祖師
| 姓 | 読み方 |
|---|---|
| 祖師 | そし |
開祖
(祖師 から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/11/20 02:02 UTC 版)
- ^ historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (The History of Ancient Palestine, Fortress Press, p.888)
- ^ The teaching of the traditional "founding father" of a "heresy" is may well have differed greatly from the contents of the heresy as generally understood. For references see following notes.
- ^ Acc. to Rowan Williams, 'Arianism' was essentially a polemical creation of Athanasius in an attempt to show that the different alternatives to the Nicene Creed collapsed back into some form of Arius' teaching. (Arius, SCM (2001) p.247)
- ^ Pelagius' thought was one sided and an inadequate interpretation of Christianity, but his disciples, Celestius and, to a greater extent, Julian of Eclanum pushed his ideas to extremes.(Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & C. Black (1965) p.361) Pelagius himself was declared orthodox by the synod of Diospolis in 415, after repudiating some of Celestius' opinions. (Frend, W.H.C. Saints and Sinners in the Early Church DLT (1985) p.133)
- ^ Nestorius specifically endorsed the repudiation of "Nestorianism" reached at Chalcedon in 451 (Prestige, G.L. Fathers and Heretics SPCK (1963) p.130)
- ^ Monophysitism represents an advanced type of Alexandrian Theology; it emerged in a distinctive form in 433 as a result of the agreement between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria. The exaggerated form held by Eutyches was condemned in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon. In its moderate forms the divergence from orthodoxy may be simply terminological. Alexandrian Theology stressed both divine transcendence and a marked dualism between the material and the spiritual and so tended to nullify the humanity of Christ.(Cross & Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1974) arts. Monophysitism, Alexandrian Theology)
- ^ a b c 宮本要太郎 櫻井義秀 ・平藤喜久子（編）「教祖」 『よくわかる宗教学』 ミネルヴァ書房 <やわらかアカデミズム<わかる>シリーズ> 2015年、ISBN 9784623072750pp.30-31.
- ^ 山崎 2007, pp. 255–256.
- ^ Hornung, Erik (1999). Akhenaten and the Religion of Light. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8725-5
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 191.
- ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 183.
- ^ Fisher, Mary Pat (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-148-0 p. 115
- ^ Parshvanatha.
- ^ Bowker, John. Parsva. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192800947。
- ^ The History of the Jains.
- ^ Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, pp. 227–249
- ^ John M. Koller (1977), Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 155-164
- ^ Dale Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812932, pages 53-58
- ^ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 313.
- ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 222.
- ^ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
- ^ Hugan, Yong (2013). Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed. A&C Black. p. 3. ISBN 9781441196538. オリジナルの2017-04-16時点におけるアーカイブ。
- ^ Riegel 2002.
- ^ James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798, page 22
- ^ Brueggemann 2002, pp. 75, 144.
- ^ Bevan, Edwyn (1 January 1999). Stoics and Sceptics: Four Lectures Delivered in Oxford During Hilary Term 1913 for the Common University Fund. Adegi Graphics LLC. ISBN 978-0-543-98288-9
- ^ “Ramayana | Summary, Characters, & Facts” (英語). Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020年8月12日閲覧。
- ^ "Plotinus." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press, 2003.
- ^ "Plotinus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
- ^ Bilolo, M.: La notion de « l’Un » dans les Ennéades de Plotin et dans les Hymnes thébains. Contribution à l’étude des sources égyptiennes du néo-platonisme. In: D. Kessler, R. Schulz (Eds.), "Gedenkschrift für Winfried Barta ḥtp dj n ḥzj" (Münchner Ägyptologische Untersuchungen, Bd. 4), Frankfurt; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Wien: Peter Lang, 1995, pp. 67–91.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- ^ Daibhi O Croinin, Early Medieval Ireland 400-1200 (2013), p. 206.
- ^ “AḤSĀʾĪ, SHAIKH AḤMAD – Encyclopaedia Iranica”. www.iranicaonline.org. 2020年10月16日閲覧。
- ^ “Individualism and the Mystical Path in Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i”. www.h-net.org. 2020年10月16日閲覧。
- ^ “Shaykhism” (英語). Oxford Bibliographies. 2020年10月16日閲覧。
- ^ “SHAYKHISM – Encyclopaedia Iranica”. www.iranicaonline.org. 2020年10月16日閲覧。
- ^ Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279-280.
- ^ See:
- ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 365.
- ^ Melton 2003, p. 1051.
- ^ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 97.
[続きの解説]
「開祖」の続きの解説一覧
- 1 開祖とは
- 2 開祖の概要
- 3 学問・学芸上の開祖
- 4 参考文献
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