deb ham ataladi. Etnomilliy guruh<ref>[[Tamara Cofman Wittes|Wittes, Tamara Cofman]]. 2005. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kSrWfRY9DqcC&pg=PA5 How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193827/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSrWfRY9DqcC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}''. [[United States Institute of Peace|US Institute of Peace Press]]. p. 5. „But given that the groups we are concerned with (Israelis and Palestinians) are ethnonational groups, their political cultures are heavily shaped by their ethnonational identities.“</ref><ref>Jabareen, Hassan. 2002. „The Future of Arab Citizenship in Israel:Jewish-Zionist Time in as Place with No Palestinian memory.“ In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=s9_KHjmm6ssC&pg=PA214 Challenging Ethnic Citizenship: German and Israeli Perspectives on Immigration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193827/https://books.google.com/books?id=s9_KHjmm6ssC&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', edited by D. Levy and Y. Weiss. Berghahn Books. p. 214. „This blurring has led to a situation in which characteristics of the State of Israel are presented as characteristics of a nation-state, even though (de facto) it is a binational state, and Palestinian citizens are presented as an ethnic minority group although they are a homeland majority.“</ref><ref>Hussain, Mir Zohair, and Stephan Shumock. 2006. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uqYDX_4XQscC&pg=PA284 „Ethnonationalism: A Concise Overview“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193827/https://books.google.com/books?id=uqYDX_4XQscC&pg=PA284#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}. In ''Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict: Primal Violence Or the Politics of Conviction'', edited by S. C. Saha. Lexington Books. pp. 269ff, 284: „The Palestinians…are an ethnic minority in their country of residence.“</ref><ref>Nasser, Riad. 2013. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bA5aJDgGjR8C&pg=PA69 Palestinian Identity in Jordan and Israel: The Necessary 'Others' in the Making of a Nation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193828/https://books.google.com/books?id=bA5aJDgGjR8C&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}''. Routledge: „What is noteworthy here is the use of a general category 'Arabs', instead of a more specific one of 'Palestinians.' By turning to a general category, the particularity of Palestinians, among other ethnic and national groups, is erased and in its place Jordanian identity is implanted.“</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haklai |first=Oded |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTuxZA-sFiwC&pg=PA112 |title=Palestinian Ethnonationalism in Israel |date=2011-06-15 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0439-1 |language=en |quote=...throughout the 1990s and 2000s a growing number of PAI political organizations have been increasingly promoting Palestinian consciousness, advancing ethnonationalist objectives, and demanding recognition of collective group rights. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193937/https://books.google.com/books?id=jTuxZA-sFiwC&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Acculturation, religious identity, and psychological well-being among Palestinians in Israel |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |date=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.05.006 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=325–331|last1=Abu-Rayya |first1=Hisham Motkal |last2=Abu-Rayya |first2=Maram Hussien }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moilanen-Miller |first1=Heather |title=The Construction of Identity through Tradition: Palestinians in the Detroit Metro Area |journal=International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science |pages=143–150 |url=http://www.iji.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.88/prod.823 |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092821/http://www.iji.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.88/prod.823 |url-status=dead }}</ref> koʻp yillar davomida [[Falastin]] hududida yashab kelgan va bugungi kunda madaniy va til jihatidan [[arab]] boʻlgan xalqlardan kelib chiqqan<ref>{{Cite news |date=1978-02-19 |title=Palestine Nationalism: A. Search for Roots |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/19/archives/palestine-nationalism-a-search-for-roots.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The Palestinians are an Arab people, largely Moslem but with important numbers of Christians, who live in, once lived in, or trace their descent through parents or grandparents to the land once known as Palestine, which came under a British mandate in 1922 and now is the land of Israel, the West Bank of the Jordan and the Gaza Strip. |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015103939/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/19/archives/palestine-nationalism-a-search-for-roots.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yakobson |first1=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFxW-7skk3UC |title=Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation-state and Human Rights |last2=Rubinstein |first2=Amnon |date=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-46441-3 |pages=179 |language=en |quote=Of course, the notion that the Palestinians are an Arab people, an integral part of the Arab world ('the Arab nation'), is wholly legitimate and natural, given the history and culture of the people in question. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102132926/https://books.google.com/books?id=tFxW-7skk3UC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilmer|first=Franke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ygSEAAAQBAJ|title=Breaking Cycles of Violence in Israel and Palestine: Empathy and Peacemaking in the Middle East|date=15 January 2021|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-7936-2352-2|pages=14|language=en|quote=People know who they are, where they live, and where their families have lived for centuries or millennia|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193828/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ygSEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Dowty>{{cite book |author=Dowty, Alan |year=2008 |title=Israel/Palestine |location=London, UK |publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]] |page=221 |isbn=978-0-7456-4243-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrcoTW_vKDUC&pg=PA221 |quote=Palestinians are the descendants of all the indigenous peoples who lived in Palestine over the centuries; since the seventh century, they have been predominantly Muslim in religion and almost completely Arab in language and culture. |author-link=Alan Dowty |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193828/https://books.google.com/books?id=RrcoTW_vKDUC&pg=PA221#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Abu-Libdeh, Bassam, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi. 2012. „Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians“. Pp. 700–11 in ''Genomics and Health in the Developing World'', edited by D. Kumar. [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 700:
== Fiqhiy koʻrsatmalar ==
=== Hayo ===
{{Main|Hayo | Islomda kiyim}}
{{see also|Avrat|Islomda jinslarni ajratish|Islomda gender rollari|Mahram}}
Islom dini odob, hayo va iffat tushunchalariga qattiq urgʻu bergan. Qonuniy jinsiy aloqa bilan bir qatorda, oilaviy munosabatlar ichida ham, undan tashqarida ham hayo va iffatga ustuvor ahamiyat beriladi. Qur’oni karimda nohaq nafsdan (fahsh) ogohlantiriladi<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqAYCn1O5WwC&q=fahisha&pg=PT307|title=Reading the Qur'an: The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of Islam|date= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-991149-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ṣallābī|first=ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rU11lVnBWOwC&q=fahishah&pg=PA309|title=The Noble Life of the Prophet|publisher=Darussalam|year=2005|isbn=978-9960-9678-7-5|location=Riyadh, Saudu Arabia|pages=309, 310|language=en}}</ref> va hadis adabiyotida hayo „iymonning bir qismi“ deb taʼriflangan<ref>{{cite web | url=http://40hadithnawawi.com/index.php/the-hadiths/hadith-20 | title=Hadith 20 :: Modesty is from Faith | publisher=40hadithnawawi.com | access-date=27 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810122508/http://40hadithnawawi.com/index.php/the-hadiths/hadith-20 | archive-date=10 August 2015 }}</ref>. Islom yalangʻochlik va ochiq-oydin boʻlishni qatʼiyan man etadi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Akbar S. |title=Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92417-2 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ARFh_D9pzEC&q=nudity+in+Islam&pg=PA89 |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Aftab |title=Sex & Sexuality in Islam |date=2006 |publisher=Nashriyat |isbn=978-969-8983-04-8 |pages=312, 320, 414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRTYAAAAMAAJ&q=nakedness+in+Islam |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>, shuningdek, turmush oʻrtoqlar oʻzlarining shaxsiy oilaviy hayotlarida oʻzaro sodir boʻlayotgan voqealar, sirlarini tarqatishlari ham taqiqlanadi<ref name="Marital privacy">{{cite web | url=http://www.quran.mu/marital-privacy-in-islam.html | title=Marital privacy in Islam | access-date=1 December 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208211244/http://www.quran.mu/marital-privacy-in-islam.html | archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref>.


„Palestinians are an indigenous people who either live in, or originate from, historical Palestine…. Although the Muslims guaranteed security and allowed religious freedom to all inhabitants of the region, the majority converted to Islam and adopted Arab culture.“</ref><ref>[[Rashid Khalidi|Khalidi, Rashid Ismail]], et al. [1999] 2020. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Roman-Palestine#ref45060 „Palestine § From the Arab Conquest to 1900“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030111546/https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Roman-Palestine#ref45060 |date=30 October 2023 }}. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.
=== Taʼlim ===
==== Voyaga yetgan ====
Islomda jinsiy tarbiyaga nisbatan uzoq vaqtdan beri pragmatizm anʼanalari mavjud boʻlib, jinsiy aloqa osonlik bilan muhokama qilinadi va muhokama qilinayotgan mavzular Islomda ruxsat etilgan boʻlsa, mavzu yoki tabu emas. [[Muhammad]] sollallohu alayhi vasallamning xotini [[Oisha]] roziyallohu anhoga nisbat berilgan hadisda aytilishicha, ayniqsa, [[ansor]] ayollari [[halol]] ekan, [[jinsiy aloqa]]da savol berishdan tortinmas edilar<ref>Bukhari, Book 3, Number 0649.</ref>{{Better source needed|this is just original research|date=November 2023}}. 14-asrdan boshlab, oʻsha paytda musulmon olamining buyuk adabiy markazi boʻlgan [[Bagʻdod]]da islomiy jinsiy tarbiyaga bagʻishlangan butun qoʻlyozmalar [[arab tili]]da yozila boshlandi<ref>{{cite journal |title=Women and Men in al-Suyūṭī's Guides to Sex and Marriage |last=Myrne |first=Pernilla |date=2018 |publisher=The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC) at the University of Chicago |issn=1947-2404 |doi=10.25846/26hn-gp87 |pages=47–67 |journal=Mamlūk Studies Review |volume=XXI |url=https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1253?ln=en}}</ref>.


„The process of Arabization and Islamization was gaining momentum there. It was one of the mainstays of Umayyad power and was important in their struggle against both Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula…. Conversions arising from convenience as well as conviction then increased. These conversions to Islam, together with a steady tribal inflow from the desert, changed the religious character of Palestineʼs inhabitants. The predominantly Christian population gradually became predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking. At the same time, during the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to [[Jerusalem]] after a 500-year absence.“</ref><ref name=palestineeb/><ref name=Lewis>{{cite book |title=Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice |author=Bernard Lewis |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |year=1999 |page=169 |isbn=978-0-393-31839-5}}</ref><ref>[[James Parkes (clergyman)|Parkes, James]]. [1949] 1970. ''Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine'' (rev. ed.) Penguin. pp. 209–10:
[[File:Portrait du Cheikh Nefzaoui.png|200px|thumb|Muhammad al-Nefzaviyning portreti]]
''Xushboʻy lazzat bogʻi'' ([[arabcha]]: الروض العاطر في نزهة الخاطر) – XV asrda arabcha islomiy jinsiy aloqa boʻyicha qoʻllanma va Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nefzaviyning erotik adabiyot asari boʻlib, oddiygina „Nefzaviy“ nomi bilan ham tanilgan.


„the word 'Arab' needs to be used with care. It is applicable to the Bedouin and to a section of the urban and effendi classes; it is inappropriate as a description of the rural mass of the population, the fellaheen. The whole population spoke Arabic, usually corrupted by dialects bearing traces of words of other origin, but it was only the Bedouin who habitually thought of themselves as Arabs. Western travelers from the sixteenth century onwards make the same distinction, and the word 'Arab' almost always refers to them exclusively…. Gradually it was realized that there remained a substantial stratum of the pre-Israelite peasantry, and that the oldest element among the peasants were not 'Arabs' in the sense of having entered the country with or after the conquerors of the seventh century, had been there already when the Arabs came.“</ref>.
==== Voyaga yetmagan ====
[[Abdulloh Nosih Ulvon]]ning fikricha, balogʻatga yetgunga qadar jinsiy tarbiya berish tavsiya etilmaydi, bolalarga buning belgilarini va erkaklarni ayollardan ajratib turadigan xususiyatlarni oʻrgatish kutiladi<ref name=CEII>{{cite book |last1=Alwan |first1=Abdullah Nasih |last2=Ghali |first2=Mahmoud |last3=Ghani |first3=Kamal Abdul |last4=Elkhatib |first4=Shafiq |last5=Shaban |first5=Ali Ahmad |last6=Al-Gindi |first6=Ash-Shahhat |last7=Zeid |first7=Khalifa Ezzat |first8=Selma |last8=Cook |title=Child Education in Islam |date=2004 |publisher=Dar-Us Salam |location=Cairo |isbn=977-342-000-0 |pages=186–214 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk685SYzgOIC&q=child+education+in+islam&pg=PA14 |access-date=19 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>. Islom anʼanalari ham jinsiy tarbiyani odob-axloq bilan uygʻunlashtirishga daʼvat etib, islomiy qoidalarni tana aʼzolarini yopish, ''[[avrat]]'' va [[hayo]], iffat va fahshdan saqlanish borasidagi islomiy pozitsiyalarini tushuntirib beradi<ref name=CEII/>.
=== Sunnat ===
{{See also|Xatna|Sunnat|Ayol jinsiy aʼzolarini kesish haqidagi diniy qarashlar}}
Xitan yoki [[Xatna]] ({{lang-ar|ختان}}, {{lang-ar|ختنة}}) musulmonlar tomonidan madaniy marosim sifatida amalga oshirilgan erkak sunnatining atamasi boʻlib, keng islom jamoatchiligiga mansublik belgisi hisoblanadi<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |title=Circumcision of boys |access-date=29 July 2008 |work=Religion & ethics – Islam |publisher=BBC |date=24 March 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305204605/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=5 March 2008 }}</ref>. Islomni qabul qilgandan keyin amalga oshirilishi kerakmi yoki yoʻqmi, bu islom ulamolari oʻrtasida bahs-munozaralar mavjud<ref>{{cite web |url=http://convertingtoislam.com/circum.html |title=Male circumcision – the Islamic View |publisher=www.convertingtoislam.com |access-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217175325/http://convertingtoislam.com/circum.html |archive-date=17 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicinvitationcentre.com/FAQ/converts/FAQ_converts.html#Anchor-34662circumcision|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227151507/http://islamicinvitationcentre.com/FAQ/converts/FAQ_converts.html#Anchor-34662circumcision|archive-date=27 December 2010 |title=Is Circumcision obligatory after conversion? |publisher=Islamicinvitationcentre.com |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref>. [[Qurʼon]] hech bir oyatda ochiq yoki bilvosita sunnat haqida soʻz yuritilmagan, baʼzi hadislarda esa ''[[fitra]]'' (nafosatli kishining amallari) deb nomlanuvchi amallar roʻyxatida sunnat toʻgʻrisida zikr qilingan. Biroq turli hadislar sunnat fitraga kiradimi yoki yoʻqmi, degan savolga zid keladi. Baʼzi rivoyatlarga koʻra, [[Muhammad]] sunnatsiz (apostetik) tugʻilgan, boshqalari esa, bobosi [[Abdulmuttalib|Abd al-Muttalib]] uni yetti kunlik boʻlganida sunnat qilgan, deb taʼkidlashadi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |title=Religions – Islam: Circumcision of boys |publisher=BBC |date=13 August 2009 |access-date=26 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629074142/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=29 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>Al-Halabi, Ali Ibn-Burhan-al-Din. Alsirah al-halabiyyah. Vol.1 Beirut: Al-maktabah al-islamiyyah. (n.d.): 54-5.</ref>. Sunnatni qoʻllab-quvvatlovchi islomiy manbalar ham oila, mintaqa va mamlakatga bogʻliq boʻlishi mumkin boʻlgan sunnat uchun maʼlum vaqtni belgilamaydi. Afzal yosh odatda yetti yoshdir, garchi baʼzi musulmonlar tugʻilgandan keyin yettinchi kunida va [[balogʻatga yetish]]ish boshlanishidan oldin sunnat qilinadi<ref name="bbc" />.
=== Balogʻatga yetishish ===
{{Main|Balogʻat yoshi}}


Turli [[Arab-Isroil mojarosi|urush]]lar va qochqinlarga qaramay, dunyo Falastin aholisining qariyb yarmi hozirda [[Isroil]] va [[Gʻarbiy Sohil]] va [[Gʻazo sektori]]dagi [[Falastin]] hududlarini qamrab olgan sobiq Majburiy Falastin hududida istiqomat qilishda davom etmoqda<ref name=Ember2005>{{cite book|author1=Melvin Ember|author2=Carol R. Ember|author3=Ian A. Skoggard|title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA234|access-date=2 May 2013|year=2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-48321-9|pages=234–|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193828/https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>. [[Isroil]]da falastinliklar [[arab]] fuqarolarining bir qismi sifatida aholining deyarli 21 foizini tashkil qiladi<ref name=critical>Alan Dowty, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MEE2Erm6qIMC&pg=PA110 Critical issues in Israeli society], Greenwood (2004), p. 110</ref>.
[[Balogʻat yoshi]] (''Bāligh'' yoki ''bulūgh''; {{lang-ar|بالغ yoki بُلوغ}}) balogʻatga yetgan va Islom [[shariat]]iga koʻra toʻliq javobgarlikka ega boʻlgan shaxsni anglatadi. Islomda inson hayoti ikki qismga boʻlingan boʻlib, birinchisi, oʻsmirlik yoki balogʻat yoshidan oldin, insonning begunoh deb hisoblanishi, ikkinchisi, oʻsmirlik yoki balogʻat yoshidan soʻng, insonga islom shariati toʻliq tatbiq etilib, oxirat hukmi amalga oshiriladi. Agar biror kishi voyaga yetmasdan vafot etsa, u [[jannat]]ga kirgan hisoblanadi<ref name="mi">{{cite book |last1=Meri |first1=Josef W. |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |date=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-96690-0 |page=150url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&q=puberty+islam&pg=PA150 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ei">{{cite book |title=Elementary Education and Motivation in Islam |date=2010 |publisher=Cambria Press |isbn=978-1-62196-932-7 |pages=21, 25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdaLbLKJ9CkC&q=puberty+islam&pg=PA25 |access-date=24 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>.


[[1919-yil]]da [[Falastinda Islom|falastinlik musulmonlar]] va [[Falastin nasroniylari|falastinlik nasroniylar]] yahudiy immigratsiyasining uchinchi toʻlqini va [[Birinchi jahon urushi]]dan keyin Britaniya Majburiy Falastinni oʻrnatishdan oldin Falastin aholisining 90 foizini tashkil qilgan<ref>[[Kathleen Christison]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5hesBrK0vbcC&pg=PA32 Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U. S. Middle East Policy]'', University of California Press, 2001 p.32.</ref><ref>Alfred J. Andrea, James H. Overfield, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ISU9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437 The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume II: Since 1500]'', Cengage Learning, 2011 7th.ed. op,437.</ref>. Yahudiylarning immigratsiyasiga qarshilik Falastin jamiyati hali ham mintaqaviy, diniy va oilaviy tafovutlar tufayli parchalanib ketgan boʻlsa-da, yagona milliy oʻziga xoslikni mustahkamlashga turtki boʻldi<ref>Rashid Khalidi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA24 pp.24–26]</ref><ref>Paul Scham, Walid Salem, Benjamin Pogrund (eds.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA72 Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192547/https://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA72#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', Left Coast Press, 2005 pp.69–73.</ref>. [[Falastin]] milliy oʻziga xosligi tarixi olimlar oʻrtasida bahsli masaladir<ref name="Likhovski">{{cite book |last=Likhovski |first=Assaf |title=Law and identity in mandate Palestine |year=2006 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-3017-8 |page=174 }}</ref><ref name=Gelvin2014>{{cite book |last=Gelvin |first=James L. |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDaZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |date=13 January 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-47077-4 |page=93 |quote=Palestinian nationalism emerged during the interwar period in response to Zionist immigration and settlement. The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. . . Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the Yishuv originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other". |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192547/https://books.google.com/books?id=GDaZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>. Baʼzilar uchun „Falastin“ atamasi IXX asr oxiridan boshlab [[Birinchi jahon urushi]]gacha boʻlgan davrda Falastin arablari tomonidan Falastin xalqining millatchilik tushunchasiga ishora qilish uchun ishlatiladi desa, boshqalar Falastinning oʻziga xosligi Bibliya davridan to Usmonlilar davrigacha boʻlgan barcha davrlarning merosini oʻz ichiga oladi deydi<ref name=palestineeb/><ref name=Lewis/><ref name=Khalidip18>[[Rashid Khalidi]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA18 Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193200/https://books.google.com/books?id=YDPKFyZ38qsC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2010, p. 18.</ref>. Isroil Mustaqillik Deklaratsiyasi, [[1948-yil]]da Falastinning quvgʻin qilinishidan va [[1967-yil]]gi Falastinliklarning qochib ketishidan soʻng, „Falastin“ atamasi Falastin davlatiga intilish shaklida umumiy kelajak tuygʻusiga aylandi<ref name=palestineeb>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Palestine |year=2007 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=29 August 2007 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45075/The-term-Palestinian |quote=The Arabs of Palestine began widely using the term Palestinian starting in the pre–World War I period to indicate the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people. But after 1948—and even more so after 1967—for Palestinians themselves the term came to signify not only a place of origin but also, more importantly, a sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian state. |archive-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194219/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45075/The-term-Palestinian |url-status=live }}</ref>.
Oʻgʻil bolalarda balogʻatga yetishning minimal yoshi taxminan 12 qamariy yilni tashkil qiladi va alomatlar boʻlmasa, taxminan 15 oy yilidan maksimal 18 oy yiligacha yoki geografik mintaqaga qarab farq qilishi mumkin. Oʻgʻil bolalarda balogʻatga yetishning belgilari – jinsiy tuklarning oʻsishi va sperma ajralishi hisoblanadi. Qizlar uchun balogʻat yoshining eng kam yoshi taxminan 9 qamariy yoshni tashkil etadi va agar alomatlar yoʻq boʻlsa, u taxminan 15 qamariy yildan maksimal 17 qamariy yil yoki 18 oy yili deb hisoblanishi mumkin yoki qizlar uchun geografik mintaqaga qarab farq qilishi mumkin. Qizlarda balogʻatga yetishning belgilari – bu jinsiy tuklar, hayz koʻrish va homilador boʻlish qobiliyati hisoblanadi<ref name="ei"/><ref name="doi">{{cite book|last1=Hughes |first1=Thomas Patrick |title=A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion |date=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen |page=476 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDtbAAAAQAAJ&q=puberty+islam&pg=PA476 |access-date=24 May 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Torab |first1=Azam |title=Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Islam |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15295-3 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsWorLT4p3UC&q=puberty+islam&pg=PA169 |access-date=24 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>.


== Etimologiya ==
[[Nikoh]]ga oid masalalarda ''balogʻat'' soʻzi ''hatto tutiqaʼl-rijol'' huquqiy iborasini bildiradi, yaʼni qiz jismonan [[jinsiy aloqa]]ga tayyor boʻlmaguncha [[to‘y]] boʻlmaydi. Bu, garchi shart boʻlmasa ham, hayz koʻrish yoki tungi emissiya bilan namoyon boʻladigan jinsiy yetuklikka toʻgʻri kelishi mumkin<ref name=Masud1996>Masud, ''Islamic Legal Interpretation, Muftis and Their Fatwas'', [[Harvard University]] Press, 1996.</ref>. Faqat rushd deb ataladigan alohida shart yoki oʻz mulkini boshqarish uchun aqliy kamolotga erishilgandan keyingina xotin oʻz [[Qalin|qalin puli]]ni olishi mumkin<ref name=Masud1996/>.
{{Main article|Falastin nomining xronologiyasi{{!}}Falastin nomining xronologiyasi}}


[[File:Filastin 1936 issue (cropped).png|thumb|''Falastin'' gazetasining [[1936-yil]]dagi soni. [[1911-yil]]da tashkil etilganidan buyon oʻz oʻquvchilariga „Falastinliklar“ deb murojaat qilgan<ref name="AAP1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHa3AwAAQBAJ|title=The PFLP's Changing Role in the Middle East|page=36|author=Harold M. Cubert|publisher=Routledge|date=3 June 2014|isbn=978-1-135-22022-8 |accessdate=31 December 2023|quote=That year, Al-Karmil was founded in Haifa 'with the purpose of opposing Zionist colonization...' and in 1911, Falastin began publication, referring to its readers, for the first time, as 'Palestinians'.}}</ref>]]
==== Hayz koʻrish ====
{{main|Islomda hayz koʻrish}}
Qur’oni karimning [[Baqara surasi]]da hayz koʻrish hamda hayz paytida jinsiy aloqa qilish taqiqlanganligini haqida musulmonlarga alohida eslatib oʻtadi<ref name="Joseph2007">{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Suad |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures |year=2007 |publisher=Brill |page=531}}</ref> va unda buyuradi:


[[Arabcha]] ''Filasṭīn'' (فلسطين) soʻzining kelib chiqishi boʻlgan [[yunon tili|yunoncha]] toponimi ''Palaistínē (Παλαιστίνη)'' birinchi marta miloddan avvalgi V asr yunon tarixchisi [[Gerodot]]ning asarida uchraydi va bu yer odatda<ref name="Exception">With the exception of Bks. 1, 105; 3.91.1, and 4.39, 2.</ref> Misrdan Finikiyagacha boʻlgan qirgʻoq boʻyidagi yerlarni bildiradi<ref name="Herodotus1">[[Herodotus]] describes its scope in the Fifth Satrapy of the Persians as follows: „From the town of Posidium, […] on the border between [[Cilicia]] and Syria, as far as [[Egypt]]&nbsp;– omitting Arabian territory, which was free of tax, came 350 talents. This province contains the whole of Phoenicia and that part of Syria which is called Palestine, and Cyprus. This is the fifth Satrapy.“ (from Herodotus Book 3, 8th logos).[http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060743/http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt|date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Cohenp36">Cohen, 2006, p. 36.</ref>. Gerodot bu atamani etnonim sifatida ham qoʻllaydi, chunki u „Falastinlik suriyaliklar“ yoki „Falastin-suriyaliklar“<ref name="Herodotus2">Herodotus, ''The Histories'', Bks. 2:104 (Φοἰνικες δἐ καὶ Σὐριοι οἱ ἑν τᾔ Παλαιστἰνῃ, „Phoinikes de kaì Surioi oi en té Palaistinē“); 3:5; 7:89.</ref> haqida gapirganda, etnik jihatdan amorf guruh boʻlib, u finikiyaliklardan ajratib turadi<ref name="Kasher">Kasher, 1990, p. 15.</ref><ref>David Asheri, ''A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4,'' Oxford University Press, 2007 p.402: „'the Syrians called Palestinians', at the time of Herodotus were a mixture of Phoenicians, Philistines, Arabs, Egyptians, and perhaps also other peoples. . . Perhaps the circumcised 'Syrians called Palestinians' are the Arabs and Egyptians of the Sinai coast; at the time of Herodotus there were few Jews in the coastal area.“</ref>.
{{Iqtibos|Sendan hayz haqida soʻrarlar. Sen: “U koʻngilsiz narsadir. Hayz chogʻida ayollardan chetda boʻling. Ularga pok boʻlmagunlaricha yaqinlashmanglar. Agar pok boʻlsalar, ularga Alloh amr qilgan joydan keling. Albatta, Alloh tavba qiluvchilarni sevadi va poklanuvchilarni sevadir”, deb ayt.|
''[[Baqara surasi]], 222-oyat''<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://quranenc.com/uz/browse/uzbek_sadiq/2#222|sarlavha=Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf tarjimasi}}</ref>}}
</blockquote>


[[File:Medieval Arab Palestine.jpg|thumb|[[Suriya]] va [[Falastin]]ning milodiy 650 dan 1500-yilgacha tasviri]]
[[Muhaddis]] [[Ibn Kasir]] Muhammad alayhissalomning hayz koʻrgan ayollari bilan boʻlgan odatlarini bayon etgan hadisni rivoyat qilgan. Bu hadisi sharifdan dalolatdirki, [[Muhammad]] alayhissalom jinsiy aloqadan boshqa hamma narsaga ruxsat bergan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://islom.uz/view/bakara-curasi-222-oyat|sarlavha=Бақара cураси, 222-оят|sana=01.03.2018 |qaralgan sana=27.03.2024 }}</ref>. Ayollar hayz koʻrgandan soʻng diniy burch yoki aloqani davom ettirishdan oldin [[gʻusl]] qilishlari shart<ref>{{cite web |last=Baugh |first=Carolyn |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0965 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908190008/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0965 |archive-date=8 September 2015 }}</ref>.


[[Yunoncha]] soʻz [[toponim]] yoki [[etnonim]] sifatida ishlatilgan qadimgi Sharqiy Oʻrta yer dengizi-yaqin Sharq soʻzini aks ettiradi. [[Som-hom tillari|Qadimgi Misr]]da ''Peleset/Purusati''<ref>''pwlɜsɜtj''. John Strange, ''Caphtor/Keftiu: a new investigation,'' Brill, 1980 p. 159.</ref> „[[Dengiz xalqlari]]“, xususan, filistlarni nazarda tutadi deb taxmin qilingan<ref name="AK2013">{{citation|title=The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology|work=Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies|volume=15|first=Ann E.|last=Killebrew|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|date=2013|isbn=9781589837218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&pg=PA1|page=2|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192547/https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}. Quote: "First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term „Sea Peoples“ encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). [Footnote: The modern term „Sea Peoples“ refers to peoples that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from „islands“ (tables 1–2; Adams and Cohen, this volume; see, e.g., [[Robert Drews|Drews]] 1993, 57 for a summary). The use of quotation marks in association with the term „Sea Peoples“ in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term. It is noteworthy that the designation „of the sea“ appears only in relation to the Sherden, Shekelesh, and Eqwesh. Subsequently, this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms, including the Philistines, who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill (see, e.g., Sandars 1978; Redford 1992, 243, n. 14; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature, see Woudhuizen 2006). Hencefore the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks.]</ref><ref name="Drews48">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&pg=PA48 The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B. C., Robert Drews, p48–61] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192547/https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }} Quote: "The thesis that a great „migration of the Sea Peoples“ occurred ca. 1200 B. C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, "eins ist aber sicher: Nach den ägyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer „Völkerwanderung“ zu tun." („one thing is clear: according to the Egyptian texts, we are not dealing here with a '[[Migration Period|Völkerwanderung]]' [migration of peoples as in 4th–6th-century Europe].“) Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation."</ref> [[Som tillari]] ichiga kiruvchi [[Akkad tili|akkadcha]] ''Palaštu'' (variant ''Pilištu'') VII asrdagi Filistlar va oʻsha paytgacha uning toʻrtta shahar shtatlarida qoʻllanadi<ref>Seymour Gitin, 'Philistines in the Book of Kings,' in [[André Lemaire]], Baruch Halpern, Matthew Joel Adams (eds.) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1SXbIFYu-ZAC&pg=PA312 The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192658/https://books.google.com/books?id=1SXbIFYu-ZAC&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', BRILL, 2010 pp.301–363, for the Neo-Assyrian sources p.312: Soʻnggi filistlar davri (II temir davri)dagi toʻrtta shahar davlati: „Amqarrūna“ ([[Ekron]]), „Asdūdu“ ([[Ashdod]]), „Hazat“ ([[G'azo shahri|Gʻazo]]) va ''Isqaluna'' ([[Ashkelon]]), sobiq beshinchi poytaxti [[Gat (shahar)|Gat]] bu oxirgi bosqichda tashlab ketilgan.</ref>. [[Bibliya]]da ibroniy tilidagi Plištim soʻzi odatda filistlar deb tarjima qilinadi<ref>Strange 1980 p.159.</ref>.
Shuningdek, [[hayz]] paytida<ref name="Joseph2007"/>, tugʻruqdan soʻng qirq kun davomida ([[chilla davri]]), Ramazon oyining kunduzi (yaʼni roʻza tutish vaqtida) va haj vaqtida [[jinsiy aloqa]] qilish taqiqlanadi<ref>{{cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Brannon |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500093&v=2.1&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>.


[[File:Khalil Beidas.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Xalil Beydas]] (1874–1949) 1898-yilda tarjima qilgan kitobining soʻzboshisida "Falastin arablari- oʻzini „falastinliklar“ deb taʼriflagan birinchi shaxs edi" degan.]]
=== Huquqiy munosabatlar ===
Miloddan avvalgi birinchi asrda [[Qadimgi Rim|rimliklar]] bu hududni bosib olganlarida, mintaqaning koʻp qismini qamrab olgan viloyat uchun Yahudiya nomini qoʻllashgan. Shu bilan birga, ''Suriya Palestina'' nomi tarixchilar va geograflar tomonidan [[Filon Aleksandriyalik|Filon]], Iosif va Elder Pliniyning yozuvlarida boʻlgani kabi [[Oʻrta yer dengizi]] va [[Iordan (daryo)|Iordan daryosi]] orasidagi hududga nisbatan qoʻllanila boshlandi. Milodiy II asrning boshlarida Suriya Palaestina rasmiy maʼmuriy nomga aylandi. Bunda olimlar imperator [[Adrian]]ning [[Bar Koxba qoʻzgʻoloni]] uchun jazo sifatida [[yahudiy]]larni yerdan ajratishga urinishi sifatida qarashdi<ref name="H.H. Ben-Sasson, 1976, page 334">H. H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-674-39731-2}}, page 334: „In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature.“</ref><ref name="Ariel Lewin p. 33">Ariel Lewin. ''The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine''. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. „It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land.“ {{ISBN|0-89236-800-4}}</ref><ref name="F90">{{harvnb|Feldman|1990|p=19}}: „While it is true that there is no evidence as to precisely who changed the name of Judaea to Palestine and precisely when this was done, circumstantial evidence would seem to point to Hadrian himself, since he is, it would seem, responsible for a number of decrees that sought to crush the national and religious spirit of thejews, whether these decrees were responsible for the uprising or were the result of it. In the first place, he refounded Jerusalem as a Graeco-Roman city under the name of Aelia Capitolina. He also erected on the site of the Temple another temple to Zeus.“</ref>. Jeykobson oʻzgarishni yangi provinsiya ancha katta boʻlganligi bilan ratsionalizatsiya qilishni taklif qildi{{sfn|Jacobson|2001|p=44-45|ps=: "Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel."}}{{sfn|Jacobson|2001|p=44–45|ps=:"Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel."}}. Shundan buyon bu nom tangalarga yozilgan va VII asrdan boshlab ravvin matnlarida tilga olingan<ref name="H.H. Ben-Sasson, 1976, page 334" /><ref name="Cohenp37">Cohen, 2006, p. 37.</ref>{{sfn|Feldman|1996|p=553}}. Filastin arabcha soʻzi eng qadimgi oʻrta asr arab geograflari davridan beri mintaqaga nisbatan ishlatilgan<ref name=Kishp200>Kish, 1978, p. 200.</ref>.
==== Nikoh ====
{{main|Islomda Nikoh|Islomda nikoh huquqi}}
[[Islom]] va islom qonunlarida ([[shariat]]da) [[nikoh]] ({{lang-ar| نکاح}}) ikki shaxs oʻrtasidagi huquqiy va ijtimoiy shartnoma boʻlib, [[kuyov]] va [[kelin]]ning huquq va majburiyatlarini belgilab beradi<ref name="marriage1">{{cite web | url=http://www.al-islam.org/islamic-marriage-syed-athar-husain-sh-rizvi/importance-marriage-islam | title=Importance of Marriage in Islam | date=22 October 2012 | publisher=al-islam.org | access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>. [[Islomda koʻpxotinlilik|Islomda koʻpxotinlik]]ka baʼzi shartlar asosida ruxsat berilgan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article308231.ece |title=Women in polygamous marriages suffering psychological torture – Arab News |access-date=2011-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311202547/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article308231.ece |archive-date=2011-03-11 }}</ref>. Kuyov ham, kelin ham oʻz ixtiyori bilan nikoh qurishga rozi boʻlishi kerak. Nikoh [[islom]]ning amali boʻlib, qatʼiy tavsiya qilingan<ref name="marriage1"/>. Islom fiqhida nikoh va kanizaklik oʻrtasidagi jinsiy aloqadan asosiy maqsad [[Koʻpayish|nasl qoldirishdir]]. Islom kuchli jinsiy ehtiros va koʻpayish istagini tan oladi va nasl berish haqidagi [[Natalizm|pro-natalistik]] nuqtai nazarni qoʻllab-quvvatlaydi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Rita James |last2=Brooks |first2=Alison |title=Gay and Lesbian Communities the World Over |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-4364-3 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGlGTAXlAcsC&q=homosexuality+islam&pg=PA17 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>.


Hozirgi zamonda Falastin arablari oʻzini „falastinlik“ deb taʼriflagan birinchi shaxs [[1898-yil]]da Xalil Beydas, keyin esa 1902-yilda Salim Quboin va Najib Nassar boʻlgan. 1908-yilgi Yosh turklar inqilobidan soʻng, Usmonlilar imperiyasida matbuot senzurasi qonunlarini yengillashtirilgan. Natijada Falastinda oʻnlab gazeta va davriy nashrlarga asos solindi va „Falastin“ atamasi qoʻllanish doirasi kengaydi. Ular orasida Al-Quds, Al-Munadi, Falastin, Al-Karmil va Al-Nafir gazetalari bor edi, ular [[1908-yil]]dan [[1914-yil]]gacha 110 ta maqolada 170 martadan ortiq „Filastini“ atamasini ishlatgan. Maqola mualliflari orasida nasroniy va musulmon arab falastinliklar, falastinlik emigrantlar va falastinlik boʻlmagan arablar bor edi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/49925414|title=The Origins of the term "Palestinian" ("Filasṭīnī") in late Ottoman Palestine, 1898–1914|work=Emmanuel Beshka|year=2021|publisher=Academia Letters|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622134525/https://www.academia.edu/49925414|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palestine Facts|publisher=PASSIA: Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs|url=http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/14001962.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116190029/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/14001962.htm|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>.
[[Taloq (shariat)|Islomda ajralish (taloq)]] turli shakllarda boʻlishi mumkin, baʼzilari shaxsan er tomonidan, baʼzilari esa asosli sabablarga koʻra qonuniy ajralish toʻgʻrisidagi arizasida muvaffaqiyat qozongan daʼvogar xotin nomidan diniy sud tomonidan amalga oshiriladi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nikah101.com/getting_married.html |title=Getting Married |access-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225955/https://nikah101.com/getting_married.html |archive-date=2018-10-04 |url-status=live}}</ref>.


Majburiy Falastin davrida „Falastin“ atamasi diniy va etnik mansubligidan qatʼi nazar, u erda yashovchi barcha odamlarga nisbatan qoʻllanilgan va Britaniya Majburiy organlari tomonidan fuqarolik berilganlarga „Falastin fuqaroligi“ berilgan<ref>{{cite web |author=Government of the United Kingdom |title=Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the Year 1930 |publisher=[[League of Nations]] |date=31 December 1930 |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/a47250072a3dd7950525672400783bde/c2feff7b90a24815052565e6004e5630!OpenDocument |access-date=29 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222095422/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/a47250072a3dd7950525672400783bde/c2feff7b90a24815052565e6004e5630%21OpenDocument |archive-date=22 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>.
Nikohdan tashqari, [[Muta|''zavoj al-mutʼa'' („vaqtinchalik nikoh“)]]<ref>Wehr, Hans. [http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=1058,ll=2783,ls=38,la=4127,sg=968,ha=718,pr=145,vi=350,mgf=779,mr=647,mn=1306,aan=617,kz=2459,ulq=1576,uqa=389,uqw=1523,umr=1012,ums=848,umj=778,uqq=365,bdw=829,amr=594,asb=911,auh=1501,dhq=525,mht=842,msb=221,tla=92,amj=766,ens=287,mis=2024,br=890 ''Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: a compact version of the internationally recognized fourth edition'']. Ed. JM Cowan. New York: Spoken Language Services, Inc., 1994. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619052549/http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=1058,ll=2783,ls=38,la=4127,sg=968,ha=718,pr=145,vi=350,mgf=779,mr=647,mn=1306,aan=617,kz=2459,ulq=1576,uqa=389,uqw=1523,umr=1012,ums=848,umj=778,uqq=365,bdw=829,amr=594,asb=911,auh=1501,dhq=525,mht=842,msb=221,tla=92,amj=766,ens=287,mis=2024,br=890 |date=2017-06-19 }}. Print.</ref>{{rp|page=1045}} deb nomlanuvchi boshqa muddatli nikoh ham mavjud  faqat [[Shialik|shia]]larning [[oʻn ikki imom]]i tomonidan oldindan belgilangan muddatga ruxsat etiladi<ref name="IslamicOrigins">Berg, H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SxPyHsFzNMIC&q=Mutah+of+marriage&pg=PA165 „Method and theory in the study of Islamic origins“]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509211138/https://books.google.com/books?id=SxPyHsFzNMIC&pg=PA165&dq=Mutah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=Mutah%20of%20marriage&f=false |date=2016-05-09 }} Brill 2003 {{ISBN|9004126023}}, 9789004126022. Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014.</ref><ref name="IslamDictionary">Hughes, T. [https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&dq=Mutah&pg=PA424 „A Dictionary of Islam.“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423230922/https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&pg=PA424&dq=Mutah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAw&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Mutah&f=false |date=2016-04-23 }} Asian Educational Services 1 December 1995. Accessed 15 April 2014.</ref>{{rp|page=242}}<ref name="Pohl (2010)">Pohl, F. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&dq=Mutah&pg=PA50 „Muslim world: modern Muslim societies“]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624115230/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&pg=PA50&dq=Mutah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l0VdUeCnM4ajiAfXnoCgCQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=Mutah&f=false |date=2016-06-24 }} Marshall Cavendish, 2010. {{ISBN|0761479279}}, 1780761479277. pp. 47–53.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last = İlkkaracan |first = Pınar |title = Deconstructing sexuality in the Middle East: challenges and discourses |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGwP9-FhxYC&pg=PA36 |publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year = 2008 |page = 36 |isbn = 978-0-7546-7235-7 |url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030194344/https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGwP9-FhxYC&pg=PA36&dq |archive-date = 30 October 2015}}
</ref>. Ayrim sunniy ulamolar tomonidan ruxsat etilgan birga yashash kabi baʼzi shartlar olib tashlanishi bilan vaqtinchalik boʻlmagan ''[[Misyar nikohi]]'' ham bor<ref>{{cite web|quote=In a misyar marriage the woman waives some of the rights she would enjoy in a normal marriage. Most misyar brides don't change their residences but pursue marriage on a visitation basis. |url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/642991 |title=Misyar now a widespread reality |work=Arab News |date=12 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218025556/http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/642991 |archive-date=2017-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first= Elie |last= Elhadj|title=The Islamic Shield: Arab Resistance to Democratic and Religious Reforms| year=2006|publisher=Universal Publishers|isbn=978-1599424118| page=51}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Al-Raida |issue=92–99|page=58|title=Misyar Marriage|publisher=Beirut University College, Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World |year=2001}}</ref>.


== Kelib chiqishi ==
Islomda er xotiniga jismonan ziyon yetkazmasa yoki rizq topishiga xalaqit bermasa, uni qanoatlantirganiga koʻra jinsiy aloqada boʻlishi kerak. Bunday va oqilona munosabatning bir qismi jinsiy aloqadir, anʼanaga koʻra, er-xotinlar toʻrt oydan koʻproq vaqt davomida aloqadan voz kechmasliklari kerak<ref name="Pmc">{{cite book |last1=Busaq |first1=Muhammad Al-Madani |last2=Ahmed |first2=Zubair |title=perspectives on modern criminal policy & islamic sharia |date=2005 |publisher=Naif Arab University |location=Riyadh, Saudi Arabiya |isbn=978-9960-853-17-8 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LD8yVhn_WB4C&q=omar+hafsa+husband+wife+four+month&pg=PA117 |access-date=30 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>. Baʼzi taniqli olimlar erlar uchun diniy majburiyat sifatida jinsiy aloqaning minimal chastotasini yanada qattiqroq belgilab qoʻygan. Masalan, [[Ibn Hazm]] oyda bir marta, [[G‘azzoliy]] esa toʻrt kunda bir marta jinsiy aloqa qilishlikni buyurgan<ref>{{cite book |last= Al-Kawthari|first=Muhammad ibn Adam |author-link= Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari |date=August 19, 2020 |title= Islamic Guide to Sexual Relations|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WFdoEAAAQBAJ&dq=islamic+scholars+sex+once+a+month&pg=PT39 |location= |publisher= Turath Publishing|page= |isbn=9781906949617}}</ref>. Boshqa olimlarning fikriga koʻra, hech qanday vaqt chegarasi yoʻq<ref>Ibn Qudaamah, Malik, [[Al-Mughni]], 7/30, Al-Jassaas, Ahkaam al-Qur’aan, 1/374, Shaykh al-Islam, Al-Ikhtiyaaraat al-Fiqhiyyah, p. 246.</ref>. Ammo koʻpchilik ulamolar, agar erlarini chaqirsalar, chaqirilgan ayol hayz koʻrmagan yoki kasal boʻlib qolmagan boʻlsa, unga yaqinlik zarar keltiradigan yoki farz roʻza tutmagan boʻlsa, rad etmasliklari ayollarga ham vojib boʻlganini aytishadi. Agar uzrsiz rad etsa, u laʼnatlangan boʻladi<ref>al-Fataawa al-Islamiyyah, 3/145, 146, Kashf al-Qinaaʼ, 5/189, [[Al-Muhalla]], 10/40, Kashf al-Qinaaʼ, 5/189.</ref>.
{{Asosiy maqola|Falastin nomining xronologiyasi}}
Falastinliklarning kelib chiqishi murakkab va xilma-xildir. Mintaqa dastlab [[arab]] boʻlmagan. Uning arablashuvi Falastinning arab qabilalari va ularning mahalliy ittifoqchilari tomonidan tez sur’atlar bilan kengayib borayotgan Islom xalifaliklari tarkibiga qoʻshilish natijasi edi<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/491?lang=en |title=Palestinian Identity and Cultural Heritage |author=Nazmi Al-Ju'beh |series=Contemporain publications |date=26 May 2009 |pages=205–231 |publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo |isbn=978-2-35159-265-6 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015061318/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/491?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref>.
[[File:Khalil Raad, Palestinian mother and child, 1918-1938.jpg|thumb|Falastinlik ona va bola]]
[[Falastin]] tarix davomida koʻplab demografik va diniy toʻntarishlarni boshdan kechirdi. Miloddan avvalgi 2-ming yillikda bu yerda [[kanʼon]]liklar, yaʼni [[Som tillari|semit tili]]da soʻzlashuvchi, [[kanʼon dini]]ga eʼtiqod qiluvchi xalqlar yashagan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Palestine |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/palestine/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127100651/https://www.worldhistory.org/palestine/ |url-status=live }}</ref>. Aksariyat falastinliklar qadimgi kanʼonliklar bilan kuchli genetik aloqaga ega hisoblanishadi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-05-31/ty-article/.premium/jews-and-arabs-share-genetic-link-to-ancient-canaanites/0000017f-eb8f-d4a6-af7f-ffcf4f190000|title=Jews and Arabs Share Genetic Link to Ancient Canaanites, Study Finds|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2020 |title=Study finds ancient Canaanites genetically linked to modern populations |url=https://english.tau.ac.il/news/canaanites |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]] |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025201822/https://english.tau.ac.il/news/canaanites |url-status=live }}</ref>. Keyinchalik [[isroil]]liklar janubiy [[Kanʼon]] sivilizatsiyasining oʻsishi sifatida paydo boʻldi, [[yahudiy]]lar va [[isroil]]lik [[samariya]]liklar klassik [[antik davr]]da Falastin aholisining koʻp qismini tashkil etdilar<ref>John Day, [In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel,] Bloomsbury Publishing, 2005 pp. 47.5, p. 48: 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshotʼ.</ref><ref>ubb, 1998. pp. 13–14</ref><ref>Mark Smith in „The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel“ states „Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture… In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period.“ (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) „The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel“ (Eerdmanʼs)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=David C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TLbAAAAMAAJ&q=israelites+emerged+after+canaanites |title=The Highlands of Canaan: Agricultural Life in the Early Iron Age |date=1985 |publisher=Almond |isbn=978-0-907459-39-2 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbati |first=Gabriele |date=2013-01-21 |title=Caught Between Two Votes: The Samaritans And The Israeli Election |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/israeli-election-preview-samaritans-caught-between-two-votes-1028684 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=DellaPergola |first1=Sergio |title=Some Fundamentals of Jewish Demographic History |journal=Papers in Jewish Demography |date=2001 |pages=11–33 |publisher=The Hebrew University, Jerusalem |quote=The emergence of a second Jewish population peak can be posited toward the time of the construction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem during the Hasmonean period (3rd-2nd century B.C.E.). This new peak, variously estimated, and here cautiously put at around 4.5 million people during the first century B.C.E.,}}</ref>. Biroq, [[Quddus]] va uning atrofidagi Yahudiyadagi yahudiylar va [[Samariya]]dagi [[samariya]]liklar mos ravishda yahudiy-rim urushlari va samariyaliklar qoʻzgʻolonlari natijasida toʻliq tiklana olmadilar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palestine - Roman Rule, Jewish Revolts, Crusades {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Roman-Palestine |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>. Keyingi asrlarda mintaqada siyosiy va iqtisodiy notinchliklar, nasroniylikni ommaviy qabul qilishlar (va keyinchalik Rim imperiyasining nasroniylashuvi)kuzatildi<ref name="Kessler2010">{{cite book |author=Edward Kessler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87Woe7kkPM4C&pg=PA72 |title=An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-70562-2 |page=72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Denova |first=Rebecca |title=Christianity |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/christianity/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831112510/https://www.worldhistory.org/christianity/ |url-status=live }}</ref>. [[Xristian]]larning immigratsiyasi, shuningdek, [[but]]parastlar, [[yahudiy]]lar va [[samariya]]liklarning oʻzgarishi [[Rim]] va [[Vizantiya]]da falastin nasroniylarini shakllanishiga yordam berdi<ref name="CHJ2">{{cite book |author=David Goodblatt |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor=Steven Katz |volume=IV |pages=404–430 |chapter=The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638 |quote=Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city... had lasting repercussions. [...] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong [...] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Ehrlich |first=Michael |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1302180905 |title=The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800 |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-64189-222-3 |location=Leeds, UK |pages=3–4 |oclc=1302180905 |quote=Samaritan rebellions during the fifth and sixth centuries were crushed by the Byzantines and as a result, the main Samaritan communities began to decline. Similarly, the Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 ce). During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. [...] Accordingly, most of the Muslims who participated in the conquest of the Holy Land did not settle there, but continued on to further destinations. For most of the Muslims who settled in the Holy Land were either Arabs who immigrated before the Muslim conquest and then converted to Islam, or Muslims who immigrated after the Holy Land's conquest. [...] Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim. [...] The Holy Land's transformation from an area populated mainly by Christians into a region whose population was predominantly Muslim was the result of two processes: immigration and conversion |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709195021/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1302180905 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bar |first=Doron |date=2003 |title=The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046903007309 |journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=401–421 |doi=10.1017/s0022046903007309 |issn=0022-0469 |quote=The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406174740/https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022046903007309 |url-status=live }}</ref>.


VII asrda arab rashidunlari Levantni bosib oldilar. Keyinchalik ularning oʻrnini boshqa arab musulmon sulolalari, jumladan [[Umaviylar]], [[Abbosiylar]] va [[Fotimiylar]] egalladi<ref name=":63">{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=David |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315128825/rural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman |title=Distribution and Population Density During the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781315128825 |edition=9781315128825 |location=New York |pages=44–52 |doi=10.4324/9781315128825 |quote=They came from Circassia and Chechnya, and were refugees from territories annexed by Russia in 1864, and the Bosnian Muslims, whose province was lost to Serbia in 1878. Belonging to this category were the Algerians (Mughrabis), who arrived in Syria and Palestine in several waves after 1850 in the wake of France's conquest of their country and the waves of Egyptian migration to Palestine and Syria during the rule of Muhammad Ali and his son, Ibrahim Pasha. [...] In most cases the Egyptian army dropouts and the other Egyptian settlers preferred to settle in existing localities, rather than to establish new villages. In the southern coastal plain and Ramla zones there were at least nineteen villages which had families of Egyptian origin, and in the northern part of Samaria, including the ‘Ara Valley, there are a number of villages with substantial population of Egyptian stock. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629024634/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315128825/rural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":FrantzmanKark20133">{{Cite journal |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth J. |last2=Kark |first2=Ruth |date=16 April 2013 |title=The Muslim Settlement of Late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine: Comparison with Jewish Settlement Patterns |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |journal=Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=77 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |issn=1060-4367 |quote=Some of these Muslims were Egyptian and Algerian immigrants who came to Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century from foreign lands. There were also Algerians, Bosnians, and Circassians, who came in the second half of the nineteenth century, but most were from within the borders of Palestine. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305230211/https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59601193 |title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |date=1997 |translator=Ethel Briodo |isbn=0-521-59984-9 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |oclc=59601193 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172836/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59601193 |url-status=live }}</ref>. Keyingi bir necha asrlar davomida Falastin aholisi keskin kamaydi<ref name=":Broshi1979">{{Cite journal |last=Broshi |first=Magen |date=1979 |title=The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1356664 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=236 |issue=236 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.2307/1356664 |jstor=1356664 |s2cid=24341643 |issn=0003-097X |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711021518/https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1356664 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">Broshi, M., & Finkelstein, I. (1992). [https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60 „The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224039/https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60 |date=5 March 2023 }}. ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', ''287''(1), 47–60.</ref>. Vaqt oʻtishi bilan mavjud aholi arab madaniyati va tilini oʻzlashtirib, koʻpchiligi [[islom dini]]ni qabul qildi<ref name=":5" />. Musulmonlar istilosidan oldin va keyin arablarning joylashishi islomlashuv jarayonini tezlashtirishda muhim rol oʻynagan, deb taxmin qilinadi<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Levy-Rubin |first=Milka |date=2000 |title=New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period: The Case of Samaria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632444 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=257–276 |doi=10.1163/156852000511303 |jstor=3632444 |issn=0022-4995 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327165417/http://jstor.org/stable/3632444 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":Ellenblum2010">{{Cite book |first=Ronnie |last=Ellenblum |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/958547332 |title=Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-58534-0 |oclc=958547332 |quote=From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710040327/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958547332 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Chris Wickham, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yFkTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 Framing the Early Middle Ages; Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129192619/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFkTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', Oxford University press 2005. p. 130. „In Syria and Palestine, where there were already Arabs before the conquest, settlement was also permitted in the old urban centres and elsewhere, presumably privileging the political centres of the provinces.“</ref><ref name=":3">Gideon Avni, ''The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach,'' Oxford University Press 2014 pp.312–324, 329 (theory of imported population unsubstantiated);.</ref>. Baʼzi olimlar salibchilarning kelishi bilan Falastinda koʻpchilik musulmon boʻlgan deb taʼkidlashadi<ref>Ira M. Lapidus, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 A History of Islamic Societies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129194813/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', (1988) Cambridge University Press 3rd.ed.2014 p.156</ref><ref name="Tessler">Mark A. Tessler, ''A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict'', Indiana University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-253-20873-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&q=iSLAM+pALESTINE%2C&pg=PA70 M1 Google Print, p. 70] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622120112/https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&q=iSLAM+pALESTINE%2C&pg=PA70 |date=22 June 2023 }}.</ref>. Boshqalar esa ommaviy islomlashuv jarayoni ancha keyinroq, ehtimol, [[mamluklar]] davrida sodir boʻlgan, deb daʼvo qiladilar<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kacowicz |first1=Arie Marcelo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&q=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts:+By+Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz,+Pawel+Lutomski&pg=PR11 |title=Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study |last2=Lutomski |first2=Pawel |date=2007 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739116074 |page=194 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193059/https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&q=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts:+By+Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz,+Pawel+Lutomski&pg=PR11#v=snippet&q=Population%20Resettlement%20in%20International%20Conflicts%3A%20By%20Arie%20Marcelo%20Kacowicz%2C%20Pawel%20Lutomski&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>Ira M. Lapidus, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA201 Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193058/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA201#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}'', Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 201.</ref>
===== Dinlararo nikoh =====
[[File:Icon Iakovos Moskos.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Muhammad]] va [[Avliyo Ketrin monastiri]] oʻrtasida [[musulmon]]lar va [[Xristianlik|nasroniy]]lar oʻrtasida dinlararo nikohga ruxsat beruvchi shartnoma imzolangani tasvirlangan<ref name="Ahmed2013"/>]]
{{main|Dinlararo nikoh}}


Usmonlilar davrida bir necha asrlar davomida Falastinda aholi soni kamayib, IXX asrda aholining tez oʻsishi kuzatila boshladi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kacowicz |first1=Arie Marcelo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&q=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts:+By+Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz,+Pawel+Lutomski&pg=PR11 |title=Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study |last2=Lutomski |first2=Pawel |date=2007 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739116074 |page=194 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193059/https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&q=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts:+By+Arie+Marcelo+Kacowicz,+Pawel+Lutomski&pg=PR11#v=snippet&q=Population%20Resettlement%20in%20International%20Conflicts%3A%20By%20Arie%20Marcelo%20Kacowicz%2C%20Pawel%20Lutomski&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>. Bu oʻsishga IXX asrning birinchi yarmida misrliklar (Muhammad Ali va Ibrohim Posho hukmronligi davrida), jazoirliklarning (Abdelkader al-Jezariy qoʻzgʻolonidan keyin), ikkinchi yarmida esa, jazoirliklar, bosniyaliklar va cherkeslar koʻchib kelishi yordam berdi<ref name=":63">{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=David |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315128825/rural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman |title=Distribution and Population Density During the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |isbn=9781315128825 |edition=9781315128825 |location=New York |pages=44–52 |doi=10.4324/9781315128825 |quote=They came from Circassia and Chechnya, and were refugees from territories annexed by Russia in 1864, and the Bosnian Muslims, whose province was lost to Serbia in 1878. Belonging to this category were the Algerians (Mughrabis), who arrived in Syria and Palestine in several waves after 1850 in the wake of France's conquest of their country and the waves of Egyptian migration to Palestine and Syria during the rule of Muhammad Ali and his son, Ibrahim Pasha. [...] In most cases the Egyptian army dropouts and the other Egyptian settlers preferred to settle in existing localities, rather than to establish new villages. In the southern coastal plain and Ramla zones there were at least nineteen villages which had families of Egyptian origin, and in the northern part of Samaria, including the ‘Ara Valley, there are a number of villages with substantial population of Egyptian stock. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629024634/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315128825/rural-arab-demography-early-jewish-settlement-palestine-david-grossman |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":FrantzmanKark20133">{{Cite journal |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth J. |last2=Kark |first2=Ruth |date=16 April 2013 |title=The Muslim Settlement of Late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine: Comparison with Jewish Settlement Patterns |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |journal=Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=77 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |issn=1060-4367 |quote=Some of these Muslims were Egyptian and Algerian immigrants who came to Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century from foreign lands. There were also Algerians, Bosnians, and Circassians, who came in the second half of the nineteenth century, but most were from within the borders of Palestine. |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305230211/https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x |url-status=live }}</ref>.
[[Dinlararo nikoh]]lar [[musulmon]]lar va musulmon boʻlmagan [[Ahl ul-kitob|''ahli kitoblar'']] (odatda [[yahudiy]]lar, [[Xristianlik|nasroniy]]lar va [[sobiy]]lar) oʻrtasida tan olinadi<ref name=ODI>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl al-Kitab|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada|df=dmy-all|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001|isbn=9780195125580}}</ref>. Islom shariatining anʼanaviy talqiniga koʻra, musulmon erkak nasroniy yoki yahudiy ayolga uylanishi mumkin<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |year=2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>{{rp|755}}. Ammo, muslima ayol har qanday musulmon boʻlmagan diniy guruhga mansub erkakka turmushga chiqishi mumkin emas<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Elmali-Karakaya |author-first=Ayse |year=2020 |chapter=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages |editor1-last=Hood |editor1-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Cheruvallil-Contractor |editor2-first=Sariya |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms |volume=31 |pages=388–410 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020 |isbn=978-90-04-44348-8 |s2cid=234539750 |issn=1046-8064}}</ref>{{sfn|Leeman|2009|p=755}}. Biroq, mushrik yoki mushrik ayol bilan nikohlanish haromdir<ref name="go.galegroup.com">{{cite web |last=Kassam |first=Zayn |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500164&v=2.1&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>.


== Falastin millatchiligining paydo boʻlishi ==
Musulmon-nasroniy nikohi faqat nasroniy partiyaning ruxsati bilan tuzilishi kerak boʻlgan taqdirda, nasroniy turmush oʻrtogʻining ibodat va ibodat qilish uchun cherkovga borishiga toʻsqinlik qilmaslik kerak<ref name="Ahmed2013">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Akbar S. |title=Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise |date=11 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92417-2 |page=62 |language=en |quote=The Quran speaks favourably of the people of the Book. For example, Surah 3, verse 199, carries a universal message of goodwill and hope to all those who believe, the people of the Book irrespective of their religious label—Christian, Jew or Muslim. Muslims can marry with the people of the Book,}}</ref><ref name="TimaniAshton2019">{{cite book |last1=Timani |first1=Hussam S. |last2=Ashton |first2=Loye Sekihata |title=Post-Christian Interreligious Liberation Theology |date=29 November 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-27308-8 |page=196 |language=en}}</ref>.
[[File:Un1981-343.jpg|thumb|right|Falastin kurashini xotirlash uchun BMT markasi]]
==== Kanizaklik ====
Mustaqil Falastin davlati hozirgi davrda falastinliklar yashagan yerlar ustidan toʻliq suverenitetga ega emas. [[Birinchi jahon urushi]]gacha Falastin Usmonlilar imperiyasi tomonidan boshqarilgan, keyin esa Britaniyaning majburiy hokimiyatlari tomonidan nazorat qilingan. [[Isroil]] [[1948-yil]]da Falastinning baʼzi qismlarida tashkil etilgan. [[1948-yil]]dagi Arab-Isroil urushidan soʻng [[Gʻarbiy Sohil]] [[Iordaniya]] tomonidan, [[Gʻazo sektori]] esa [[Misr]] tomonidan boshqarilgan va har ikki davlat ham bu hududlarni [[Isroil]] bosib olguncha boshqarishda davom etgan. Tarixchi Avi Shlaimning taʼkidlashicha, falastinliklarning yer ustidan suverenitetga ega emasligi isroilliklar tomonidan falastinliklarning oʻz taqdirini oʻzi belgilash huquqidan mahrum qilish uchun foydalanilgan<ref name=Attapatu>{{cite journal|date=16 June 2004|title=Interview With Middle East Scholar Avi Shlaim: America, Israel and the Middle East|journal=The Nation|author=Don Atapattu|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/interview-middle-east-scholar-avi-shlaim|access-date=9 March 2008|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113024502/https://www.thenation.com/article/interview-middle-east-scholar-avi-shlaim/|url-status=dead}}</ref>.
[[File:Slaves Zadib Yemen 13th century BNF Paris.jpg|thumb|200px|Yamandagi 13-asrda kanizaklarni sotib olish mumkin boʻlgan qul bozori tasviri]]
{{main|Kanizaklik boʻyicha islomiy qarashlar|Musulmon dunyosidagi kanizaklik tarixi}}
[[Qullik]] bekor boʻlgunga qadar islom qonunlarida erkakning oʻz choʻrisi bilan jinsiy aloqada boʻlishiga ruxsat berilgan munosabatlar sifatida [[kanizak]]lik nikoh bilan bir qatorda mavjud edi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Kecia|date=February 2017|title=Concubinage and Consent|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=148–152|doi=10.1017/S0020743816001203|issn=0020-7438|doi-access=free}}</ref>. Musulmon erkak va unga tegishli boʻlgan turmushga chiqmagan qul oʻrtasidagi jinsiy aloqa boʻlgan kanizlik islom qonunlarida nikohdan tashqari yagona qonuniy jinsiy aloqa edi.


Bugungi kunda Falastin xalqining oʻz taqdirini oʻzi belgilash huquqi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Bosh Assambleyasi, [[Xalqaro Sud]]<ref name=ICJ>Only „peoples“ are entitled to self-determination in contemporary international law (See Self-determination and National Minorities, Oxford Monographs in International Law, Thomas D. Musgrave, Oxford University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-19-829898-6}}, p. 170). In 2004, the International Court of Justice said that Israel had recognized the existence of a „Palestinian people“ and referred a number of times to the Palestinian people and its „legitimate rights“ in international agreements. The Court said those rights include the right to self-determination(See paragraph 118 of Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory {{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf |title=Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice &#124; International Court of Justice |access-date=6 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706021237/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010}}). Judge Koroma explained „The Court has also held that the right of self-determination as an established and recognized right under international law applies to the territory and to the Palestinian people. Accordingly, the exercise of such right entitles the Palestinian people to a State of their own as originally envisaged in resolution 181 (II) and subsequently confirmed.“ Judge Higgins also said „that the Palestinian people are entitled to their territory, to exercise self-determination, and to have their own State“(See paragraph 5, Separate opinion of Judge Koroma {{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1679.pdf |title=Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice &#124; International Court of Justice |access-date=7 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604233639/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1679.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2011}} and paragraph 18, Separate opinion of Judge Higgins {{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1681.pdf |title=Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice &#124; International Court of Justice |access-date=7 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112025712/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1681.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2011}}). Paul De Waart said that the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice in 2004 "ascertained the present responsibility of the United Nations to protect Palestineʼs statehood. It affirmed the applicability of the prohibition of acquisition of Palestinian territory by Israel and confirmed the illegality of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Moreover, the existence of the Palestinian people as the rightful claimant to the Occupied Palestinian Territory is no longer open to question (See De Waart, Paul J. I. M., „International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process“, ''Leiden Journal of International Law'', 18 (2005), pp. 467–487).</ref> va [[Isroil]]ning bir qancha hukumatlari<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/07fc0614021668418525736b005c8a82!OpenDocument |title=John Dugard's "Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967" |publisher=Domino.un.org |access-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230193956/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/07fc0614021668418525736b005c8a82%21OpenDocument |archive-date=30 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Falastinni rasman davlat sifatida jami 133 davlat tan oladi<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4278618,00.html|title=Palestinian Authority to revive statehood bid|author=Israel News|newspaper=Ynet News|date=8 September 2012|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724171744/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4278618,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>.
''Kanizak'' xoʻjayini jinsiy aloqada boʻlgan, xoh musulmon boʻlsin, xoh musulmon boʻlmasin, choʻri ([[joriya]])ga aytiladi. Qur’onda kanizak soʻzi zikr qilinmagan. Biroq, muqaddas kitobda oʻn besh marta kelgan „Ma malakat aymanukum“ (oʻng qoʻlingizdagi narsa) iborasi qullarga va shuning uchun ham, kanizaklarga ishora qiladi. Kanizaklik islomgacha boʻlgan odat boʻlib, u yahudiylar va musulmon boʻlmaganlar bilan baʼzi islohotlar orqali Islom ostida qoʻllanilishiga ruxsat berilgan. [[Muhammad]] sollahu alayhi va sallam shuningdek, „oʻzgargan taqvodor“ kanizaklarni ozod qilishni va ularga uylanishni buyurgan<ref>{{cite web | url=http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | title=Al-Adab Al-Mufrad / Book-9 / Hadith-48 | publisher=quranx.com | access-date=7 June 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062833/http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | archive-date=17 February 2017 }}</ref>.


==== Poklanish va gigiyena ====
=== Majburiy Falastin (1917–1947) ===
[[File:Map of Mandatory Palestine in 1946 with major cities (in English).svg|thumb|340x340px|1946-yilda Majburiy Falastin]]
[[File:Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Masjid-Jamek-02.jpg|thumb|[[Malayziya]]dagi [[Sulton Abdulsamad jome masjidi]]da [[tahorat]] va [[gʻusl]] olish joylari (orqa fonda)]]
Birinchi jahon urushi oxirida Falastin millatchi tashkilotlari paydo boʻldi<ref>Benny Morris, ''Righteous Victims'', p. 48 in the French edition.</ref>. Nashashibilar oilasi hukmron boʻlgan ''al-Muntada al-Adabiy'' islom qadriyatlarini himoya qilish hamda mustaqil Suriya va Falastin aholisiga arab tili madaniyatini targʻib qilish uchun kurashgan. Damashqda Husayniylar oilasi hukmronlik qilgan ''an-Nadi al-Arabiy'' xuddi shu qadriyatlarni himoya qilgan<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''Righteous Victims'', p.49 in the French edition.</ref>.
{{main|G‘usl}}
[[File:Musa Al-Alami 1918.jpg|thumb|[[Musa Alami]] (1897-1984) – falastinlik millatchi va siyosatchi, 1940-yillarda falastinliklarning yetakchisi sifatida koʻrilgan.|left]]
Islomda jinsiy gigiyena kundalik tabiati tufayli [[islom]] [[fiqh]]ida asosiy mavzu hisoblanadi. Odamlar jinsiy aloqa yoki urugʻning oqishi tufayli ''junub''({{lang|ar|جنب}}) deb ataladigan holatga kiradilar.
Millatlar Ligasi paktining 22-moddasida „sivilizatsiyaning muqaddas ishonchi“ doirasida Usmonli imperiyasi suvereniteti ostida boʻlishni toʻxtatgan hududlar va xalqlarga xalqaro huquqiy maqom berilgan. Millatlar Ligasi Mandatining 7-moddasida aholi uchun yangi, alohida, Falastin fuqaroligini belgilash talab qilingan. Bu falastinliklar Britaniya fuqaroligiga aylanmaganini va Falastinning Britaniya hukmronliklariga qoʻshilmaganini anglatardi<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GniaXe2wnRQC&pg=PA49|title=International Law Reports: Cases 1938–1940, H. Lauterpacht, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-46354-8, page 49|access-date=22 April 2009|isbn=978-0-521-46354-6|author1=Lauterpacht, H|year=1942|publisher=Cambridge University Press|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129193100/https://books.google.com/books?id=GniaXe2wnRQC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>. Mandat hujjati aholini yahudiy va yahudiy boʻlmaganlarga ajratdi va Britaniya, Majburiy kuch Falastin aholisini milliy emas, balki diniy guruhlardan iborat deb hisobladi. Binobarin, 1922 va 1931-yillardagi hukumat roʻyxatga olishlari falastinliklarni musulmonlar, nasroniylar va yahudiylar deb eʼtirof etgan holda arablar toifasiga boʻlinmasdi<ref>Weldon Matthews, ''Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation,''I. B. Tauris, 2006, p. 33. Both Weldon Matthews and Prasenjit Duara interpret this aspect of the mandate system as tailored to the needs of imperial powers, which found it useful to avoid classifying colonies as nations: „This outlook was carried over to Palestine from India and Egypt where British administrators did not merely doubt the existence of a unifying national identity, but thwarted its development by creating sectarian institutions as a matter of policy.“</ref>.

Bu holat kishining [[namoz]] oʻqishi yoki Qur’on nusxasiga qoʻl tekkizishga toʻsqinlik qiladi va bunday holatda boʻlgan kishi yana namoz oʻqish uchun zarur boʻlgan poklik holatini tiklash uchun [[g‘usl]] deb atalmish butun vujudini tahorat qilishi lozim<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Malcolm |title=Islam for Dummies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT145 |year=2003 |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc. |location=[[Indiana]] |page=145|isbn=9781118053966 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |title=Islām |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref>.

==== Ramazon ====
{{main|Ramazon}}
[[Ramazon]] oyida [[jinsiy aloqa]]ga faqat tungi vaqtda ruxsat beriladi<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Anis |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236MIW/e0667 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113623/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236MIW/e0667 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>. Garchi bu parcha ochiq-oydin erkaklarga qaratilgan boʻlsa-da, roʻzaga oid jinsiy aloqa qoidalari hamma musulmon erkak va ayolga birdek tatbiq etilishi uchun qabul qilingan<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |url=https://archive.org/details/sexualethicsisla00alik |url-access=limited |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/sexualethicsisla00alik/page/n156 128]}}</ref>.

==== Oilani rejalashtirish ====
===== Homiladorlikdan saqlanish =====
{{main|Homiladorlikdan saqlanish}}
Qur’onda [[homiladorlikdan saqlanish]] haqida aniq matn mavjud emas. Musulmonlar homiladorlikdan saqlanish masalasida [[hadis]]i sharifga murojaat qilishadi. Musulmon ulamolarining fikricha, tugʻilishni nazorat qilish vaqtinchalik va uzrli sababga koʻra ruxsat etilgan<ref name="amjaonline">
{{cite web |author1=Dr. Hatem al-Haj |title=Fatwa-76792 – Getting my tubes tied: female sterilization |url=http://www.amjaonline.org/fatwa-76792/info |website=www.amjaonline.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |date=6 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413031826/http://www.amjaonline.org/fatwa-76792/info |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sachedina |first=Zulie |title=Islam, Procreation and the Law |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=107–111 |jstor=2133308 |doi=10.2307/2133308 }}</ref>. Musulmon huquqshunoslari uning joizligiga<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford}}</ref> rozi boʻlishadi va homiladorlikdan saqlanishning boshqa shakllaridan foydalanadilar (masalan, prezervativdan foydalanish)<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e358 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230901/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e358 |archive-date=1 February 2014 }}</ref>.

Oddiy sharoitlarda homiladorlikdan saqlanish [[shariat]]da joiz deb hisoblanmaydi. Erkak va ayolning homiladorlikdan saqlanishi bilan bogʻliq qaytarilmas tabiat, [[Gʻazzoliy|Abu Homid al-Gʻazzoliy]] oʻzining „Ihyoʻ ulum ad-Din“ asarida taʼkidlaganidek, nikohning asosiy maqsadlaridan biri – farzand koʻrishga ziddir<ref name="DI">
{{cite web |author1=Muhammad ibn Adam |title=Permanent Contraception (Female Sterlisation) – Does Intention affect Permissibility? |url=http://www.daruliftaa.com/node/5114?txt_QuestionID |website=[[Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah|Darul Ifta]] |access-date=10 September 2018 |date=2 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092820/http://www.daruliftaa.com/node/5114?txt_QuestionID |archive-date=9 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>. Doimiy homiladorlikdan saqlanish shakli sifatida sterilizatsiya Islomda birinchi navbatda taqiqlangan boʻlsa-da, nazoratsiz [[diabet]], [[Yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari|yurak kasalliklari]] yoki [[hayotga mos kelmaydigan]] tugʻma anomaliyalar kabi oʻziga xos sogʻliq belgilari uchun sterilizatsiyaga ruxsat beriladi<ref name=IB>{{cite book |last1=Bagheri |first1=Alireza |last2=Al-ali |first2=Khalid Abdulla |title=Islamic Bioethics: Current Issues And Challenges |date=30 August 2017 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-1-78326-751-4 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpA4DwAAQBAJ&dq=sterilization+permitted+Islam&pg=PA239 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>.
===== Ekstrakorporal urugʻlantirish =====
{{main|Ekstrakorporal urugʻlantirish}}
[[1980-yil]]dayoq [[Misr]]ning mashhur [[Al-Azhar universiteti]] tomonidan berilgan nufuzli fatvolarda ekstrakorporal urugʻlantirish (IVF) va shunga oʻxshash texnologiyalar Islomda hech qanday uchinchi tomon donorligi ([[sperma]], [[tuxum]], [[embrion]] yoki [[bachadon]]) bilan bogʻliq boʻlmasa, joiz deb hisoblangan<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://vlex.com/vid/fatwas-ivf-gamete-sunni-shia-islam-418643 | last = Inhorn | first = MC | title = Making Muslim babies: IVF and gamete donation in Sunni versus Shi'a Islam | journal = Cult Med Psychiatry | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 427–450 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17051430 | pmc = 1705533 | doi = 10.1007/s11013-006-9027-x | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624121701/http://vlex.com/vid/fatwas-ivf-gamete-sunni-shia-islam-418643 | archive-date = 24 June 2009 }}</ref>.
== Fiqhiy noaniqliklar ==
=== Masturbatsiya ===
{{main|Masturbatsiya}}
[[File:Édouard-Henri Avril (22).jpg|thumb|235x235px|Edouard-Henri Avril tomonidan ''De figuris Veneris'' tasvirlangan rasmlardan biri. Unda jinsiy xayolparastlik paytida oʻz jinsiy aʼzosini qoʻlda ragʻbatlantirish orqali onanizm qilayotgan erkak tasvirlangan.]]
[[Islom]]da [[masturbatsiya]] yoki onanizm ({{lang-ar-at|استمناء|istimnā’}}) haqida turli xil ilmiy qarashlar mavjud, chunki asosan [[Qur’on]]da bu mavzu alohida tilga olinmagan. [[Maʼrifatchilik|Maʼrifat davri]] odob-axloqigacha boʻlgan koʻp odamlar singari, hozirgi zamongacha boʻlgan [[Islom]] ham masturbatsiyaga, asosan, befarqlik bilan duch kelgan<ref name="doi.org">Anchassi, O. (2022). The Churning in the Flogging of ʿUmayra: Or, Towards a History of Masturbation in Premodern Islamic Law. Studi Magrebini, 20(2), 213-246. https://doi.org/10.1163/2590034x-20220075</ref>. Masturbatsiyani taqiqlovchi bir qancha hadislar bor, lekin ular zaif hadis deb tasniflangan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/Login.html?url=%2Fapp%3Fservice%3Dexternalpagemethod%26page%3DArticleViewDispatch%26method%3Dview%26uri%3D%2Fopr%2Ft349%2Fe0011&failReason=|title=[Sexuality and Law]|last=Omar|first=Sara|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|url-access=limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402145942/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref>.

Shunga qaramay, masturbatsiya tarixan koʻplab huquqshunoslar tomonidan ''[[harom]]'' deb topilgan yoki taqiqlangan<ref name="Yusuf">The Lawful And The Prohibited In Islam, Yusuf Al-Qardawi – 1997.</ref><ref name="TNAM">The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East, p 168, Marcia C. Inhorn – 2012.</ref>, lekin koʻpincha agar zarurat tufayli amalga oshirilsa, joiz boʻlishi mumkinligi haqida ogohlantirilgan<ref>Islam, Gender, and Social Change, p. 28, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, John L. Esposito – 1998.</ref>. Shu bilan birga, tarixning ayrim davrlarida onanizm ham katta gunohlardan hisoblangan<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biḥār al-Anwār|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_000000127|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopaedia Islamica|date=16 October 2015|doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_000000127}}</ref> va islom qonunlariga koʻra ixtiyoriy [[taʼzir]]ga tegishli boʻlib<ref>{{Cite journal|title=al-MUFĪD|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/_eifo_sim_5316|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|date=October 2010|doi=10.1163/_eifo_sim_5316}}</ref>, jinoyat takrorlansa, yanada qattiqroq jazolangan<ref>{{Cite journal|title=ḤAMZA b. al-Ḥasan [Ibn] al-Muʾaddib al-IṢFAHĀNĪ|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_2697|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|date=October 2010|doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_2697}}</ref> Shunday qilib, masturbatsiya boʻyicha pozitsiyalar juda xilma-xildir<ref name="oxfordislamicstudies.com">{{cite web |last=Omar |first=Sara |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153420/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011 |archive-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref>.

Toʻrtta [[sunniy]] [[fiqh]] yoki [[fiqh]] [[mazhab]]i (''[[Hanafiylik]], [[Shofiʼiylik]], [[Molikiylik]] va [[Hanbaliylik]]'') bu masalada turlicha pozitsiyalarga ega. Baʼzilar buni maʼlum holatlarda taqiqlangan deb bilishadi (yaʼni, agar bu erkak/ayol oʻz turmush oʻrtogʻini jinsiy aloqada eʼtiborsiz qoldirishga olib keladigan boʻlsa), lekin ular buni noqonuniy jinsiy aloqadan kamroq yomonlik deb bilganlarida tavsiya qiladilar. [[Molikiylik]] va [[Shofiʼiylik]] [[mazhab]]larida onanizm odatda toʻliq taʼqiqlangan<ref>[http://nikah.com/marriage/islam_part1.asp Marriage in Islam – Part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127060711/http://nikah.com/marriage/islam_part1.asp |date=27 November 2010 }} by Hussein Khalid Al-Hussein, Ph. D. Refer to: Section Al-`Alaqat Al-Mubahah (Allowed Relationships)</ref><ref name="TNAM" />. [[Hanafiylik]] va [[Hanbaliylik]] [[mazhab]]ida esa, odatda, agar turmush oʻrtoqlardan biri erishib boʻlmaydigan boʻlsa va ulardan biri zino yoki zinodan qoʻrqmasa (yaʼni haddan tashqari shahvoniy istak holatida), bu holatda, onanizm orqali yengillik izlash joizdir<ref name="surrogate">Ebrahim, A. F. M., 1990. Islamic Teachings and Surrogate Motherhood. Journal for the Study of Religion, 3(1), p36. „'Abd al-Rahman al-Juzayri states: The author of Subul al-Salam says that some of the Hanbali and Hanafi jurists are of the opinion that masturbation may be permissible in the event that one fears \[that his not engaging in it\] would lead to his committing adultery or fornication. But he cautions that such a view is weak and is not to be relied on.“</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Starling|first=John|title=My Husband won't stop Masturbating|url=https://www.hanbalidisciples.com/post/2018/04/25/my-husband-wont-stop-masturbating|website=Hanbali Disciples|date=25 May 2018|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714110609/https://www.hanbalidisciples.com/post/2018/04/25/my-husband-wont-stop-masturbating|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ibrahim bin Muhammad ibn Dawyan|title=Manar as-Sabeel|page=1012}}</ref><ref>Çakmak, S., 2010. ''Hanefî mezhebinde mekruh kavramı, gelişimi ve tenzîhî-tahrîmî mekruh ayrımı'' (Master’s thesis, Uludağ Üniversitesi).</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fatawa – Is masturbation prohibited in Islam as some people claim that it is normal and even healthy?|url=https://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=5944|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Dar al-Ifta al Misriyyah|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324222747/https://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=5944|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Waseem|title=Masturbation if excited, but away from one's spouse|url=https://darululoomtt.net/masturbation-if-excited-but-away-from-ones-spouse/|website=DarulUloomTT|date=26 October 2015|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714015440/https://darululoomtt.net/masturbation-if-excited-but-away-from-ones-spouse/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Hanafiy olimi Ibn Nujaym shunday yozgan edi: “Fatvo “Valvaljiya” to‘plamida zikr qilinganki, agar kishi faqat shahvoniy nafsni (ya’ni, insonni diniy va dunyoviy ishlardan chalg‘ituvchi haddan tashqari shahvoniy shahvoniy ishtiyoqni) yo‘qotishga harakat qilsa, onanizmning zarari yo‘q. Shuningdek, agar kimdir turmush oʻrtog‘i bo‘lmasa yoki turmush o‘rtog‘i bo‘lsa ham, ma’lum holatlar tufayli unga erishish qiyin. Bu fikr “As-Sirojul-Vahaj”da ham bayon etilgan”<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.37542/iq|title=IQ (Ilmu Al-qur'an): Jurnal Pendidikan Islam|year=2020 |publisher=Fakultas Tarbiyah, Institut PTIQ Jakarta|doi=10.37542/iq}}</ref>}}{{efn|Hanafiy faqihlari boshqa sunniy mazhablar va islomiy mazhablar oddiygina “Harom” (taqiqlangan) deb atalishini hukm qilish uchun ikkita so‘z bor – 1) “Makruh Tahrimiy”, 2) “Harom”. Farqi shundaki, ularning istilohida “Harom” qat’iy sobit bo‘lgan narsadir, “Makruh Tahrimiy” deb atalgan narsaning dalili qat’iy emas (masalan, “Xabar Ahad” degan hadisga asoslanadi.) “Makruh Tahrimiy”. Hanafiy mazhabida "Makruh tanzihi" (katta yoqmagan) nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan boshqa mazhablar odatda makruh deb atalgan narsalar bilan aralashtirib yubormaslik kerak. Hanafiy ulamolari “Makruh-tahrimiy” amalini qilish gunohini “harom” deb atagan amallarni qilish gunohidan kichikroq deb biladilar, vaholanki, har ikkisi ham harom va shuning uchun gunoh boʻladi<ref>{{cite web|title=Fatwa #16088|last1=Moosa|first1=Ismail|last2=Desai|first2=Ebrahim|authorlink2=Ebrahim Desai|url=http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16088|date=23 January 2008|website=[[Askimam]]|publisher=Darul Iftaa Mahmudiyya|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726073733/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16088|url-status=live}}</ref>}}.

=== Ogʻiz orqali jinsiy aloqa ===
[[File:Detail of Édouard-Henri Avril (23).jpg|thumb|right|IXX asrda kunnilingus tasviri]]
{{main|Ogʻiz orqali jinsiy aloqa}}
[[Ahl as-Sunna val-Jamoa|Sunniy islom]]da er va xotin oʻrtasidagi ogʻzaki jinsiy aloqa „Makruh tahrimiy“<ref>{{cite web|title=Ask The Scholar: What is meant by makruh?|url=http://askthescholar.com/question-details.aspx?qstID=1750|work=Shaik Ahmad Kutty|publisher=Ahmad Kutty|access-date=7 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120709204156/http://askthescholar.com/question-details.aspx?qstID=1750|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> yoki baʼzi islom huquqshunoslari tomonidan ogʻiz va tilning jinsiy aʼzolarga tegishi deb taʼriflanganda, oʻta nomaqbul sanaladi<ref>{{cite web|title=Oral Sex in Islam|url=http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/OralSexInIslam.htm|work=The Majlis|publisher=JamiatKZN, Central-Mosque.com|access-date=7 July 2012|location=Vol. 6 No. 8|date=14 June 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614230937/http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/OralSexInIslam.htm|archive-date=14 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Moulana Ismail Desai">{{cite web|title=Are partners allowed to lick each other's private parts?|url=http://www.askimam.org/public/question_detail/21483#_ftnref1|work=Mawlana Saeed Ahmed Golaub|publisher=Moulana Ismail Desai|access-date=9 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004191016/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/21483#_ftnref1|archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>. Bu amalni tavsiya qilinmagan deb hisoblashning sababi koʻp boʻlib, eng avvalo [[hayo]], [[tahorat]] masalasidir<ref>{{cite web|title=Questions On Sexuality, Oral sex|url=http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e92.html#2|work=Living Islam|publisher=GF Haddad|access-date=7 July 2012|author=Hajj Gibril|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620140054/http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e92.html#2|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref>. [[Oʻn ikki imom]] [[islom]]ida [[najas]] isteʼmol qilinmasa, ogʻiz orqali jinsiy aloqa qilish joizdir<ref>{{cite web |title=Is oral sex between married couples allowed according to Shia teachings? If so, what is the evidence for it from the teachings of the Prophet (s) and the Imams (s)? |url=https://www.al-islam.org/ask/is-oral-sex-between-married-couples-allowed-according-to-shia-teachings-if-so-what-is-the-evidence-for-it-from-the-teachings-of-the-prophet-s-and-the-imams-s |website=Al-Islam.org|date=17 May 2020 }}</ref>.

Eng keng tarqalgan dalil<ref name="Moulana Ismail Desai"/>, [[ogʻiz]] va [[til]] [[Qur’on]] tilovati va [[Alloh]]ni zikr qilish uchun ishlatilishini taʼkidlaydi<ref name="rem allah 1">{{cite web|title=Remembrance of Allaah|url=http://www.islaam.net/main/display.php?id=391&category=134|work=Islamic Network.|access-date=7 July 2012|author='Alî Abd-ur-Rahmân al-Hudhaifî|date=4 May 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415032643/http://www.islaam.net/main/display.php?id=391&category=134|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref>. Ogʻiz va jinsiy aʼzolar oʻrtasidagi aloqa holati toʻrtta sunniy mazhablar orasida ham muhokama qilinadi.
=== Abort ===
{{Main|Islomda abort}}
Islomda abort haqida turlicha fikrlar bor, garchi koʻpchilik buni taqiqlaydi yoki rad etadi<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sachedina |first=Zulie |title=Islam, Procreation and the Law |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=111}}</ref>. Biroq, baʼzi hollarda, masalan, onaning sogʻligʻiga tahdid boʻlsa, abortga ruxsat beriladi. Agar abort ayolning hayotini saqlab qolish uchun zarur boʻlsa, musulmonlar uning hayoti homila hayotidan ustun ekanligiga umumiy rozi boʻladilar<ref>{{cite book |first=Donna Lee |last=Bowen |chapter=Contemporary Muslim Ethics of Abortion |editor-first=Jonathan E. |editor-last=Brockopp |title=Islamic ethics of life: abortion, war, and euthanasia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC |year=2003 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001185028/https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC&PA=88 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |isbn=978-1570034718 }}</ref>.

Musulmonlarning abortga nisbatan qarashlari [[hadis]]lar bilan bir qatorda huquq va diniy ulamolar va mufassirlarning fikrlari bilan ham shakllangan. Islomda homila toʻrt oylik homiladorlikdan soʻng tirik jonga aylanadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3208|sarlavha=Beginning of Creation}}</ref>, deb ishoniladi va bu vaqtdan keyin abort qilish umuman joiz emas deb hisoblanadi. Koʻpgina islom mutafakkirlari maʼlum holatlar uchun bu qoidadan istisnolarni tan oladilar. Darhaqiqat, [[Azizah Y. al-Hibri]] taʼkidlaganidek, „musulmon ulamolarining aksariyati homilaning rivojlanish bosqichida farq qilsa-da, abortga ruxsat berishadi, undan keyin esa bu taqiqlanadi“<ref name="USAToday">{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2006-08-13-forum-abortion_x.htm |work=[[USA Today]] |title=Where does God stand on abortion? |first=Tom |last=Ehrich |date=13 August 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627035106/http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2006-08-13-forum-abortion_x.htm |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref>.
=== Transseksuallik, transgender va ''uchinchi jins'' ===
{{main|Islomda LGBT}}
==== Jinslar haqida umumiy maʼlumot ====
Islom anʼanalariga koʻra, jinsni quyidagi guruhlarga boʻlish mumkin: [[erkak]], [[ayol]], xunsa, muxannis (ikkilik transgender), muxannas (ikkilik boʻlmagan transgender)<ref name="Ar">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Fran |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |last3=McLelland |first3=Mark |last4=Yue |first4=Audrey |title=AsiaPacifiQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities |date=2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09181-0 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PssO1pfKDtwC&q=sex+change+islam&pg=PA91 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>.

Trans ayol uchun arabcha atama muxannit, trans erkaklar uchun esa mutarajjilah. Umuman olganda, islom qonunlariga koʻra jinsini oʻzgartirish mumkin deb hisoblanadi, ammo oʻtish jarrohlik bilan bogʻliqdir<ref name="Zaharin AAM 2020">Zaharin AAM, Pallotta-Chiarolli M. Countering Islamic conservatism on being transgender: Clarifying Tantawi’s and Khomeini’s fatwas from the progressive Muslim standpoint. Int J Transgend Health. 2020 Jun 16;21(3):235-241. doi: 10.1080/26895269.2020.1778238. PMID 34993508; PMCID: PMC8726683.</ref>. Gomoseksualizm odatda taqiqlanganligi sababli, baʼzi odamlar jinsi holatini oʻzgartirish uchun jinsiy aloqani oʻzgartirish operatsiyasiga intilishadi<ref>Sarcheshmehpour, Zahra, and Raihanah Abdullah. „Transsexuality in Iran: Issues and Challenges.“ Journal of Shariah Law Research 2.1 (2017): 55-74.</ref>.

Islom adabiyotida ''muxannatun'' (مخنثون „feminantlar“, „ayollarga oʻxshash erkaklar“) jinsi xilma-xil kishilarni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladigan atama boʻlib, muloyimlikda, nutqda, tashqi koʻrinishda va boshqalarda oʻzini ayolga oʻxshatadigan kishini anglatadi<ref>Rowson, Everett K. (October 1991). „The Effeminates of Early Medina“ (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 111 (4): 671–693. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1504. doi:10.2307/603399. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 603399. LCCN 12032032. OCLC 47785421. S2CID 163738149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2021.</ref><ref>Zaharin, Aisya Aymanee M.; Pallotta-Chiarolli, Maria (June 2020). „Countering Islamic conservatism on being transgender: Clarifying Tantawi’s and Khomeini’s fatwas from the progressive Muslim standpoint“. International Journal of Transgender Health. Taylor & Francis. 21 (3): 235–241.</ref>. Muxannatni hunta (interseks) va bichilgan odamdan (kastratsiya qilingan) farqlash kerak<ref name="Ar"/>. Islomda kastratsiyaning har qanday koʻrinishi qatʼiyan man etilgan<ref>{{cite book |last1=Favazza |first1=Armando R. |title=Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry |date=1996 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5300-5 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwQT9fdZNdgC&q=castration+in+islam&pg=PA182 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>.
== Fiqhiy taqiqlar ==
=== Nopoklik ===
{{main|Fohisha|Dayus}}
Islom dinida [[fohisha]] arabcha soʻz boʻlib, odatda, fahsh va odobsizlik maʼnosini bildiradi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sardar |first1=Ziauddin |title=Reading the Qur'an: The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of Islam |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991149-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqAYCn1O5WwC&dq=pornography+islam&pg=PT298 |accessdate=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>. ''Namoz'' fahsh (fohisha) va yomon ishlardan (munkar) saqlaydi. Faqihlar ''[[zino]]ga'' daʼvat etuvchi ishlardan saqlanish va taqvoni (haromdan yiroq boʻlishni) tavsiya qiladilar. Shunday qilib, Qur’onga koʻra, Allohdan ajr ila yechim topilishi kerak{{efn|“Kim Allohdan qo‘rqsa, U zot uning uchun chiqar yo‘lni (paydo) qilur va uni o‘ylamagan tomonidan rizqlantirur” ([[Taloq surasi]], 2-3 oyatlar)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdul-Rahman |first1=Muhammad Saed |title=Islam: Questions and Answers - Manners (Part 2) |date=1 November 2007 |publisher=MSA Publication Limited |isbn=978-1-86179-341-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g956Y2C2pE4C&dq=zina+65%3A2-3&pg=PA84 |access-date=12 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}.
=== Zino (nikohsiz jinsiy aloqa) ===
[[File:Stoning of woman.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|"Zinokor ayolni toshboʻron qilish", Abul Hasan Gʻafforiy yoki uning atelyesi tomonidan yozilgan „[[Ming bir kecha]]“ qoʻlyozmasiga rasm. Tehron, 1853–1857]]
{{main|Zino}}
[[Qur’on]] va [[hadis]]lar tafsirida qilingan islom qonunlariga koʻra, turmush oʻrtogʻi (yoki erkakning kanizaki) bilan boʻlgan barcha jinsiy aloqalar tashqari jinsiy yaqinlik qilish ''zino'' hisoblanadi<ref name="Joseph 2006">{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Suad |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures |year=2006 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Boston}}</ref>. Islom fiqhiga koʻra zinoga fohishalik<ref name="ill" /><ref name="shahnaz" /><ref name="Habeeb" />, zoʻrlash<ref name="Semerdjian">{{cite encyclopedia|first=Elyse|last=Semerdjian|title=Zinah|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0984|url-access=subscription|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=9780195305135}}</ref> , [[anal jinsiy aloqa]]<ref name="ill" /><ref name="sam">{{cite book|last1=Habib|first1=Samar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC&q=homosexuality+zina&pg=PA211|title=Islam and Homosexuality|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313379031|edition=1st|page=211|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>, zinokorlik<ref name="ill" /><ref name="shahnaz">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shahnaz |title=Zina, Transnational Feminism, and the Moral Regulation of Pakistani Women |date=2011 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=9780774841184 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IfJl4J7MAgC&q=adultery+fornication+zina&pg=PA8 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Habeeb">{{cite book |last1=Akande |first1=Habeeb |title=A Taste of Honey: Sexuality and Erotology in Islam |date=2015 |publisher=Rabaah Publishers |isbn=9780957484511 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKyPCgAAQBAJ&q=adultery+fornication+zina&pg=PA145 |language=en}}</ref>, insest (yaqin qarindoshlar bilan jinsiy aloqa qilish)<ref name="clarke">{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Morgan |title=Islam and New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon |date=2009 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781845454326 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwreDKOTXM8C&q=incest+zina&pg=PA42 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hashim">{{cite book |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190910648 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaDwAAQBAJ&q=incest+zina&pg=PA94 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> va hayvonlar bilan jinsiy aloqa qilish kiradi<ref name="ill">{{cite book |last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |title="Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=9780815651550 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZzuBMnBKfUC&q=bestiality+zina&pg=PA53 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="law">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed |title=Law relating to fornication (Zina) in the Islamic legal system: a comparative study |date=1999 |publisher=Andhra Legal Decisions |page=3,71,142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N24mAQAAIAAJ&q=bestiality+zina |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |title="Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0815651550 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZzuBMnBKfUC&q=bestiality+zina&pg=PA53 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>.
==== Fohishalik ====
[[Misr]]lik Abdul Sabur Abdul Qaviyning fikricha, islomda fohishalik taqiqlangan<ref name=AS>{{cite book |last1=مصري |first1=عبد الصبور عبد القوي |title=الجرائم الواقعة على العرض والأخلاق: دراسة مقارنة |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Al Manhal |isbn=9796500376813 |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9XiDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&pg=PA149 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=ar}}</ref>. Fohishalik haqida Daz Austin Endshow fikricha, Qur’on qul ayollarni fohishalikka majburlamaslik kerakligini aytadi<ref name="DAE">{{cite book |last1=إندشو |first1=داج أوستين |title=الجنس والدين: التعاليم والمحظورات في تاريخ الأديان |date=8 January 2020 |publisher=Safsafa Publishing House |isbn=978-977-821-138-2 |page=1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwzeDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&pg=PA1877 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>.

{{Iqtibos|„Nikoh(imkon)ni topa olmaganlar, to Alloh ularni Oʻz fazlidan boy qilgunicha, iffatlarini saqlasinlar. Qoʻllaringizda mulk boʻlganlardan (ozodlik) vasiqasini istaydiganlari boʻlsa, bas, ularda yaxshilik borligini bilsangiz, ular ila vasiqa yozing va Allohning sizga bergan molidan ularga bering. Hayoti dunyoning oʻtkinchi matohini istab, poklikni iroda qilgan (choʻri) qizlaringizni fohishalikka majbur qilmang. Kim ularni majbur qilgan boʻlsa, bas, albatta, Alloh ular majbur qilganlaridan keyin oʻta magʻfiratli va rahimli Zotdir.“| [[Nur surasi]], 33-oyat<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://quranenc.com/uz/browse/uzbek_sadiq/24#33|sarlavha=Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf tarjimasi}}</ref>}}

Islom dinining soʻngi paygʻambari [[Muhammad]] sollahu alayhi va sallam aytdilar: „Islomda fohishalik yoʻq“<ref name="DAE"/><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud:2257|sarlavha=Divorce (Kitab Al-Talaq)}}</ref>. Islomda fohishalikning jazosi yuz darradir<ref name=AS/>. Agar turmush qurgan erkak yoki ayol (turmushga chiqqan yoki turmush qurgan) fohishalik bilan shugʻullansa, tosh otish orqali oʻlim jazosi bilan jazolanadi<ref name=AS/>.

=== Zoʻrlash ===
{{main|Islom qonunlarida zoʻrlash}}
[[Zoʻrlash]] islomda ogʻir jinsiy jinoyat sanalib, islom qonunlarida shunday taʼrif berish mumkin: „Erkakning oʻzi bilan qonuniy nikohda boʻlmagan ayol bilan uning ixtiyori va roziligisiz majburan noqonuniy jinsiy aloqa qilish“<ref name="Noor">{{cite journal|last1=Noor|first1=Azman Mohd|title=Rape: A Problem of Crime Classification in Islamic Law|journal=Arab Law Quarterly|date=1 January 2010|volume=24|issue=4|pages=417–438|doi=10.1163/157302510X526724}}</ref>.
=== Insest ===
{{main|Mahram}}
Qarindoshlar, jumladan, onasi, qizi, singlisi, xolasi, jiyani yoki qaynona-kelinlariga turmushga chiqadigan qarindoshlar oʻrtasida nikohga ruxsat berilmaydi. Taqiqlangan boshqa nikohlar qatoriga bir oiladan boʻlgan ikki yoki undan ortiq opa-singillardan tugʻilgan oʻgay qizlar kiradi<ref name="go.galegroup.com"/>. Insest – bu insonning har qanday [[mahram]]i bilan boʻlgan jinsiy munosabatlardir<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Morgan |title=Islam and New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon |date=2009 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1845454326 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwreDKOTXM8C&q=incest+zina&pg=PA42 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190910648 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaDwAAQBAJ&q=incest+zina&pg=PA94 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>.

=== Anal jinsiy aloqa ===
{{main|Anal jinsiy aloqa}}
Barcha sunniy musulmon huquqshunoslari Muhammad sollahu alayhi va sallamning hadislariga asoslanib, [[anal jinsiy aloqa]] [[harom]] (taqiqlangan) degan fikrga qoʻshilishadi<ref name="ifn">{{cite book |last1=Drissner |first1=Gerald |title=Islam for Nerds: 500 Questions and Answers |date=2016 |publisher=pochemuchka (Gerald Drissner) |isbn=978-3-9819848-4-2 |page=679 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odXkDwAAQBAJ&q=anal+islam&pg=PA679 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> . Aksincha, [[Oʻn ikki imom|oʻn ikki shia musulmon faqihlariga]] koʻra, anal jinsiy aloqa makruh (qattiq maʼqullanmagan) sanaladi, lekin xotinning roziligi bilan joizdir<ref>{{cite web |title=From Marriage to Parenthood The Heavenly Path – Chapter 2: Sexual Etiquette |url=https://www.al-islam.org/marriage-parenthood-heavenly-path/chapter-2-sexual-etiquette |website=Al-Islam.org|date=30 January 2013 }}</ref>.
=== Gomoseksuallik ===
{{main|Islomda LGBT}}
Qur’on Lut qissasi (shuningdek, Injilning Ibtido kitobida), An-Niso, Al-Araf va boshqa suralardagi oyatlar orqali [[gomoseksuallik]]ni qatʼiyan man etadi<ref name=adang>Camilla Adang (2003), Ibn Hazam on Homosexuality, [[:fr:Qantara|Al Qantara]], Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 5–31.</ref><ref name=somwr>Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (1997), Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature, {{ISBN|978-0814774687}}, New York University Press, pp. 88–94.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Michaelson|first=Jay|title=God Vs. Gay? The Religious Case for Equality|year=2011|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|isbn=97-80807001592|pages=[https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68 68–69]|url=https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68}}</ref>. Masalan, Abu Dovud aytadiki<ref name=somwr/><ref name=mohelawa>Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), Punishment In Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, {{ISBN|978-0892591428}}</ref>, [[Nuvayriy Shihobiddin Ahmad Ibn Abd Al-Vahhob|Al-Nuvayriy]] (1272-1332) oʻzining „Nihoya“ rivoyatlarida Muhammad „oʻz ummati uchun eng koʻp qoʻrqqan narsa Lut qavmining amallari boʻlganini aytgan“ deb taʼkidlaydi<ref name="autogenerated1983">{{Cite encyclopedia|year= 1983 | title=Liwāṭ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill | editor-last = Bearman | editor-first = P. | editor-last2 = Bianquis | editor-first2 = Th. | editor-last3 = Bosworth | editor-first3 = C.E. | editor-last4 = van Donzel | editor-first4 = E. | editor-last5 = Heinrichs | editor-first5 = W.P.| doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677 }}</ref>.

== Yana qarang ==
{{columns-list|
* ''[[Islomda Nikoh]]''
* ''[[Muta]]'' [[Shia]]larning vaqtinchalik nikohi.
* ''[[Misyar nikohi]]'' [[Sunniy]] musulmonlar tomonidan ruxsat etilgan nikoh shartnomasi.
* ''[[Taqvodorlik|Taqvo]]''
* ''[[Tavba]]''
* [[Jinsiy axloq]]
* [[Istihod]]
* [[Aqida]]
* [[Islomning siyosiy jihatlari]]
}}
== Eslatmalar ==
{{notelist}}


== Manbalar ==
== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}
{{manbalar|3}}

== Adabiyotlar ==
* {{cite book |last1=Altalib |first1=Hisham |last2=Sulaymān |first2=ʻAbdulHạmīd Abū |last3=Altalib |first3=Omar |author-link2=Abdul Hamid AbuSulayman|title=Jinsiy aloqa va jinsiy tarbiya: Farzandlarimizga nima deymiz? |date=2013|isbn=978-1-56564-570-7 |url=https://www.iium.edu.my/media/88705/Sex_and_Sex_education_What_Do_We_Tell_Ou.pdf |language=en}}
* ''Islom va jinsiy aloqa'' – Ulvon, Abdulla Nasih (2002). Qohira: Darus Salom
* ''Islomda bola tarbiyasi'' – Ulvon, Abdulla Nasih (2004). Qohira: Darus Salom
* ''Islom va muhabbat'' – Ulvon, Abdulla Nasih (2002). Qohira: Darus Salom
* ''Siyosiy islom: arab dunyosida din va siyosat'' – Ayubi, Nazih (2004). Nyu-York: Routledge.
''' Umumiy'''

* ''Ayollar va islom madaniyatlari entsiklopediyasi: oila, huquq va siyosat ''- Suad Jozef, Afsaneh Najmabadiy(2003).

== Havolalar ==
{{Commons category|Sexuality in Islam}}
{{Wikiquote|Islom va jinsiy aloqa}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201010701/http://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/mus-index.html Musulmon jinsiy axloqi boʻyicha FSE loyihasi boʻlimi]
[[Turkum:Islom jinoiy yurisprudensiyasi]]
[[Turkum:Islom oila huquqi]]
[[Turkum:Islom huquqshunosligi]]
[[Turkum:Islomdagi hayo]]
[[Turkum:Islomda jinsiy aloqa| ]]
[[Turkum:Din va mifologiyada interseks]]
[[Turkum:Transgender mavzulari va dini]]
[[Turkum:LGBT va Islom]]

2024-yil 22-aprel, 07:57 dagi koʻrinishi

Falastinliklar arabcha: الفلسطينيون, al-Filasṭīniyyūn

Falastin bayrogʻi
Jami aholi soni
14,3 mln[1]
Eng koʻp tarqalgan hududlari
 Falastin davlati
 Falastin 5 350 000[1][2][3][4]
 Iordaniya 5 415 491[2][5]
 Isroil 2 037 000[6]
 Suriya 568,530 (Faqat 2021-yilda qochqinlar roʻyxatga olingan)[2]
 Chili 500 000[7]
 Saudiya Arabistoni 400 000[8]
 Qatar 295,000[8]
 Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari 200,000[9]
 Livan 174,000 (2017 yilgi aholi roʻyxati)[10] –458,369 (2016-yilda roʻyxatga olingan qochqinlar)[2]
 Gonduras 27 000 – 200 000[8][11]
 Germaniya 100 000[12]
 Kuvayt 80 000[13]
 Misr 70 000[8]
 El Salvador 70 000[14]
 Braziliya 59 000[15]
 Liviya 59 000[8]
 Iroq 57 000[16]
 Kanada 50 975[17]
 Yaman 29 000[8]
 Birlashgan Qirollik 20 000[18]
 Peru 15 000[manba kerak]
 Meksika 13 000[8]
 Kolumbiya 12 000[8]
 Niderlandiya 9 000 – 15 0000[19]
 Avstraliya 7 000 (tax)[20][21]
 Shvetsiya 7 000[22]
 Jazoir 4 030[23]
Tillari
Falastin va Isroilda:
Arabcha, Ibroniycha, Inglizcha
Dini
Koʻpchilik:
Sunniylik
Ozchilik:
Xristianlik, mazhabsiz Islom, Darziylar, Samariylik[24][25], Shialik[26]
Etnik guruhlari
Iordanlar, Livanlar, Suriyaliklar, Arablar va boshqalar[27]

Falastinliklar (arabcha: الفلسطينيون, al-Filasṭīniyyūn; ivritcha: פָלַסְטִינִים, Fālasṭīnīm) yoki Falastin aholisi (arabcha: الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha‘b al-Filasṭīnī), Falastinlik arablar (arabcha: العرب الفلسطينيون, al-ʿArab al-Filasṭīniyyūn) deb ham ataladi. Etnomilliy guruh[28][29][30][31][32][33][34] koʻp yillar davomida Falastin hududida yashab kelgan va bugungi kunda madaniy va til jihatidan arab boʻlgan xalqlardan kelib chiqqan[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43].

Turli urushlar va qochqinlarga qaramay, dunyo Falastin aholisining qariyb yarmi hozirda Isroil va Gʻarbiy Sohil va Gʻazo sektoridagi Falastin hududlarini qamrab olgan sobiq Majburiy Falastin hududida istiqomat qilishda davom etmoqda[44]. Isroilda falastinliklar arab fuqarolarining bir qismi sifatida aholining deyarli 21 foizini tashkil qiladi[45].

1919-yilda falastinlik musulmonlar va falastinlik nasroniylar yahudiy immigratsiyasining uchinchi toʻlqini va Birinchi jahon urushidan keyin Britaniya Majburiy Falastinni oʻrnatishdan oldin Falastin aholisining 90 foizini tashkil qilgan[46][47]. Yahudiylarning immigratsiyasiga qarshilik Falastin jamiyati hali ham mintaqaviy, diniy va oilaviy tafovutlar tufayli parchalanib ketgan boʻlsa-da, yagona milliy oʻziga xoslikni mustahkamlashga turtki boʻldi[48][49]. Falastin milliy oʻziga xosligi tarixi olimlar oʻrtasida bahsli masaladir[50][51]. Baʼzilar uchun „Falastin“ atamasi IXX asr oxiridan boshlab Birinchi jahon urushigacha boʻlgan davrda Falastin arablari tomonidan Falastin xalqining millatchilik tushunchasiga ishora qilish uchun ishlatiladi desa, boshqalar Falastinning oʻziga xosligi Bibliya davridan to Usmonlilar davrigacha boʻlgan barcha davrlarning merosini oʻz ichiga oladi deydi[41][42][52]. Isroil Mustaqillik Deklaratsiyasi, 1948-yilda Falastinning quvgʻin qilinishidan va 1967-yilgi Falastinliklarning qochib ketishidan soʻng, „Falastin“ atamasi Falastin davlatiga intilish shaklida umumiy kelajak tuygʻusiga aylandi[41].

Etimologiya

Asosiy sahifa: Falastin nomining xronologiyasi
Falastin gazetasining 1936-yildagi soni. 1911-yilda tashkil etilganidan buyon oʻz oʻquvchilariga „Falastinliklar“ deb murojaat qilgan[53]

Arabcha Filasṭīn (فلسطين) soʻzining kelib chiqishi boʻlgan yunoncha toponimi Palaistínē (Παλαιστίνη) birinchi marta miloddan avvalgi V asr yunon tarixchisi Gerodotning asarida uchraydi va bu yer odatda[54] Misrdan Finikiyagacha boʻlgan qirgʻoq boʻyidagi yerlarni bildiradi[55][56]. Gerodot bu atamani etnonim sifatida ham qoʻllaydi, chunki u „Falastinlik suriyaliklar“ yoki „Falastin-suriyaliklar“[57] haqida gapirganda, etnik jihatdan amorf guruh boʻlib, u finikiyaliklardan ajratib turadi[58][59].

Suriya va Falastinning milodiy 650 dan 1500-yilgacha tasviri

Yunoncha soʻz toponim yoki etnonim sifatida ishlatilgan qadimgi Sharqiy Oʻrta yer dengizi-yaqin Sharq soʻzini aks ettiradi. Qadimgi Misrda Peleset/Purusati[60] „Dengiz xalqlari“, xususan, filistlarni nazarda tutadi deb taxmin qilingan[61][62] Som tillari ichiga kiruvchi akkadcha Palaštu (variant Pilištu) VII asrdagi Filistlar va oʻsha paytgacha uning toʻrtta shahar shtatlarida qoʻllanadi[63]. Bibliyada ibroniy tilidagi Plištim soʻzi odatda filistlar deb tarjima qilinadi[64].

Xalil Beydas (1874–1949) 1898-yilda tarjima qilgan kitobining soʻzboshisida "Falastin arablari- oʻzini „falastinliklar“ deb taʼriflagan birinchi shaxs edi" degan.

Miloddan avvalgi birinchi asrda rimliklar bu hududni bosib olganlarida, mintaqaning koʻp qismini qamrab olgan viloyat uchun Yahudiya nomini qoʻllashgan. Shu bilan birga, Suriya Palestina nomi tarixchilar va geograflar tomonidan Filon, Iosif va Elder Pliniyning yozuvlarida boʻlgani kabi Oʻrta yer dengizi va Iordan daryosi orasidagi hududga nisbatan qoʻllanila boshlandi. Milodiy II asrning boshlarida Suriya Palaestina rasmiy maʼmuriy nomga aylandi. Bunda olimlar imperator Adrianning Bar Koxba qoʻzgʻoloni uchun jazo sifatida yahudiylarni yerdan ajratishga urinishi sifatida qarashdi[65][66][67]. Jeykobson oʻzgarishni yangi provinsiya ancha katta boʻlganligi bilan ratsionalizatsiya qilishni taklif qildi[68][69]. Shundan buyon bu nom tangalarga yozilgan va VII asrdan boshlab ravvin matnlarida tilga olingan[65][70][71]. Filastin arabcha soʻzi eng qadimgi oʻrta asr arab geograflari davridan beri mintaqaga nisbatan ishlatilgan[72].

Hozirgi zamonda Falastin arablari oʻzini „falastinlik“ deb taʼriflagan birinchi shaxs 1898-yilda Xalil Beydas, keyin esa 1902-yilda Salim Quboin va Najib Nassar boʻlgan. 1908-yilgi Yosh turklar inqilobidan soʻng, Usmonlilar imperiyasida matbuot senzurasi qonunlarini yengillashtirilgan. Natijada Falastinda oʻnlab gazeta va davriy nashrlarga asos solindi va „Falastin“ atamasi qoʻllanish doirasi kengaydi. Ular orasida Al-Quds, Al-Munadi, Falastin, Al-Karmil va Al-Nafir gazetalari bor edi, ular 1908-yildan 1914-yilgacha 110 ta maqolada 170 martadan ortiq „Filastini“ atamasini ishlatgan. Maqola mualliflari orasida nasroniy va musulmon arab falastinliklar, falastinlik emigrantlar va falastinlik boʻlmagan arablar bor edi[73][74].

Majburiy Falastin davrida „Falastin“ atamasi diniy va etnik mansubligidan qatʼi nazar, u erda yashovchi barcha odamlarga nisbatan qoʻllanilgan va Britaniya Majburiy organlari tomonidan fuqarolik berilganlarga „Falastin fuqaroligi“ berilgan[75].

Kelib chiqishi

Asosiy sahifa: Falastin nomining xronologiyasi

Falastinliklarning kelib chiqishi murakkab va xilma-xildir. Mintaqa dastlab arab boʻlmagan. Uning arablashuvi Falastinning arab qabilalari va ularning mahalliy ittifoqchilari tomonidan tez sur’atlar bilan kengayib borayotgan Islom xalifaliklari tarkibiga qoʻshilish natijasi edi[76].

Falastinlik ona va bola

Falastin tarix davomida koʻplab demografik va diniy toʻntarishlarni boshdan kechirdi. Miloddan avvalgi 2-ming yillikda bu yerda kanʼonliklar, yaʼni semit tilida soʻzlashuvchi, kanʼon diniga eʼtiqod qiluvchi xalqlar yashagan[77]. Aksariyat falastinliklar qadimgi kanʼonliklar bilan kuchli genetik aloqaga ega hisoblanishadi[78][79]. Keyinchalik isroilliklar janubiy Kanʼon sivilizatsiyasining oʻsishi sifatida paydo boʻldi, yahudiylar va isroillik samariyaliklar klassik antik davrda Falastin aholisining koʻp qismini tashkil etdilar[80][81][82][83][84][85]. Biroq, Quddus va uning atrofidagi Yahudiyadagi yahudiylar va Samariyadagi samariyaliklar mos ravishda yahudiy-rim urushlari va samariyaliklar qoʻzgʻolonlari natijasida toʻliq tiklana olmadilar[86]. Keyingi asrlarda mintaqada siyosiy va iqtisodiy notinchliklar, nasroniylikni ommaviy qabul qilishlar (va keyinchalik Rim imperiyasining nasroniylashuvi)kuzatildi[87][88]. Xristianlarning immigratsiyasi, shuningdek, butparastlar, yahudiylar va samariyaliklarning oʻzgarishi Rim va Vizantiyada falastin nasroniylarini shakllanishiga yordam berdi[89][90][91].

VII asrda arab rashidunlari Levantni bosib oldilar. Keyinchalik ularning oʻrnini boshqa arab musulmon sulolalari, jumladan Umaviylar, Abbosiylar va Fotimiylar egalladi[92][93][94]. Keyingi bir necha asrlar davomida Falastin aholisi keskin kamaydi[95][96]. Vaqt oʻtishi bilan mavjud aholi arab madaniyati va tilini oʻzlashtirib, koʻpchiligi islom dinini qabul qildi[90]. Musulmonlar istilosidan oldin va keyin arablarning joylashishi islomlashuv jarayonini tezlashtirishda muhim rol oʻynagan, deb taxmin qilinadi[97][98][99][100]. Baʼzi olimlar salibchilarning kelishi bilan Falastinda koʻpchilik musulmon boʻlgan deb taʼkidlashadi[101][102]. Boshqalar esa ommaviy islomlashuv jarayoni ancha keyinroq, ehtimol, mamluklar davrida sodir boʻlgan, deb daʼvo qiladilar[103][97][104]

Usmonlilar davrida bir necha asrlar davomida Falastinda aholi soni kamayib, IXX asrda aholining tez oʻsishi kuzatila boshladi[105]. Bu oʻsishga IXX asrning birinchi yarmida misrliklar (Muhammad Ali va Ibrohim Posho hukmronligi davrida), jazoirliklarning (Abdelkader al-Jezariy qoʻzgʻolonidan keyin), ikkinchi yarmida esa, jazoirliklar, bosniyaliklar va cherkeslar koʻchib kelishi yordam berdi[92][93].

Falastin millatchiligining paydo boʻlishi

Falastin kurashini xotirlash uchun BMT markasi

Mustaqil Falastin davlati hozirgi davrda falastinliklar yashagan yerlar ustidan toʻliq suverenitetga ega emas. Birinchi jahon urushigacha Falastin Usmonlilar imperiyasi tomonidan boshqarilgan, keyin esa Britaniyaning majburiy hokimiyatlari tomonidan nazorat qilingan. Isroil 1948-yilda Falastinning baʼzi qismlarida tashkil etilgan. 1948-yildagi Arab-Isroil urushidan soʻng Gʻarbiy Sohil Iordaniya tomonidan, Gʻazo sektori esa Misr tomonidan boshqarilgan va har ikki davlat ham bu hududlarni Isroil bosib olguncha boshqarishda davom etgan. Tarixchi Avi Shlaimning taʼkidlashicha, falastinliklarning yer ustidan suverenitetga ega emasligi isroilliklar tomonidan falastinliklarning oʻz taqdirini oʻzi belgilash huquqidan mahrum qilish uchun foydalanilgan[106].

Bugungi kunda Falastin xalqining oʻz taqdirini oʻzi belgilash huquqi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Bosh Assambleyasi, Xalqaro Sud[107] va Isroilning bir qancha hukumatlari[108] tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Falastinni rasman davlat sifatida jami 133 davlat tan oladi[109].

Majburiy Falastin (1917–1947)

1946-yilda Majburiy Falastin

Birinchi jahon urushi oxirida Falastin millatchi tashkilotlari paydo boʻldi[110]. Nashashibilar oilasi hukmron boʻlgan al-Muntada al-Adabiy islom qadriyatlarini himoya qilish hamda mustaqil Suriya va Falastin aholisiga arab tili madaniyatini targʻib qilish uchun kurashgan. Damashqda Husayniylar oilasi hukmronlik qilgan an-Nadi al-Arabiy xuddi shu qadriyatlarni himoya qilgan[111].

Musa Alami (1897-1984) – falastinlik millatchi va siyosatchi, 1940-yillarda falastinliklarning yetakchisi sifatida koʻrilgan.

Millatlar Ligasi paktining 22-moddasida „sivilizatsiyaning muqaddas ishonchi“ doirasida Usmonli imperiyasi suvereniteti ostida boʻlishni toʻxtatgan hududlar va xalqlarga xalqaro huquqiy maqom berilgan. Millatlar Ligasi Mandatining 7-moddasida aholi uchun yangi, alohida, Falastin fuqaroligini belgilash talab qilingan. Bu falastinliklar Britaniya fuqaroligiga aylanmaganini va Falastinning Britaniya hukmronliklariga qoʻshilmaganini anglatardi[112]. Mandat hujjati aholini yahudiy va yahudiy boʻlmaganlarga ajratdi va Britaniya, Majburiy kuch Falastin aholisini milliy emas, balki diniy guruhlardan iborat deb hisobladi. Binobarin, 1922 va 1931-yillardagi hukumat roʻyxatga olishlari falastinliklarni musulmonlar, nasroniylar va yahudiylar deb eʼtirof etgan holda arablar toifasiga boʻlinmasdi[113].

Manbalar

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 „Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Presents the Conditions of Palestinian Populations on the Occasion of the International Population Day, 11/07/2022“ (Wayback Machine saytida 27 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan), Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) 7 July 2022
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 „Where We Work UNRWA“. UNRWA. 2023-yil 7-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr.
  3. ↑ 'PCBS reports Palestinian population growth to 4.81 million,' (Wayback Machine saytida 13 July 2016 sanasida arxivlangan) Ma'an News Agency 11 July 2016.
  4. ↑ 'The World Fact Book (Wayback Machine saytida 22 July 2021 sanasida arxivlangan) CIA July 2015.
  5. ↑ „Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Press Release“. 2017-yil 10-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr.
  6. ↑ „Israel’s population approaches 9.7 million as 2022 comes to an end“ (Wayback Machine saytida 2 June 2023 sanasida arxivlangan), The Times of Israel 10 December 2022
  7. ↑ „La Ventana – Littin: "Quiero que esta película sea una contribución a la paz"“. Laventana.casa.cult.cu. 2009-yil 22-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 17-fevral.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 8,6 8,7 „The Arab, Palestinian people group is reported in 25 countries“. Joshua Project. 2016-yil 18-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 26-iyun.
  9. ↑ „Palestinians Living in UAE Uncertain Over Peace Deal With Israel“. The Media Line (2020-yil 16-avgust). 2023-yil 24-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr.
  10. ↑ „Lebanon conducts first-ever census of Palestinian refugees“ (2017-yil 21-dekabr). 2017-yil 24-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr.
  11. ↑ Jorge Alberto Amaya, Los Árabes y Palestinos en Honduras: su establecimiento e impacto en la sociedad hondureña contemporánea:1900–2009 (Wayback Machine saytida 18 August 2016 sanasida arxivlangan) 23 July 2015.'En suma, los árabes y palestinos, arribados al país a finales del siglo XIX, dominan hoy en día la economía del país, y cada vez están emergiendo como actores importantes de la clase política hondureña y forman, después de Chile, la mayor concentración de descendientes de palestinos en América Latina, con entre 150,000 y 200,000 personas.'
  12. ↑ „Inside Berlin's famous Palestinian neighbourhood“. Middle East Eye. 2023-yil 3-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr.
  13. ↑ „Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy“. Al Monitor (2013-yil 23-may). 2013-yil 22-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 23-may.
  14. ↑ „El Salvador's Palestinian connection“ (2006-yil 26-fevral). 2023-yil 15-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr.
  15. ↑ „test0.com“. 2009-yil 23-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  16. ↑ „Factsheet: Palestinian Refugees in Iraq“. 2009-yil 20-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 16-iyun.
  17. ↑ „Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agg..“. 2.statcan.ca. 2020-yil 12-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 22-aprel.
  18. ↑ „The Palestinian Diaspora in Europe“. 2013-yil 24-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 22-iyun.
  19. ↑ „Did you know that ... Palestinians in the Netherlands – Palestine Link“. 2018-yil 4-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 4-noyabr.
  20. ↑ „Handing on the key“. 2012-yil 2-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 21-may.
  21. ↑ „Australians' Ancestries“. 2019-yil 11-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr.
  22. ↑ Miguel Benito. „Palestinier“. 2013-yil 29-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  23. ↑ „2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Algeria“. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2013). 2020-yil 21-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 22-dekabr.
  24. ↑ Mor, M., Reiterer, F. V., & Winkler, W. (2010). Samaritans: Past and present: Current studies. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 217.
  25. ↑ Miller, Elhanan „Clinging to ancient traditions, the last Samaritans keep the faith“. The Times of Israel (2013-yil 26-aprel). 2020-yil 28-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 16-fevral.
  26. ↑ Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation (Wayback Machine saytida 21 May 2020 sanasida arxivlangan) retrieved 4 September 2013
  27. ↑ Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018). "The genetic heterogeneity of Arab populations as inferred from HLA genes" (en). PLOS ONE 13 (3): e0192269. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 29522542. PMC 5844529. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5844529. 
  28. ↑ Wittes, Tamara Cofman. 2005. How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan). US Institute of Peace Press. p. 5. „But given that the groups we are concerned with (Israelis and Palestinians) are ethnonational groups, their political cultures are heavily shaped by their ethnonational identities.“
  29. ↑ Jabareen, Hassan. 2002. „The Future of Arab Citizenship in Israel:Jewish-Zionist Time in as Place with No Palestinian memory.“ In Challenging Ethnic Citizenship: German and Israeli Perspectives on Immigration (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan), edited by D. Levy and Y. Weiss. Berghahn Books. p. 214. „This blurring has led to a situation in which characteristics of the State of Israel are presented as characteristics of a nation-state, even though (de facto) it is a binational state, and Palestinian citizens are presented as an ethnic minority group although they are a homeland majority.“
  30. ↑ Hussain, Mir Zohair, and Stephan Shumock. 2006. „Ethnonationalism: A Concise Overview“ (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan). In Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict: Primal Violence Or the Politics of Conviction, edited by S. C. Saha. Lexington Books. pp. 269ff, 284: „The Palestinians…are an ethnic minority in their country of residence.“
  31. ↑ Nasser, Riad. 2013. Palestinian Identity in Jordan and Israel: The Necessary 'Others' in the Making of a Nation (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan). Routledge: „What is noteworthy here is the use of a general category 'Arabs', instead of a more specific one of 'Palestinians.' By turning to a general category, the particularity of Palestinians, among other ethnic and national groups, is erased and in its place Jordanian identity is implanted.“
  32. ↑ Haklai, Oded. Palestinian Ethnonationalism in Israel (en). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011-06-15. ISBN 978-0-8122-0439-1. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. „...throughout the 1990s and 2000s a growing number of PAI political organizations have been increasingly promoting Palestinian consciousness, advancing ethnonationalist objectives, and demanding recognition of collective group rights.“ 
  33. ↑ Abu-Rayya, Hisham Motkal; Abu-Rayya, Maram Hussien (2009). "Acculturation, religious identity, and psychological well-being among Palestinians in Israel". International Journal of Intercultural Relations 33 (4): 325–331. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.05.006. 
  34. ↑ Moilanen-Miller, Heather. "The Construction of Identity through Tradition: Palestinians in the Detroit Metro Area". International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science: 143–150. http://www.iji.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.88/prod.823. Qaraldi: 2 December 2015. Foydalanuvchi Komilkhuja/qumloq]]
  35. ↑ „Palestine Nationalism: A. Search for Roots“ (en-US). The New York Times (1978-yil 19-fevral). 2023-yil 15-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 23-sentyabr. „The Palestinians are an Arab people, largely Moslem but with important numbers of Christians, who live in, once lived in, or trace their descent through parents or grandparents to the land once known as Palestine, which came under a British mandate in 1922 and now is the land of Israel, the West Bank of the Jordan and the Gaza Strip.“.
  36. ↑ Yakobson, Alexander; Rubinstein, Amnon. Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation-state and Human Rights (en). Taylor & Francis, 2009 — 179-bet. ISBN 978-0-415-46441-3. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. „Of course, the notion that the Palestinians are an Arab people, an integral part of the Arab world ('the Arab nation'), is wholly legitimate and natural, given the history and culture of the people in question.“ 
  37. ↑ Wilmer, Franke. Breaking Cycles of Violence in Israel and Palestine: Empathy and Peacemaking in the Middle East (en). Rowman & Littlefield, 15 January 2021 — 14-bet. ISBN 978-1-7936-2352-2. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. „People know who they are, where they live, and where their families have lived for centuries or millennia“ 
  38. ↑ Dowty, Alan. Israel/Palestine. London, UK: Polity, 2008 — 221-bet. ISBN 978-0-7456-4243-7. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. „Palestinians are the descendants of all the indigenous peoples who lived in Palestine over the centuries; since the seventh century, they have been predominantly Muslim in religion and almost completely Arab in language and culture.“ 
  39. ↑ Abu-Libdeh, Bassam, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi. 2012. „Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians“. Pp. 700–11 in Genomics and Health in the Developing World, edited by D. Kumar. Oxford University Press. p. 700: „Palestinians are an indigenous people who either live in, or originate from, historical Palestine…. Although the Muslims guaranteed security and allowed religious freedom to all inhabitants of the region, the majority converted to Islam and adopted Arab culture.“
  40. ↑ Khalidi, Rashid Ismail, et al. [1999] 2020. „Palestine § From the Arab Conquest to 1900“ (Wayback Machine saytida 30 October 2023 sanasida arxivlangan). Encyclopædia Britannica. „The process of Arabization and Islamization was gaining momentum there. It was one of the mainstays of Umayyad power and was important in their struggle against both Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula…. Conversions arising from convenience as well as conviction then increased. These conversions to Islam, together with a steady tribal inflow from the desert, changed the religious character of Palestineʼs inhabitants. The predominantly Christian population gradually became predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking. At the same time, during the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to Jerusalem after a 500-year absence.“
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 "Palestine". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45075/The-term-Palestinian. "The Arabs of Palestine began widely using the term Palestinian starting in the pre–World War I period to indicate the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people. But after 1948—and even more so after 1967—for Palestinians themselves the term came to signify not only a place of origin but also, more importantly, a sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian state." <!--->
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 Bernard Lewis. Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W.W. Norton and Company, 1999 — 169-bet. ISBN 978-0-393-31839-5. 
  43. ↑ Parkes, James. [1949] 1970. Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine (rev. ed.) Penguin. pp. 209–10: „the word 'Arab' needs to be used with care. It is applicable to the Bedouin and to a section of the urban and effendi classes; it is inappropriate as a description of the rural mass of the population, the fellaheen. The whole population spoke Arabic, usually corrupted by dialects bearing traces of words of other origin, but it was only the Bedouin who habitually thought of themselves as Arabs. Western travelers from the sixteenth century onwards make the same distinction, and the word 'Arab' almost always refers to them exclusively…. Gradually it was realized that there remained a substantial stratum of the pre-Israelite peasantry, and that the oldest element among the peasants were not 'Arabs' in the sense of having entered the country with or after the conquerors of the seventh century, had been there already when the Arabs came.“
  44. ↑ ; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. SkoggardEncyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer, 2005 — 234–-bet. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-may. 
  45. ↑ Alan Dowty, Critical issues in Israeli society, Greenwood (2004), p. 110
  46. ↑ Kathleen Christison, Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U. S. Middle East Policy, University of California Press, 2001 p.32.
  47. ↑ Alfred J. Andrea, James H. Overfield, The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume II: Since 1500, Cengage Learning, 2011 7th.ed. op,437.
  48. ↑ Rashid Khalidi, pp.24–26
  49. ↑ Paul Scham, Walid Salem, Benjamin Pogrund (eds.), Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan), Left Coast Press, 2005 pp.69–73.
  50. ↑ Likhovski, Assaf. Law and identity in mandate Palestine. The University of North Carolina Press, 2006 — 174-bet. ISBN 978-0-8078-3017-8. 
  51. ↑ Gelvin, James L.. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge University Press, 13 January 2014 — 93-bet. ISBN 978-1-107-47077-4. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. „Palestinian nationalism emerged during the interwar period in response to Zionist immigration and settlement. The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. . . Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the Yishuv originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other".“ 
  52. ↑ Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan), New York: Columbia University Press, 2010, p. 18.
  53. ↑ Harold M. Cubert. The PFLP's Changing Role in the Middle East. Routledge, 3 June 2014 — 36-bet. ISBN 978-1-135-22022-8. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 31-dekabr. „That year, Al-Karmil was founded in Haifa 'with the purpose of opposing Zionist colonization...' and in 1911, Falastin began publication, referring to its readers, for the first time, as 'Palestinians'.“ 
  54. ↑ With the exception of Bks. 1, 105; 3.91.1, and 4.39, 2.
  55. ↑ Herodotus describes its scope in the Fifth Satrapy of the Persians as follows: „From the town of Posidium, […] on the border between Cilicia and Syria, as far as Egypt – omitting Arabian territory, which was free of tax, came 350 talents. This province contains the whole of Phoenicia and that part of Syria which is called Palestine, and Cyprus. This is the fifth Satrapy.“ (from Herodotus Book 3, 8th logos).[1] (Wayback Machine saytida 29 June 2011 sanasida arxivlangan)
  56. ↑ Cohen, 2006, p. 36.
  57. ↑ Herodotus, The Histories, Bks. 2:104 (Φοἰνικες δἐ καὶ Σὐριοι οἱ ἑν τᾔ Παλαιστἰνῃ, „Phoinikes de kaì Surioi oi en té Palaistinē“); 3:5; 7:89.
  58. ↑ Kasher, 1990, p. 15.
  59. ↑ David Asheri, A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4, Oxford University Press, 2007 p.402: „'the Syrians called Palestinians', at the time of Herodotus were a mixture of Phoenicians, Philistines, Arabs, Egyptians, and perhaps also other peoples. . . Perhaps the circumcised 'Syrians called Palestinians' are the Arabs and Egyptians of the Sinai coast; at the time of Herodotus there were few Jews in the coastal area.“
  60. ↑ pwlɜsɜtj. John Strange, Caphtor/Keftiu: a new investigation, Brill, 1980 p. 159.
  61. ↑ Killebrew, Ann E. (2013), „The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology“, Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies, Society of Biblical Lit, 15-jild, 2-bet, ISBN 9781589837218, 29 November 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 29 November 2023. Quote: "First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term „Sea Peoples“ encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). [Footnote: The modern term „Sea Peoples“ refers to peoples that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from „islands“ (tables 1–2; Adams and Cohen, this volume; see, e.g., Drews 1993, 57 for a summary). The use of quotation marks in association with the term „Sea Peoples“ in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term. It is noteworthy that the designation „of the sea“ appears only in relation to the Sherden, Shekelesh, and Eqwesh. Subsequently, this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms, including the Philistines, who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill (see, e.g., Sandars 1978; Redford 1992, 243, n. 14; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature, see Woudhuizen 2006). Hencefore the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks.]
  62. ↑ The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B. C., Robert Drews, p48–61 (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan) Quote: "The thesis that a great „migration of the Sea Peoples“ occurred ca. 1200 B. C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, "eins ist aber sicher: Nach den ägyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer „Völkerwanderung“ zu tun." („one thing is clear: according to the Egyptian texts, we are not dealing here with a 'Völkerwanderung' [migration of peoples as in 4th–6th-century Europe].“) Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation."
  63. ↑ Seymour Gitin, 'Philistines in the Book of Kings,' in André Lemaire, Baruch Halpern, Matthew Joel Adams (eds.) The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan), BRILL, 2010 pp.301–363, for the Neo-Assyrian sources p.312: Soʻnggi filistlar davri (II temir davri)dagi toʻrtta shahar davlati: „Amqarrūna“ (Ekron), „Asdūdu“ (Ashdod), „Hazat“ (Gʻazo) va Isqaluna (Ashkelon), sobiq beshinchi poytaxti Gat bu oxirgi bosqichda tashlab ketilgan.
  64. ↑ Strange 1980 p.159.
  65. ↑ 65,0 65,1 H. H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 334: „In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature.“
  66. ↑ Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. „It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land.“ ISBN 0-89236-800-4
  67. ↑ Feldman 1990, s. 19: „While it is true that there is no evidence as to precisely who changed the name of Judaea to Palestine and precisely when this was done, circumstantial evidence would seem to point to Hadrian himself, since he is, it would seem, responsible for a number of decrees that sought to crush the national and religious spirit of thejews, whether these decrees were responsible for the uprising or were the result of it. In the first place, he refounded Jerusalem as a Graeco-Roman city under the name of Aelia Capitolina. He also erected on the site of the Temple another temple to Zeus.“
  68. ↑ Jacobson 2001, s. 44-45: "Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel."
  69. ↑ Jacobson 2001, s. 44–45:"Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel."
  70. ↑ Cohen, 2006, p. 37.
  71. ↑ Feldman 1996, s. 553.
  72. ↑ Kish, 1978, p. 200.
  73. ↑ „The Origins of the term "Palestinian" ("Filasṭīnī") in late Ottoman Palestine, 1898–1914“. Emmanuel Beshka. Academia Letters (2021). 2023-yil 22-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr.
  74. ↑ „Palestine Facts“. PASSIA: Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs. 2013-yil 16-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  75. ↑ Government of the United Kingdom. „Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the Year 1930“. League of Nations (1930-yil 31-dekabr). 2007-yil 22-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 29-may.
  76. ↑ Nazmi Al-Ju'beh. Palestinian Identity and Cultural Heritage, Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo, 26 May 2009 — 205–231-bet. ISBN 978-2-35159-265-6. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 14-oktyabr. 
  77. ↑ Mark, Joshua J. „Palestine“ (en). World History Encyclopedia. 2022-yil 27-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 3-yanvar.
  78. ↑ „Jews and Arabs Share Genetic Link to Ancient Canaanites, Study Finds“.
  79. ↑ „Study finds ancient Canaanites genetically linked to modern populations“. Tel Aviv University (2020-yil 1-iyun). 2023-yil 25-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 24-oktyabr.
  80. ↑ John Day, [In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel,] Bloomsbury Publishing, 2005 pp. 47.5, p. 48: 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshotʼ.
  81. ↑ ubb, 1998. pp. 13–14
  82. ↑ Mark Smith in „The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel“ states „Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture… In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period.“ (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) „The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel“ (Eerdmanʼs)
  83. ↑ Hopkins, David C.. The Highlands of Canaan: Agricultural Life in the Early Iron Age (en). Almond, 1985 — 22-bet. ISBN 978-0-907459-39-2. 
  84. ↑ Barbati, Gabriele „Caught Between Two Votes: The Samaritans And The Israeli Election“ (en-US). International Business Times (2013-yil 21-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 25-dekabr.
  85. ↑ DellaPergola, Sergio (2001). "Some Fundamentals of Jewish Demographic History". Papers in Jewish Demography (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem): 11–33. "The emergence of a second Jewish population peak can be posited toward the time of the construction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem during the Hasmonean period (3rd-2nd century B.C.E.). This new peak, variously estimated, and here cautiously put at around 4.5 million people during the first century B.C.E.," 
  86. ↑ „Palestine - Roman Rule, Jewish Revolts, Crusades | Britannica“ (en). www.britannica.com. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 25-dekabr.
  87. ↑ Edward Kessler. An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations. Cambridge University Press, 2010 — 72-bet. ISBN 978-0-521-70562-2. 
  88. ↑ Denova, Rebecca „Christianity“ (en). World History Encyclopedia. 2023-yil 31-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 3-yanvar.
  89. ↑ David Goodblatt „The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638“, . The Cambridge History of Judaism Steven Katz: , 2006 — 404–430-bet. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8. „Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city... had lasting repercussions. [...] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong [...] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority“ 
  90. ↑ 90,0 90,1 Ehrlich, Michael. The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800. Leeds, UK: Arc Humanities Press, 2022 — 3–4-bet. ISBN 978-1-64189-222-3. OCLC 1302180905. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. „Samaritan rebellions during the fifth and sixth centuries were crushed by the Byzantines and as a result, the main Samaritan communities began to decline. Similarly, the Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 ce). During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. [...] Accordingly, most of the Muslims who participated in the conquest of the Holy Land did not settle there, but continued on to further destinations. For most of the Muslims who settled in the Holy Land were either Arabs who immigrated before the Muslim conquest and then converted to Islam, or Muslims who immigrated after the Holy Land's conquest. [...] Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim. [...] The Holy Land's transformation from an area populated mainly by Christians into a region whose population was predominantly Muslim was the result of two processes: immigration and conversion“ 
  91. ↑ Bar, Doron (2003). "The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 54 (3): 401–421. doi:10.1017/s0022046903007309. ISSN 0022-0469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046903007309. Qaraldi: 29 November 2023. "The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority." Foydalanuvchi Komilkhuja/qumloq]]
  92. ↑ 92,0 92,1 Grossman, David. Distribution and Population Density During the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods, 9781315128825, New York: Routledge, 2017 — 44–52-bet. DOI:10.4324/9781315128825. ISBN 9781315128825. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. „They came from Circassia and Chechnya, and were refugees from territories annexed by Russia in 1864, and the Bosnian Muslims, whose province was lost to Serbia in 1878. Belonging to this category were the Algerians (Mughrabis), who arrived in Syria and Palestine in several waves after 1850 in the wake of France's conquest of their country and the waves of Egyptian migration to Palestine and Syria during the rule of Muhammad Ali and his son, Ibrahim Pasha. [...] In most cases the Egyptian army dropouts and the other Egyptian settlers preferred to settle in existing localities, rather than to establish new villages. In the southern coastal plain and Ramla zones there were at least nineteen villages which had families of Egyptian origin, and in the northern part of Samaria, including the ‘Ara Valley, there are a number of villages with substantial population of Egyptian stock.“ 
  93. ↑ 93,0 93,1 Frantzman, Seth J.; Kark, Ruth (16 April 2013). "The Muslim Settlement of Late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine: Comparison with Jewish Settlement Patterns". Digest of Middle East Studies 22 (1): 77. doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x. ISSN 1060-4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00172.x. Qaraldi: 29 November 2023. "Some of these Muslims were Egyptian and Algerian immigrants who came to Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century from foreign lands. There were also Algerians, Bosnians, and Circassians, who came in the second half of the nineteenth century, but most were from within the borders of Palestine." Foydalanuvchi Komilkhuja/qumloq]]
  94. ↑ Gil, Moshe. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-59984-9. OCLC 59601193. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. 
  95. ↑ Broshi, Magen (1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. ISSN 0003-097X. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1356664. Qaraldi: 29 November 2023. Foydalanuvchi Komilkhuja/qumloq]]
  96. ↑ Broshi, M., & Finkelstein, I. (1992). „The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II“ (Wayback Machine saytida 5 March 2023 sanasida arxivlangan). Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 287(1), 47–60.
  97. ↑ 97,0 97,1 Levy-Rubin, Milka (2000). "New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period: The Case of Samaria". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43 (3): 257–276. doi:10.1163/156852000511303. ISSN 0022-4995. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632444. Qaraldi: 29 November 2023. Foydalanuvchi Komilkhuja/qumloq]]
  98. ↑ Ellenblum, Ronnie. Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.. Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-511-58534-0. OCLC 958547332. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. „From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized“ 
  99. ↑ Chris Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages; Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–900 (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan), Oxford University press 2005. p. 130. „In Syria and Palestine, where there were already Arabs before the conquest, settlement was also permitted in the old urban centres and elsewhere, presumably privileging the political centres of the provinces.“
  100. ↑ Gideon Avni, The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach, Oxford University Press 2014 pp.312–324, 329 (theory of imported population unsubstantiated);.
  101. ↑ Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan), (1988) Cambridge University Press 3rd.ed.2014 p.156
  102. ↑ Mark A. Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Indiana University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-253-20873-4, M1 Google Print, p. 70 (Wayback Machine saytida 22 June 2023 sanasida arxivlangan).
  103. ↑ Kacowicz, Arie Marcelo; Lutomski, Pawel. Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study. Lexington Books, 2007 — 194-bet. ISBN 9780739116074. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. 
  104. ↑ Ira M. Lapidus, Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History (Wayback Machine saytida 29 November 2023 sanasida arxivlangan), Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 201.
  105. ↑ Kacowicz, Arie Marcelo; Lutomski, Pawel. Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study. Lexington Books, 2007 — 194-bet. ISBN 9780739116074. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 29-noyabr. 
  106. ↑ Don Atapattu (16 June 2004). "Interview With Middle East Scholar Avi Shlaim: America, Israel and the Middle East". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/article/interview-middle-east-scholar-avi-shlaim. Qaraldi: 9 March 2008. Foydalanuvchi Komilkhuja/qumloq]]
  107. ↑ Only „peoples“ are entitled to self-determination in contemporary international law (See Self-determination and National Minorities, Oxford Monographs in International Law, Thomas D. Musgrave, Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-829898-6, p. 170). In 2004, the International Court of Justice said that Israel had recognized the existence of a „Palestinian people“ and referred a number of times to the Palestinian people and its „legitimate rights“ in international agreements. The Court said those rights include the right to self-determination(See paragraph 118 of Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory „Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice | International Court of Justice“. 2010-yil 6-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 6-iyul.). Judge Koroma explained „The Court has also held that the right of self-determination as an established and recognized right under international law applies to the territory and to the Palestinian people. Accordingly, the exercise of such right entitles the Palestinian people to a State of their own as originally envisaged in resolution 181 (II) and subsequently confirmed.“ Judge Higgins also said „that the Palestinian people are entitled to their territory, to exercise self-determination, and to have their own State“(See paragraph 5, Separate opinion of Judge Koroma „Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice | International Court of Justice“. 2011-yil 4-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 7-fevral. and paragraph 18, Separate opinion of Judge Higgins „Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice | International Court of Justice“. 2011-yil 12-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 7-fevral.). Paul De Waart said that the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice in 2004 "ascertained the present responsibility of the United Nations to protect Palestineʼs statehood. It affirmed the applicability of the prohibition of acquisition of Palestinian territory by Israel and confirmed the illegality of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Moreover, the existence of the Palestinian people as the rightful claimant to the Occupied Palestinian Territory is no longer open to question (See De Waart, Paul J. I. M., „International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process“, Leiden Journal of International Law, 18 (2005), pp. 467–487).
  108. ↑ „John Dugard's "Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967"“. Domino.un.org. 2007-yil 30-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 22-aprel.
  109. ↑ Israel News.. „Palestinian Authority to revive statehood bid“ (2012-yil 8-sentyabr). 2014-yil 24-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 25-iyul.
  110. ↑ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, p. 48 in the French edition.
  111. ↑ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, p.49 in the French edition.
  112. ↑ International Law Reports: Cases 1938–1940, H. Lauterpacht, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-46354-8, page 49. Cambridge University Press, 1942. ISBN 978-0-521-46354-6. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 22-aprel. 
  113. ↑ Weldon Matthews, Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation,I. B. Tauris, 2006, p. 33. Both Weldon Matthews and Prasenjit Duara interpret this aspect of the mandate system as tailored to the needs of imperial powers, which found it useful to avoid classifying colonies as nations: „This outlook was carried over to Palestine from India and Egypt where British administrators did not merely doubt the existence of a unifying national identity, but thwarted its development by creating sectarian institutions as a matter of policy.“ 
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