跳转到内容

User:ThomasYehYeh/沙盒/伊朗罪案：修订间差异

维基百科，自由的百科全书
以互动方式浏览历史
←上一版本下一版本→
删除的内容 添加的内容
可视化wikitext
无编辑摘要
无编辑摘要
第1行： 第1行：


<noinclude>{{multiple image
{{Infobox drug
| perrow = 2
| Verifiedfields = changed
| total_width = 350
| Watchedfields = changed
| image1 = Andasol Guadix 4.jpg
| verifiedrevid =
| alt1 = 位於[[西班牙]]的[[安達索爾太陽能電站]]，是一座裝置容量150百萬瓦的商業型{{le|拋物槽式太陽能集熱器|parabolic trough}}發電系統。安達索爾電站利用熔融鹽罐儲存[[太陽熱能]]，在日落後仍能持續發電。
| image = Caspofungin.svg
| image2 = Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg
| width = 275
| alt2 = 位於[[南非]][[開普敦]]的{{le|達令風力發電廠|Darling Wind Farm}}
| alt =
| image3 = 1990- Renewable energy production, by source.svg
| alt3 = 不同能源佔全球發電的比例
| image4 = Kawasaki c751 eunos.jpg
| alt4 = 在[[新加坡]][[友諾士地鐵站]]的一列[[新加坡地鐵]]車輛。
| footer = 上述四張圖片，左上開始，順時針方向，1.位於[[西班牙]]的[[安達索爾太陽能電站]]，是一座裝置容量150百萬瓦的商業型{{le|拋物槽式太陽能集熱器|parabolic trough}}發電系統、2. 位於[[南非]][[開普敦]]的{{le|達令風力發電廠|Darling Wind Farm}}、3. 不同能源佔全球發電的比例及4. 在[[新加坡]][[友諾士地鐵站]]的一列電力驅動[[新加坡地鐵]]車輛，顯示出不同的低碳能源在全球發電的佔比裡面正在逐步升高中。<ref name=EmberElectricityProduction_2022>{{cite web |title=Electricity production by source, World |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked |publisher=Our World in Data, crediting Ember |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231002043721/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked |archive-date=2023-10-02 |url-status=live}} OWID credits "Source: Ember's Yearly Electricity Data; Ember's European Electricity Review; Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy".</ref>
}}</noinclude>


'''低碳經濟'''（{{lang-en|low-carbon economy}}，簡稱LCE）是種達到溫室氣體[[淨零排放]]程度的[[經濟]]。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three steps to a low-carbon economy: THE GOAL OF ZERO NET EMISSIONS CAN BE ACHIEVED |url=https://www.oecd.org/policy-briefs/Three-steps-to-a-low-carbon-economy.pdf}}</ref>人類活動引起的[[溫室氣體排放]]是造成自20世紀中葉以來觀測到的{{le|氣候變化|Climate change}}的主要原因。<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf|title=IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)|publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]|access-date=2016-03-22|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123104020/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>轉向低碳經濟有許多行之有效的方法，例如鼓勵{{le|能源轉型|energy transition}}、[[節約能源]]、交通電氣化（如使用[[電動載具]]）以及進行[[碳捕集與封存]]。{{le|零碳城市|zero-carbon city}}即是體現低碳經濟中的一例。
<!-- Clinical data -->
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|s|p|oʊ|ˈ|f|ʌ|n|dʒ|ɪ|n}} {{respell|KAS|poh|FUN|jin}}
| tradename = Cancidas
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|caspofungin-acetate}}
| MedlinePlus = a615001
| DailyMedID = Caspofungin
| pregnancy_AU = B3
| pregnancy_AU_comment =
| pregnancy_category =
| routes_of_administration = [[靜脈注射]]
| class =
| ATC_prefix = J02
| ATC_suffix = AX04
| ATC_supplemental =


全球從高碳經濟轉變為低碳經濟可為所有國家帶來巨大利益。<ref>Koh, Jae Myong (2018). ''Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects''. London: Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-3-319-71769-2}}.</ref>它還有助於進行[[氣候變化緩解]]。
<!-- Legal status -->
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_AU_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017 | website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) | date=2022-06-21 | url=https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/publication/publications/prescription-medicines-registration-new-generic-medicines-and-biosimilar-medicines-2017 | access-date=2024-03-30}}</ref>
| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->
| legal_BR_comment =
| legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
| legal_CA_comment =
| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->
| legal_DE_comment =
| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C -->
| legal_NZ_comment =
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->
| legal_UK_comment =
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = <ref name="Cancidas FDA label">{{cite web | title=Cancidas- caspofungin acetate injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution | website=DailyMed | date=2023-11-20 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3bad23a6-09a6-4194-9182-093ed61bc71c | access-date=2024-03-20}}</ref>
| legal_EU = Rx-only
| legal_EU_comment =
| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->
| legal_UN_comment =
| legal_status = Rx-only


==定義與專有名詞==
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
論及低碳經濟的概念，以下是一些常用同義字或相近詞彙，每個詞彙都強調概念的不同面向：
| bioavailability = 100% (靜脈注射)
[[綠色經濟]]、永續經濟、淨零排放經濟、低排放經濟、氣候友善型經濟及脫碳經濟。
| protein_bound = ~97%
| metabolism = [[肝臟]]
| metabolites =
| onset =
| elimination_half-life = 9–11 hours
| duration_of_action =
| excretion = [[腎]]臟 (41%), [[糞便]] (35%)


低碳經濟中"碳"一字是所有[[溫室氣體]]的通稱。
<!-- Identifiers -->
| index2_label = as acetate
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 162808-62-0
| CAS_number2 = 179463-17-3
| CAS_supplemental =
| PubChem = 16119814
| PubChem2 = 16119813
| IUPHAR_ligand =
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00520
| DrugBank2 = DB00520
| ChemSpiderID = 17277006
| ChemSpiderID2 = 5254092
| UNII = F0XDI6ZL63
| UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII2 = VUW370O5QE
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| KEGG = D07626
| KEGG2 = D02501
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 474180
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 499808
| ChEMBL2 = 4297142
| NIAID_ChemDB =
| PDB_ligand =
| synonyms = (4''R'',5''S'')-5-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-''N''<sup>2</sup>-(10,12-dimethyltetradecanoyl)-<br />4-hydroxy-L-ornithyl-L-threonyl-''trans''-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl-(''S'')-4-hydroxy-4-(''p''-hydroxyphenyl)-L-threonyl-''threo''-3-hydroxy-L-ornithyl-''trans''-3-hydroxy-L-proline cyclic (6→1)-peptide<br /><ref name="INN">{{cite web|title=International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary names (Rec.INN): List 42|url=https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/innlists/RL42.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=11 November 2016|date=1999}}</ref>{{rp|185}}
1-[(4''R'',5''S'')-5-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-''N''<sup>2</sup>-(10,12-dimethyl-1-oxotetradecyl)-4-hydroxy-L-ornithine]-5-[(3''R'')-3-hydroxy-L-ornithine] pneumocandin B<sub>0</sub><ref name="Cancidas FDA label" />


[[英國國家統計局]]在2017年發佈的定義是： "低碳經濟的定義是提供商品和服務的經濟活動，活動中的溫室氣體（主要為[[二氧化碳]]）排放量會顯著降低以往的。 "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Low carbon and renewable energy economy, UK - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/finalestimates/2017 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>{{rp|2}}
<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| IUPAC_name = (10''R'',12''S'')-''N''-{(2''R'',6''S'',9''S'',11''R'',12''S'',14a''S'',15''S'',20''S'',23''S'',25a''S'')-12-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-20-[(1''R'')-3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl]-23-[(1''S'',2''S'')-1,2-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-2,11,15-trihydroxy-6-[(1''R'')-1-hydroxyethyl]-5,8,14,19,22,25-hexaoxotetracosahydro-1''H''-dipyrrolo[2,1-''c'':2',1'-''l''] [1,4,7,10,13,16]hexaazacyclohenicosin-9-yl}-10,12-dimethyltetradecanamide
| C=52 | H=88 | N=10 | O=15
| SMILES = [C@@]12(N(C[C@@H](C1)O)C([C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@](C[C@H]([C@@H](NCCN)NC([C@@H]3[C@H](CCN3C([C@H]([C@@H](CCN)O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)O)NC2=O)=O)O)=O)O)(NC(CCCCCCCC[C@H](C[C@H](CC)C)C)=O)[H])=O)[H]
| SMILES2 = CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O.[H][C@@]12C[C@@H](O)CN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@]([H])(C[C@@H](O)[C@@H](NCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)CCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC2=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1)[C@H](O)CCN)NC(=O)CCCCCCCC[C@@H](C)C[C@@H](C)CC)[C@@H](C)O
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C52H88N10O15/c1-5-28(2)24-29(3)12-10-8-6-7-9-11-13-39(69)56-34-26-38(68)46(55-22-21-54)60-50(75)43-37(67)19-23-61(43)52(77)41(36(66)18-20-53)58-49(74)42(45(71)44(70)31-14-16-32(64)17-15-31)59-48(73)35-25-33(65)27-62(35)51(76)40(30(4)63)57-47(34)72/h14-17,28-30,33-38,40-46,55,63-68,70-71H,5-13,18-27,53-54H2,1-4H3,(H,56,69)(H,57,72)(H,58,74)(H,59,73)(H,60,75)/t28-,29+,30+,33+,34-,35-,36+,37-,38+,40-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-/m0/s1
| StdInChI2 = 1S/C52H88N10O15.2C2H4O2/c1-5-28(2)24-29(3)12-10-8-6-7-9-11-13-39(69)56-34-26-38(68)46(55-22-21-54)60-50(75)43-37(67)19-23-61(43)52(77)41(36(66)18-20-53)58-49(74)42(45(71)44(70)31-14-16-32(64)17-15-31)59-48(73)35-25-33(65)27-62(35)51(76)40(30(4)63)57-47(34)72;2*1-2(3)4/h14-17,28-30,33-38,40-46,55,63-68,70-71H,5-13,18-27,53-54H2,1-4H3,(H,56,69)(H,57,72)(H,58,74)(H,59,73)(H,60,75);2*1H3,(H,3,4)/t28-,29+,30+,33+,34-,35-,36+,37-,38+,40-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-;;/m0../s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = JYIKNQVWKBUSNH-WVDDFWQHSA-N
| StdInChIKey2 = OGUJBRYAAJYXQP-IJFZAWIJSA-N
| density =
| density_notes =
| melting_point =
| melting_high =
| melting_notes =
| boiling_point =
| boiling_notes =
| solubility =
| sol_units =
| specific_rotation =
}}


==基本原理與目標==
'''卡泊芬淨'''（{{lang-en|Caspofungin}}<ref name="INN"/><ref>[http://www.emea.europa.eu/htms/human/epar/c.htm European Medicines Agency's list of authorised medicines for human use (C)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017030749/http://www.emea.europa.eu/htms/human/epar/c.htm |date=2007-10-17 }}</ref>）以商品名Cancidas等於市面銷售，首先是由[[默克藥廠]]<ref name="Fungicides, antiprotozoa agents, microbiocides">{{cite web |title=Patent Covering Caspofungin |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5378804?oq=5378804 | access-date=2015-03-18}}</ref>推出的一種{{le|脂肽|lipopeptide}}[[抗真菌藥]]。它是一被稱為{{le|棘皮素類|echinocandin}}抗真菌藥物家族中的一員。<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Johnson |first1= Melissa D|last2= Perfect|first2=John R |date=May 2003 |title= Caspofungin: first approved agent in a new class of antifungals
{{main|淨零排放}}
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12740003/ |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1517/14656566.4.5.807
[[File:Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png|thumb|世界上既能降低溫室氣體排放，又能維持經濟成長的國家，這種現象稱為{{le|生態環境與經濟成長脫鉤|eco-economic decoupling}}。 ]]
|access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>此藥物通過抑制制酵素{{le|1,3-β-D-葡聚糖合成酶|1,3-Beta-glucan synthase}}來破壞真菌的[[细胞壁]]完整性而發揮作用。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=u Zhang |first1= Chuny|last2= Cheng|first2=Jiaoying |date=2014 |title=Application of caspofungin in China compared with amphotericin B and fluconazole|url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164385/|journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=10 |issue= |pages=737-741 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S47146 |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>


人類活動造成的溫室氣體排放是自20世紀中葉以來觀測到的氣候變化的主要原因。長期持續排放溫室氣體將在世界各地造成變化，會對人類和生態系統造成嚴重、普遍和不可逆轉的影響。<ref name="auto" />
卡泊芬淨是[[美國食品藥物管理局]]（FDA）核准的首個真菌1,3-β-D-葡聚糖合成酶合成抑制劑。<ref name="Deresinski SC 2003 1445–1457">{{cite journal | vauthors = Deresinski SC, Stevens DA | title = Caspofungin | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 36 | issue = 11 | pages = 1445–57 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12766841 | doi = 10.1086/375080 | doi-access = free }}</ref>藥物透過[[靜脈注射]]方式給藥，<ref name="Cancidas FDA label" />市面已有通用名藥物流通。<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-cancidas.html|title =Generic Cancidas Availability | publisher =Drugs.com | date = | accessdate = 2024-06-14 }}</ref>此藥物已被列入[[世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單]]之中。<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>


各國會尋求成為低碳或脫碳經濟體，以達成氣候變化緩解的目的。要緩解氣候變化，就要走上淨零排放的途徑。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Lin |last2=Msigwa |first2=Goodluck |last3=Yang |first3=Mingyu |last4=Osman |first4=Ahmed I. |last5=Fawzy |first5=Samer |last6=Rooney |first6=David W. |last7=Yap |first7=Pow-Seng |title=Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |date=2022 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=2277–2310 |doi=10.1007/s10311-022-01435-8 |pmid=35431715 |pmc=8992416 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022EnvCL..20.2277C }}</ref>
==醫療用途==
注射用醋酸卡泊芬淨最初於2001年獲得FDA和[[歐洲藥品管理局]] (EMA) 的批准作醫療用途。<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/listing/3280-cancidas-caspofungin-acetate |title =Cancidas (caspofungin acetate)
| publisher =CenterWatch | date = | accessdate = 2024-06-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/cancidas-previously-caspofungin-msd |title =Cancidas (previously Caspofungin MSD)| publisher =European Medicines Agency| date = | accessdate = 2024-06-13 }}</ref>


==方法==
兩個組織批准的治療適應症包括對發熱中、[[嗜中性白血球低下]]成人，用於治療假定真菌感染的經驗性療法，對成年侵襲性[[麴黴病]]患者，當其病情對其他抗真菌藥物難治或不耐受時，用於挽救性治療。FDA核准的適應症還包括{{le|真菌血症| candidemia}}的治療，及對特定[[念珠菌屬]]感染的治療，包括腹腔內膿瘍、[[腹膜炎]]、[[胸膜腔]]感染和[[食道炎]]。EMA核准的適應症則包括成人廣泛性{{le|侵襲性念珠菌病|invasive candidiasis}} 的治療。
{{main|氣候變化緩解#各區塊的緩解措施}}
{{see also|{{le|氣候行動|Climate action}}}}


實現低碳經濟涉及減少能源、交通、工業和農業等部門的溫室氣體排放。文獻常談到從高碳經濟轉變為低碳經濟的轉變。這種轉變應該以公正方式進行（稱為{{le|公正過渡|Just transition}}）。<ref>M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_TechnicalSummary.pdf Technical Summary]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002.</ref>{{rp|75}}
先前研究中的治療平均持續時間是34天。也有經過一天治療即痊癒的案例。然而有少數人接受長達162天的治療，且對藥物的耐受性良好，顯示在複雜的麴黴病病例中可能需要長期使用並且耐受性良好。一般來說，治療的持續時間取決於疾病的嚴重程度、臨床反應以及免疫功能低下人群的免疫功能改善。


轉向低碳經濟的策略和方法很多，例如鼓勵往再生能源轉型、追求[[能源效率]]、節約能源、交通電氣化、實施碳捕獲與封存、從事{{le|氣候智慧型農業|Climate-smart agriculture}}。為達到目的，需要採取適當的[[能源政策]]、財政激勵措施（例如開放[[排放權交易]]、徵收[[碳稅]]）、{{le|應對氣候變化的個人行動|ndividual action on climate change}}、{{le|應對氣候變化的企業行動|business action on climate change}}。
約36%對其他療法難治的患者對卡泊芬淨的治療反應良好，至有70%對其他治療方法不耐受的患者也被歸類為治療有效。於治療侵襲性麴黴病方面，迄今尚未進行此藥物與其他藥物的直接比較研究。


===活性範圍===
===各國所採的行動===
{{main|淨零排放}}
卡泊芬淨可有效治療麴黴病菌和念珠菌屬引起的真菌感染。它是棘皮素類家族的成員，是一類新型抗真菌劑，對所有念珠菌屬物種具有廣譜活性。與[[氟康唑]]或[[兩性黴素B]]的治療作用相比，此三種藥物已被證明在明確的臨床環境（包括侵襲性念珠菌感染、念珠菌食道炎和念珠菌血症）中均非常有效（表現優異）。已觀察到這些藥物對{{le|近平滑念珠菌|C. parapsilosis}}和賈氏念珠菌（C. guilliermondii）具有較高的[[最小抑菌濃度]] (MIC)。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kofla G, Ruhnke M |date=April 2011 |title=Pharmacology and metabolism of anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin in the treatment of invasive candidosis: review of the literature |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=159–66 |doi=10.1186/2047-783X-16-4-159 |pmc=3352072 |pmid=21486730 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Wind Turbine with Workers - Boryspil - Ukraine (43478128644).jpg|thumb|位於[[烏克蘭]][[鲍里斯皮尔|波里斯皮爾]]，假設中的[[風力發電機]]。]]


在國際舞台上，進行低碳經濟最突出的早期步驟是簽署於2005年生效的《[[京都議定書]]》，參與簽署的大多數工業化國家承諾減少碳排放。<ref>{{cite web |title=Low-Carbon Society Research Project |url=http://2050.nies.go.jp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519003626/http://2050.nies.go.jp/ |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite speech |title=Towards a low carbon economy |author=Margot Wallström |date=2004-03-11 |location=Brussels |url=http://www.europaworld.org/week168/speechwalstrom12304.htm |access-date=2008-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921222229/http://www.europaworld.org/week168/speechwalstrom12304.htm |archive-date= 2008-09-21}}</ref>
在少數[[白色念珠菌]]感染患者中，已發現對卡泊芬淨敏感性降低的突變體，但目前仍很少見。其機轉可能是1,3-β-D-葡聚糖合成酶基因的點突變。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baixench MT, Aoun N, Desnos-Ollivier M, Garcia-Hermoso D, Bretagne S, Ramires S, Piketty C, Dannaoui E |date=June 2007 |title=Acquired resistance to echinocandins in Candida albicans: case report and review |journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1076–83 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkm095 |pmid=17468115 |doi-access=}}</ref>目前尚無關於白色念珠菌之外的其他真菌產生抗藥性的報告。


[[經濟合作暨發展組織|經合組織]]（OECD）國家間可相互學習並效法某些國家在特定領域的範例：[[瑞士]]的能源部門（參見{{le|瑞士的能源|Energy in Switzerland }}）、英國的工業部門、荷蘭的運輸部門（參見[[荷蘭交通]]）、韓國的農業部門（參見[[韓國農業]]）以及瑞典的建築部門。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Building a prosperous world with fewer emissions |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/building-a-prosperous-world-with-fewer-emissions/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>
以下是一些具有醫學意義的微生物最小抑菌濃度敏感性數據。


==共同效益==
*白色念珠菌0.015 - 16微克/毫升
{{see also|氣候變化緩解#共同效益|氣候變化經濟分析}}
*{{le|克魯斯念珠菌|Candida krusei}}0.03 - 8微克/毫升
[[Image: Nellis AFB Solar panels.jpg|thumb|位於[[美國]][[內華達州]]的{{le|納利斯太陽光電發電廠|Nellis Solar Power Plant}}。]]
*[[新型隱球菌]] - 16微克/毫升


向低碳經濟轉型的主要好處是它有助於緩解氣候變化。此外還有其他共同效益：對[[生態系統]]韌性、<ref>{{cite web |title=Boost ecosystem resilience to realize the benefits of low emission development |url=http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-boost-ecosystem-resilience/?loclang=en_gb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816195517/http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-boost-ecosystem-resilience/?loclang=en_gb |archive-date= 2016-08-16 |access-date=2016-07-08 |publisher=[[Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)]]}}</ref>貿易、就業、健康、{{le|能源安全|Energy security}}和工業競爭力帶來多重好處。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ledsgp.org/2016/06/presenting-co-benefits-of-leds/?loclang=en_gb|title=Presenting the benefits of low emission development strategies|date=2016-06-27 |publisher=[[Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)]]|access-date=2016-07-08|archive-date=2016-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816172104/http://ledsgp.org/2016/06/presenting-co-benefits-of-leds/?loclang=en_gb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jingtian |last2=Zhou |first2=Yi |last3=Cooke |first3=Fang Lee |title=Low-carbon economy and policy implications: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |date=2022 |volume=29 |issue=43 |pages=65432–65451 |doi=10.1007/s11356-022-20381-0 |pmid=35486269 |bibcode=2022ESPR...2965432W |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35486269/}}</ref>
===特定人群===
在動物身上的研究顯示卡泊芬淨具有胚胎毒性。<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.merck.ca/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/04/CANCIDAS-PM_E.pdf|title =PRODUCT MONOGRAPH CANCIDAS® Caspofungin for injection, 50 mg/vial, 70 mg/vial | publisher =Merck Canada Inc. | date = 2017-04-28 | accessdate = 2024-06-13}}</ref>這項藥物僅限於對於個體的潛在利益大於胎兒風險時，方可在[[妊娠|懷孕]]期間使用。<ref name="drugs.com">{{cite web| url =https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/caspofungin.html |title =Caspofungin Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings | publisher =Drugs.com | date = | accessdate = 2024-06-14 }}</ref>對於採[[母乳哺育]]嬰兒的個體，根據一些專家意見，建議謹慎使用，而根據一些權威機構，則為哺乳期間不建議使用此藥物。<ref name="drugs.com"/>


於綠色轉型期間，在排放強度高產業中的工人更有可能會失業。向淨零排放經濟轉型將讓排放強度高的產業集中地區喪失更多就業機會。<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 facts about the EU's goal of climate neutrality |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/5-facts-eu-climate-neutrality/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=www.consilium.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The employment impact of climate change adaptation |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_645572.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assessing the Implications of Climate Change Adaptation on Employment in the EU |url=https://trinomics.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Climate-Change-Adaptation-and-Employment.pdf}}</ref>綠色轉型所帶來的就業機會與再生能源，或改善和翻新基礎設施相關的活動有關。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=European Commission - European Commission |language=en}}</ref>
卡泊芬淨經FDA核准用於年紀在三個月及以上的患者。<ref name="Cancidas FDA label" />劑量是透過莫斯特勒公式（Mosteller formula）計算出患者的{{le|體表面積|body surface area}} （BSA）來設定。<ref name="pmid3657876">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mosteller RD |date=October 1987 |title=Simplified calculation of body-surface area |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=317 |issue=17 |pages=1098 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198710223171717 |pmid=3657876}}</ref>


排放強度低的產業發展和增進[[資源效率]]可為提高經濟體和公司競爭力提供許多機會。根據倡議機制{{le|低排放發展策略全球合作夥伴| Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership}}（LEDS GP，有{{le|世界資源研究所|World resource institute}}及[[聯合國]]等機構涉入）的說法，利用金融投資，轉向低排放技術通常有明確的商業案例，投資回收期大多數可在0.5-5年之間達成。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-gain-competitive-edge/?loclang=en_gb|title=Gain the competitive edge to realize the benefits of low emission development|publisher=[[Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)]]|access-date=2016-07-08|archive-date=2016-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814041719/http://ledsgp.org/resource/leds-practice-gain-competitive-edge/?loclang=en_gb|url-status=live}}</ref>
==不良影響==
卡泊芬淨的副作用發生率似乎相對較低。<ref name="StatPearls"/>在臨床研究和上市後報告中，使用者出現的副作用如下：


==能源面==
*[[消化道]]：[[噁心]]、[[嘔吐]]、[[腹痛]]、[[腹瀉]]
{{Further|能源政策|{{le|低碳電力|Low carbon electricity}}}}
*[[中樞神經系統]]：[[頭痛]]
*全身性：[[發燒]]、{{le|靜脈炎|phlebitis}}（或{{le|血栓性靜脈炎|thrombophlebitis}}、靜脈插管部位併發症（如出現硬結）、不明疼痛、{{le|類流感症候群|Influenza-like illness}}、[[肌肉痛]]、寒顫和{{le|感覺異常|paresthesia}}
*[[呼吸系統]]：[[呼吸困難]]
*腎臟：血漿[[肌酸酐]]升高
*[[血液學]]：[[貧血]]
*[[電解質]]：[[低血鉀]]
*[[肝臟]]：肝酵素增加（無症狀）
*[[過敏反應]]：皮[[疹]]、臉部[[水腫]]、搔[[癢]]
*其他：[[心跳過速]]


===低碳電力===
其他罕見但可能嚴重的反應包括[[史蒂芬斯－強森症候群]]、[[敗血性休克]]和{{le|多形性紅斑|erythema multiforme}}。<ref name="StatPearls"/>
[[File:Low-carbon-share-energy.svg|upright=1.5|thumb|低碳能源在全球[[一次能源]]中的佔比（2018年）。]]


本節摘自低碳電力。
===肝臟影響===
與單獨使用環孢素相比，在健康志願者中同時使用卡泊芬淨和環孢素hui導致肝臟酵素（GOT(又稱為AST)和GPT(又稱為ALT)）更頻繁升高。根據這些數據，聯合使用卡泊芬淨和環孢菌素A並不會顯著增加臨床相關性肝毒性的風險。<ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=September 2004 |title=Retrospective study of the hepatic safety profile of patients concomitantly treated with caspofungin and cyclosporin A |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8158739_Retrospective_study_of_the_hepatic_safety_profile_of_patients_concomitantly_treated_with_caspofungin_and_cyclosporin_A |journal=Transplant Infectious Disease |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=110-6 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3062.2004.00065.x |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>


低碳電力（{{lang-en|Low-carbon electricity}}，或以{{lang-en|low-carbon power}}表達）指的是在整個生命週期內溫室氣體排放量遠低於使用化石燃料所產生的電力。<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-low-carbon-fuels-in-the-clean-energy-transitions-of-the-power-sector/executive-summary |title =The Role of Low-Carbon Fuels in the Clean Energy Transitions of the Power Sector | publisher =iea | date = | accessdate = 2024-06-15 }}</ref>能源轉型，使用低碳電力是實現氣候變化緩解最重要行動之一。<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Global Electricity Review 2021|url=https://ember-climate.org/project/global-electricity-review-2021/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Ember|date=2021-03-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
===敏感度反應===
已觀察到使用本藥物會有組織胺釋放引起的反應（皮疹、臉部腫脹、搔癢、溫熱感）。<ref name="StatPearls">{{cite book |last1=Dongmo Fotsing |first1=Laurena N. |last2= Bajaj |first2=Tushar |date= |title= Caspofungin|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545140/ |location= |publisher= StatPearls|page= |isbn= |author-link=|accessdate=2024-06-13 }}</ref>


低碳發電能源包括[[風能]]、[[太陽能]]、[[核子動力|核能]]和大部分[[水力發電|水力]]。<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00472.x | volume=16 | title=Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nuclear Electricity Generation | journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology | pages=S73–S92 | last1 = Warner | first1 = Ethan S.| year=2012 | s2cid=153286497 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2010_setplan_brochure.pdf|title=The European Strategic Energy Technology Plan SET-Plan Towards a low-carbon future|date=2010|quote=... nuclear plants ... currently provide 1/3 of the EU’s electricity and 2/3 of its low-carbon energy.|page=6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211100220/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2010_setplan_brochure.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-11}}</ref>這個名詞很大程度上將傳統的化石燃料發電廠生產的電力排除在外，僅用於描述目前運行中化石燃料發電系統的特定領域，特別是那些配置有從[[煙道氣]]中將碳捕集與封存的系統。 <ref name="gov.uk">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-13 |title=Innovation funding opportunities for low-carbon technologies: 2010 to 2015 |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/innovation-funding-for-low-carbon-technologies-opportunities-for-bidders |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>全球於2020年中有近40%的電力來自低碳能源：約 10%為核能發電，近10%為風能和太陽能發電，約20%為水力和其他再生能源發電。<ref name=":0" />
==藥理學==
卡泊芬淨由{{le|紐莫康定B0|Pneumocandin B0}} 半合成，紐莫康定B0是名為Glarea lozoyensis真菌的發酵產物。<ref name="Deresinski SC 2003 1445–1457" />


===藥物動力學===
====核能發電====
{{Further|{{le|永續能源§核能發電|Sustainable energy § Nuclear power}}}}
卡泊芬淨在肝臟中經由勝肽水解和N-乙醯化緩慢代謝。如果肝功能受損，則需要減少劑量。卡泊芬淨也會自發性化學降解為開環肽化合物L-747969。其他代謝涉及水解成組成型胺基酸及其衍生物，包括二羥基高酪胺酸和N-乙醯基-二羥基高酪胺酸。<ref name="Cancidas FDA label" />


截至2021年，擴張運用核能作為實現低碳經濟的方式得到不同程度的支持。<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |last=Meyer |first=Robinson |date=2021-11-10 |title=Nuclear Is Hot, for the Moment |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/11/nuclear-power-hot-moment/620665/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117051454/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/11/nuclear-power-hot-moment/620665/ |archive-date=2021-11-17 |access-date=2021-11-23 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref>包括[[聯合國歐洲經濟委員會]]、<ref>{{cite news |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Global climate objectives fall short without nuclear power in the mix: UNECE |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/1097572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122181724/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/1097572 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |access-date=2021-11-23 |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe}}</ref>[[國際能源署]] (IEA)、<ref name="CEN">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Jeff |date=2019-09-23 |title=Can nuclear power help save us from climate change? |url=https://cen.acs.org/energy/nuclear-power/nuclear-power-help-save-us/97/i37 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122005421/https://cen.acs.org/energy/nuclear-power/nuclear-power-help-save-us/97/i37 |archive-date=2021-11-22 |access-date=2021-11-23 |work=Chemical & Engineering News}}</ref>[[國際原子能總署]]、<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ingersoll |first1=Eric |last2=Gogan |first2=Kirsty |author-link2=Kirsty Gogan |date=September 2020 |title=Driving deeper decarbonization with nuclear energy |url=https://www.iaea.org/nuclear-power-and-the-clean-energy-transition/driving-deeper-decarbonization-with-nuclear-energy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816125101/https://www.iaea.org/nuclear-power-and-the-clean-energy-transition/driving-deeper-decarbonization-with-nuclear-energy |archive-date=2021-08-16 |access-date=2021-11-23 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency}}</ref>和美國研究機構{{le|能源影響中心|Energy Impact Center}}（EIC）等組織均認為如果不擴大核能發電規模就不可能實現全球脫碳 。 <ref name="VB">{{cite news |last=Takahashi |first=Dean |date=2020-02-25 |title=Last Energy raises $3 million to fight climate change with nuclear energy |url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/02/25/last-energy-raises-3-million-to-fight-climate-change-with-nuclear-energy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112122823/https://venturebeat.com/2020/02/25/last-energy-raises-3-million-to-fight-climate-change-with-nuclear-energy/ |archive-date=2021-01-12 |access-date=November 23, 2021 |work=VentureBeat}}</ref>IEA和EIC都認為全球到2040年必須實現廣泛的脫碳，以降低氣候變化的不利影響，而必須利用核能發電發揮作用。EIC建議使用核能產生的電力作為碳捕集技術的燃料，以實現淨負碳排放。<ref name="VB" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Chestney |first=Nina |date=2021-05-18 |title=End new oil, gas and coal funding to reach net zero, says IEA |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/radical-change-needed-reach-net-zero-emissions-iea-2021-05-18/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117161210/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/radical-change-needed-reach-net-zero-emissions-iea-2021-05-18/ |archive-date=2021-11-17 |access-date= 2021-11-23 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
==與其他藥物交互作用==
{{Green economics sidebar}}
*環孢素

*[[他克莫司]]（免疫抑制藥物）：具有潛在藥物動力學交互作用
===能源轉型===
*其他全身性抗黴菌藥物：但未見與兩性黴素B、[[伊曲康唑]]和[[黴酚酸]]發生交互作用
[[File:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|雖然全球在再生能源的使用量正在增加，但目前化石燃料（例如煤炭、石油和天然氣）仍是主要的能源。<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andrew |first1=Robbie |title=Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2021 |url=https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2021/ |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>]]
*藥物清除誘導劑（例如[[卡馬西平]]、[[苯妥英]]、[[利福平]]、[[地塞米松]]）：可考慮將靜脈注射劑量從50毫克增加到70毫克作為維持劑量。

本節摘自《{{le|能源轉型|Energy transition}}》。

能源轉型（{{lang-en|energy transition}}，也稱為{{lang-en|energy system transformation}}）是能源體系中{{le|能源供給|Energy supply}}和消費的重大結構性變化。目前全球為限制氣候變化，正向永續能源過渡。由於許多永續能源都可再生，因此也可稱為再生能源轉型。目前的轉型的目的在快速、可持續減少使用能源時造成的溫室氣體排放，主要是透過逐步減少化石燃料並盡可能多使用低碳電力。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tian |first1=Jinfang |last2=Yu |first2=Longguang |last3=Xue |first3=Rui |last4=Zhuang |first4=Shan |last5=Shan |first5=Yuli |date=2022-02-01 |title=Global low-carbon energy transition in the post-COVID-19 era |journal=Applied Energy |language=en |volume=307 |pages=118205 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118205 |issn=0306-2619 |pmc=8610812 |pmid=34840400|bibcode=2022ApEn..30718205T }}</ref>先前的能源轉型發生在1760年開始的[[第一次工業革命]]期間 - 從燃燒木材和其他生物質到轉向使用[[煤]]碳，然後再轉向使用[[石油]]，以及後來使用的[[天然氣]]。<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidsson |first=Simon |year=2015 |title=Global Energy Transitions |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:791155/FULLTEXT01.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Smil |first=Vaclav |title=Energy Transitions |url=http://vaclavsmil.com/wp-content/uploads/tarifWEF_EN_IndustryVision-12.pdf |access-date=2022-06-07 |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309062419/http://vaclavsmil.com/wp-content/uploads/tarifWEF_EN_IndustryVision-12.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

目前世界上四分之三以上的能源是透過燃燒化石燃料而來，但會排放溫室氣體。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fossil Energy |url=https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/topics/fossil-energy/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University SIPA {{!}} CGEP |language=en}}</ref>能源生產和消耗是導致大部分人為溫室氣體排放的原因。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Data Explorer – Data Tools |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy-data-explorer |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref>為實現2015年《[[巴黎協議]]》中設定的目標，全球必須盡快減少溫室氣體排放，並在本世紀中葉實現淨零排放。<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]|title=The Paris Agreement|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=2021-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319205057/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement}}</ref>自2010年代末以來，由於太陽能和風能發電成本迅速下降，推動再生能源轉型。<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-energy-renewables-costs/plunging-cost-of-wind-and-solar-marks-turning-point-in-energy-transition-irena-idUSKBN2390I8?il=0|title=Plunging cost of wind and solar marks turning point in energy transition: IRENA|date=2020-06-01|access-date=2020-06-02|archive-date=2020-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810171347/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-energy-renewables-costs/plunging-cost-of-wind-and-solar-marks-turning-point-in-energy-transition-irena-idUSKBN2390I8?il=0|url-status=live}}</ref>能源轉型的另一個目標是減少此產業對健康和環境的影響（參見[[能源產業對環境的影響]]）。<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options |url=https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/LCA-2.pdf|access-date=2022-06-01 |website=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|pages=49–55}}</ref>這類影響不僅涉及氣候變化，還涉及毒性排放、資源利用、空氣污染造成的死亡等。<ref name=":10" />{{rp|49}}

目前為建築物進行[[暖通空調]]已朝電氣化的方向前進，[[熱泵]]是迄今為止最有效的技術。<ref>{{cite web |title=Are renewable heating options cost-competitive with fossil fuels in the residential sector? |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/are-renewable-heating-options-cost-competitive-with-fossil-fuels-in-the-residential-sector |publisher=IEA |access-date=2022-06-25 |date=2021}}</ref>為提高電網的靈活性，安裝儲能和架設[[超級電網]]對於利用間歇性、依賴天氣的技術尤其重要。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kök|first1=A. Gürhan|last2=Shang|first2=Kevin|last3=Yücel|first3=Safak|date=2020-01-23|title=Investments in Renewable and Conventional Energy: The Role of Operational Flexibility|journal=Manufacturing & Service Operations Management|volume=22|issue=5|pages=925–941|doi=10.1287/msom.2019.0789|s2cid=214122213|issn=1523-4614}}</ref>然而各國施行的[[化石燃料補貼]]會將能源轉型的步調減緩。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abolishing fossil fuel subsidies: a brain teaser rather than a no-brainer |url=https://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/abolishing-fossil-fuel-subsidies-a-brain-teaser-rather-than-a-no-brainer |quote=Reforming fossil fuel subsidies is a complex task for politicians. All in all, our study shows that abolishing fossil fuel subsidies is a no-brainer only for a limited number of subsidies. Abolishing inventoried fossil subsidies does not appear to help the energy transition in all cases. It is important to assess policies from the perspective of adequate pricing of climate damage and other externalities.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Bhasker |title=How fossil fuel subsidies are hurting the energy transition {{!}} Context |url=https://www.context.news/net-zero/how-fossil-fuel-subsidies-are-hurting-the-energy-transition |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.context.news |language=en}}</ref>

===實現低碳經濟的影響===
於2019年由[[加州大學]]發表名為（能源轉型後的地緣政治收益與損失：評估地緣政治在氣候變化緩解後變動的新穎指標（Geopolitical Gains and Losses after Energy Transition: A Novel Index for Assessing the Geopolitical Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation））（簡稱GeGaLo index）的文章中評估，如果世界完全轉向再生能源，全球156個國家的地緣政治地位可能會發生的變化。預計前化石燃料出口國將喪失權力，而前化石燃料進口國和再生能源資源豐富的國家的地位預計將被強化。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Bazilian |first2=Morgan |last3=Ilimbek Uulu |first3=Talgat |last4=Vakulchuk |first4=Roman |last5=Westphal |first5=Kirsten |date=2019 |title=The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition |journal=Energy Strategy Reviews |language=en |volume=26 |pages=100406 |doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019EneSR..2600406O |hdl-access=free |hdl=11250/2634876}}</ref>


== 參見 ==
== 參見 ==
{{Portal|Global warming|Economics|Renewable energy|Energy}}
{{reflist|2}}
*[[碳足跡]]
*{{le|生態與經濟發展脫鉤|Eco-economic decoupling}}
* {{le|排放強度|Emission intensity}}
*{{le|逐步淘汰化石燃料|Fossil fuel phase-out}}
*{{le|公正過渡|Just transition}}
*{{le|全生命週期溫室氣體排放|Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources}}
*[[排放權交易]]
*{{le|綠色產業政策|Green industrial policy}}
*{{le|低碳飲食|Low-carbon diet}}
*{{le|低碳燃料標準|Low-carbon fuel standard}}
*{{le|低碳電力|Low-carbon electricity}}

==參考文獻==
{{Reflist|2}}

===資料來源===
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite report|author=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|year=2007 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/f27528ad-012a-4d4b-992c-382c2d1d7478/renewable_factsheet.pdf |title=Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA fact sheet|pages=1–34|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012052513/http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2009|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author=[[IPCC]] |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/ |year=2014 |title=Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor-first1=O. |editor-last1=Edenhofer |editor-first2=R. |editor-last2=Pichs-Madruga |editor-first3=Y. |editor-last3=Sokona |editor-first4=E. |editor-last4=Farahani |editor-first5=S. |editor-last5=Kadner |display-editors=4 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05821-7 |oclc=892580682 |archive-date=2017-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126121016/http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/ |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[IPCC]] |year=2018 |title=Global Warming of 1.5&nbsp;°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |display-editors=4 |editor-first1=V. |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first2=P. |editor-last2=Zhai |editor-first3=H.-O. |editor-last3=Pörtner |editor-first4=D. |editor-last4=Roberts |editor-first5=J. |editor-last5=Skea |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120190924/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-20 |url-status=live|isbn=<!-- not issued? -->}}
* {{Cite book|title=Future Energy: Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet |edition=Third |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2020|isbn=978-0-08-102886-5 |editor-last=Letcher|editor-first=Trevor M.}}
* {{Cite book|last=MacKay|first=David J. C.|author-link=David J. C. MacKay|title=Sustainable energy – without the hot air|date=2008|publisher=UIT Cambridge|isbn=978-0-9544529-3-3 |oclc=262888377 |url=https://www.withouthotair.com/ |archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828004812/http://www.withouthotair.com/|url-status=live}}

{{refend}}

{{模板:Commons category}}


{{模板:抗真菌藥物}}
{{模板:全球暖化}}
{{Portal bar | Medicine}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Low-Carbon Economy}}
{{Authority control}}


{{draft categories|
{{draft categories|
[[分類:抗真菌藥物]]
[[分類:低碳經濟| ]]
[[分類:世界衛生組織基本藥物]]
[[分類:能源經濟學]]
[[分類:可持續技術]]
[[Category:Echinocandins]]
[[分類:替代能源經濟]]
[[Category:Drugs developed by Merck & Co.]]
[[分類:可再生能源經濟]]
[[Category:Economics and climate change]]
}}
}}

2024年6月15日 (六) 02:17的版本

位於西班牙的安達索爾太陽能電站，是一座裝置容量150百萬瓦的商業型拋物槽式太陽能集熱器（英语：parabolic trough）發電系統。安達索爾電站利用熔融鹽罐儲存太陽熱能，在日落後仍能持續發電。
位於南非開普敦的達令風力發電廠（英语：Darling Wind Farm）
不同能源佔全球發電的比例
在新加坡友諾士地鐵站的一列新加坡地鐵車輛。
上述四張圖片，左上開始，順時針方向，1.位於西班牙的安達索爾太陽能電站，是一座裝置容量150百萬瓦的商業型拋物槽式太陽能集熱器（英语：parabolic trough）發電系統、2. 位於南非開普敦的達令風力發電廠（英语：Darling Wind Farm）、3. 不同能源佔全球發電的比例及4. 在新加坡友諾士地鐵站的一列電力驅動新加坡地鐵車輛，顯示出不同的低碳能源在全球發電的佔比裡面正在逐步升高中。[1]

低碳經濟（英語：low-carbon economy，簡稱LCE）是種達到溫室氣體淨零排放程度的經濟。[2]人類活動引起的溫室氣體排放是造成自20世紀中葉以來觀測到的氣候變化的主要原因。[3]轉向低碳經濟有許多行之有效的方法，例如鼓勵能源轉型、節約能源、交通電氣化（如使用電動載具）以及進行碳捕集與封存。零碳城市（英语：zero-carbon city）即是體現低碳經濟中的一例。

全球從高碳經濟轉變為低碳經濟可為所有國家帶來巨大利益。[4]它還有助於進行氣候變化緩解。

定義與專有名詞

論及低碳經濟的概念，以下是一些常用同義字或相近詞彙，每個詞彙都強調概念的不同面向： 綠色經濟、永續經濟、淨零排放經濟、低排放經濟、氣候友善型經濟及脫碳經濟。

低碳經濟中"碳"一字是所有溫室氣體的通稱。

英國國家統計局在2017年發佈的定義是： "低碳經濟的定義是提供商品和服務的經濟活動，活動中的溫室氣體（主要為二氧化碳）排放量會顯著降低以往的。 "[5]:2

基本原理與目標

主条目：淨零排放
世界上既能降低溫室氣體排放，又能維持經濟成長的國家，這種現象稱為生態環境與經濟成長脫鉤（英语：eco-economic decoupling）。

人類活動造成的溫室氣體排放是自20世紀中葉以來觀測到的氣候變化的主要原因。長期持續排放溫室氣體將在世界各地造成變化，會對人類和生態系統造成嚴重、普遍和不可逆轉的影響。[3]

各國會尋求成為低碳或脫碳經濟體，以達成氣候變化緩解的目的。要緩解氣候變化，就要走上淨零排放的途徑。[6]

方法

主条目：氣候變化緩解 § 各區塊的緩解措施
参见：氣候行動（英语：Climate action）

實現低碳經濟涉及減少能源、交通、工業和農業等部門的溫室氣體排放。文獻常談到從高碳經濟轉變為低碳經濟的轉變。這種轉變應該以公正方式進行（稱為公正過渡（英语：Just transition））。[7]:75

轉向低碳經濟的策略和方法很多，例如鼓勵往再生能源轉型、追求能源效率、節約能源、交通電氣化、實施碳捕獲與封存、從事氣候智慧型農業（英语：Climate-smart agriculture）。為達到目的，需要採取適當的能源政策、財政激勵措施（例如開放排放權交易、徵收碳稅）、應對氣候變化的個人行動（英语：ndividual action on climate change）、應對氣候變化的企業行動（英语：business action on climate change）。

各國所採的行動

主条目：淨零排放
位於烏克蘭波里斯皮爾，假設中的風力發電機。

在國際舞台上，進行低碳經濟最突出的早期步驟是簽署於2005年生效的《京都議定書》，參與簽署的大多數工業化國家承諾減少碳排放。[8][9]

經合組織（OECD）國家間可相互學習並效法某些國家在特定領域的範例：瑞士的能源部門（參見瑞士的能源（英语：Energy in Switzerland））、英國的工業部門、荷蘭的運輸部門（參見荷蘭交通）、韓國的農業部門（參見韓國農業）以及瑞典的建築部門。[10]

共同效益

参见：氣候變化緩解 § 共同效益和氣候變化經濟分析
位於美國內華達州的納利斯太陽光電發電廠（英语：Nellis Solar Power Plant）。

向低碳經濟轉型的主要好處是它有助於緩解氣候變化。此外還有其他共同效益：對生態系統韌性、[11]貿易、就業、健康、能源安全和工業競爭力帶來多重好處。[12][13]

於綠色轉型期間，在排放強度高產業中的工人更有可能會失業。向淨零排放經濟轉型將讓排放強度高的產業集中地區喪失更多就業機會。[14][15][16]綠色轉型所帶來的就業機會與再生能源，或改善和翻新基礎設施相關的活動有關。[17]

排放強度低的產業發展和增進資源效率可為提高經濟體和公司競爭力提供許多機會。根據倡議機制低排放發展策略全球合作夥伴（英语：Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership）（LEDS GP，有世界資源研究所（英语：World resource institute）及聯合國等機構涉入）的說法，利用金融投資，轉向低排放技術通常有明確的商業案例，投資回收期大多數可在0.5-5年之間達成。[18]

能源面

更多信息：能源政策和低碳電力

低碳電力

低碳能源在全球一次能源中的佔比（2018年）。

本節摘自低碳電力。

低碳電力（英語：Low-carbon electricity，或以英語：low-carbon power表達）指的是在整個生命週期內溫室氣體排放量遠低於使用化石燃料所產生的電力。[19]能源轉型，使用低碳電力是實現氣候變化緩解最重要行動之一。[20]

低碳發電能源包括風能、太陽能、核能和大部分水力。[21][22]這個名詞很大程度上將傳統的化石燃料發電廠生產的電力排除在外，僅用於描述目前運行中化石燃料發電系統的特定領域，特別是那些配置有從煙道氣中將碳捕集與封存的系統。 [23]全球於2020年中有近40%的電力來自低碳能源：約 10%為核能發電，近10%為風能和太陽能發電，約20%為水力和其他再生能源發電。[20]

核能發電

更多信息：永續能源§核能發電（英语：Sustainable energy § Nuclear power）

截至2021年，擴張運用核能作為實現低碳經濟的方式得到不同程度的支持。[24]包括聯合國歐洲經濟委員會、[25]國際能源署 (IEA)、[26]國際原子能總署、[27]和美國研究機構能源影響中心（英语：Energy Impact Center）（EIC）等組織均認為如果不擴大核能發電規模就不可能實現全球脫碳 。 [28]IEA和EIC都認為全球到2040年必須實現廣泛的脫碳，以降低氣候變化的不利影響，而必須利用核能發電發揮作用。EIC建議使用核能產生的電力作為碳捕集技術的燃料，以實現淨負碳排放。[28][29]

環境經濟學系列之一
環境經濟學
碳訂價
氣候變遷
概念
能源移轉
政策

能源轉型

雖然全球在再生能源的使用量正在增加，但目前化石燃料（例如煤炭、石油和天然氣）仍是主要的能源。[30]

本節摘自《能源轉型》。

能源轉型（英語：energy transition，也稱為英語：energy system transformation）是能源體系中能源供給（英语：Energy supply）和消費的重大結構性變化。目前全球為限制氣候變化，正向永續能源過渡。由於許多永續能源都可再生，因此也可稱為再生能源轉型。目前的轉型的目的在快速、可持續減少使用能源時造成的溫室氣體排放，主要是透過逐步減少化石燃料並盡可能多使用低碳電力。[31]先前的能源轉型發生在1760年開始的第一次工業革命期間 - 從燃燒木材和其他生物質到轉向使用煤碳，然後再轉向使用石油，以及後來使用的天然氣。[32][33]

目前世界上四分之三以上的能源是透過燃燒化石燃料而來，但會排放溫室氣體。[34]能源生產和消耗是導致大部分人為溫室氣體排放的原因。[35]為實現2015年《巴黎協議》中設定的目標，全球必須盡快減少溫室氣體排放，並在本世紀中葉實現淨零排放。[36]自2010年代末以來，由於太陽能和風能發電成本迅速下降，推動再生能源轉型。[37]能源轉型的另一個目標是減少此產業對健康和環境的影響（參見能源產業對環境的影響）。[38]這類影響不僅涉及氣候變化，還涉及毒性排放、資源利用、空氣污染造成的死亡等。[38]:49

目前為建築物進行暖通空調已朝電氣化的方向前進，熱泵是迄今為止最有效的技術。[39]為提高電網的靈活性，安裝儲能和架設超級電網對於利用間歇性、依賴天氣的技術尤其重要。[40]然而各國施行的化石燃料補貼會將能源轉型的步調減緩。[41][42]

實現低碳經濟的影響

於2019年由加州大學發表名為（能源轉型後的地緣政治收益與損失：評估地緣政治在氣候變化緩解後變動的新穎指標（Geopolitical Gains and Losses after Energy Transition: A Novel Index for Assessing the Geopolitical Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation））（簡稱GeGaLo index）的文章中評估，如果世界完全轉向再生能源，全球156個國家的地緣政治地位可能會發生的變化。預計前化石燃料出口國將喪失權力，而前化石燃料進口國和再生能源資源豐富的國家的地位預計將被強化。[43]

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Electricity production by source, World. Our World in Data, crediting Ember. （原始内容存档于2023-10-02）.  OWID credits "Source: Ember's Yearly Electricity Data; Ember's European Electricity Review; Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy".
  2. ^ Three steps to a low-carbon economy: THE GOAL OF ZERO NET EMISSIONS CAN BE ACHIEVED (PDF). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.) (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [2016-03-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-11-23）. 
  4. ^ Koh, Jae Myong (2018). Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-71769-2.
  5. ^ Low carbon and renewable energy economy, UK - Office for National Statistics. www.ons.gov.uk. [2024-01-17]. 
  6. ^ Chen, Lin; Msigwa, Goodluck; Yang, Mingyu; Osman, Ahmed I.; Fawzy, Samer; Rooney, David W.; Yap, Pow-Seng. Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2022, 20 (4): 2277–2310. Bibcode:2022EnvCL..20.2277C. PMC 8992416 可免费查阅. PMID 35431715. doi:10.1007/s10311-022-01435-8 可免费查阅. 
  7. ^ M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022: Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002.
  8. ^ Low-Carbon Society Research Project. [2015-05-30]. （原始内容存档于19 May 2015）. 
  9. ^ Margot Wallström. Towards a low carbon economy (演讲). Brussels. 2004-03-11 [2008-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2008-09-21）. 
  10. ^ Building a prosperous world with fewer emissions. Brookings. [2024-01-11] （美国英语）. 
  11. ^ Boost ecosystem resilience to realize the benefits of low emission development. Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP). [2016-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-16）. 
  12. ^ Presenting the benefits of low emission development strategies. Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP). 2016-06-27 [2016-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-16）. 
  13. ^ Wang, Jingtian; Zhou, Yi; Cooke, Fang Lee. Low-carbon economy and policy implications: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022, 29 (43): 65432–65451. Bibcode:2022ESPR...2965432W. PMID 35486269. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20381-0. 
  14. ^ 5 facts about the EU's goal of climate neutrality. www.consilium.europa.eu. [2022-08-16] （英语）. 
  15. ^ The employment impact of climate change adaptation (PDF). 
  16. ^ Assessing the Implications of Climate Change Adaptation on Employment in the EU (PDF). 
  17. ^ Press corner. European Commission - European Commission. [2022-08-16] （英语）. 
  18. ^ Gain the competitive edge to realize the benefits of low emission development. Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP). [2016-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-14）. 
  19. ^ The Role of Low-Carbon Fuels in the Clean Energy Transitions of the Power Sector. iea. [2024-06-15]. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Global Electricity Review 2021. Ember. 2021-03-28 [2021-04-07] （英国英语）. 
  21. ^ Warner, Ethan S. Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nuclear Electricity Generation. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2012, 16: S73–S92. S2CID 153286497. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00472.x 可免费查阅. 
  22. ^ The European Strategic Energy Technology Plan SET-Plan Towards a low-carbon future (PDF): 6. 2010. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-02-11）. ... nuclear plants ... currently provide 1/3 of the EU’s electricity and 2/3 of its low-carbon energy. 
  23. ^ Innovation funding opportunities for low-carbon technologies: 2010 to 2015. GOV.UK. 2016-09-13 [2023-08-24] （英语）. 
  24. ^ Meyer, Robinson. Nuclear Is Hot, for the Moment. The Atlantic. 2021-11-10 [2021-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-17）. 
  25. ^ Global climate objectives fall short without nuclear power in the mix: UNECE. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. August 11, 2021 [2021-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-22）. 
  26. ^ Johnson, Jeff. Can nuclear power help save us from climate change?. Chemical & Engineering News. 2019-09-23 [2021-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-22）. 
  27. ^ Ingersoll, Eric; Gogan, Kirsty. Driving deeper decarbonization with nuclear energy. International Atomic Energy Agency. September 2020 [2021-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-16）. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Takahashi, Dean. Last Energy raises $3 million to fight climate change with nuclear energy. VentureBeat. 2020-02-25 [November 23, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）. 
  29. ^ Chestney, Nina. End new oil, gas and coal funding to reach net zero, says IEA. Reuters. 2021-05-18 [2021-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-17）. 
  30. ^ Andrew, Robbie. Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2021. [22 May 2022]. 
  31. ^ Tian, Jinfang; Yu, Longguang; Xue, Rui; Zhuang, Shan; Shan, Yuli. Global low-carbon energy transition in the post-COVID-19 era. Applied Energy. 2022-02-01, 307: 118205. Bibcode:2022ApEn..30718205T. ISSN 0306-2619. PMC 8610812 可免费查阅. PMID 34840400. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118205 （英语）. 
  32. ^ Davidsson, Simon. Global Energy Transitions (PDF). 2015. 
  33. ^ Smil, Vaclav. Energy Transitions (PDF). [2022-06-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2023-03-09）. 
  34. ^ Fossil Energy. Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University SIPA | CGEP. [2024-04-16] （英语）. 
  35. ^ Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Data Explorer – Data Tools. IEA. [2024-04-16] （英国英语）. 
  36. ^ The Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. [2021-09-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-19）. 
  37. ^ Plunging cost of wind and solar marks turning point in energy transition: IRENA. Reuters. 2020-06-01 [2020-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-10）. 
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe: 49–55. 2021 [2022-06-01]. 
  39. ^ Are renewable heating options cost-competitive with fossil fuels in the residential sector?. IEA. 2021 [2022-06-25]. 
  40. ^ Kök, A. Gürhan; Shang, Kevin; Yücel, Safak. Investments in Renewable and Conventional Energy: The Role of Operational Flexibility. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management. 2020-01-23, 22 (5): 925–941. ISSN 1523-4614. S2CID 214122213. doi:10.1287/msom.2019.0789. 
  41. ^ Abolishing fossil fuel subsidies: a brain teaser rather than a no-brainer. Reforming fossil fuel subsidies is a complex task for politicians. All in all, our study shows that abolishing fossil fuel subsidies is a no-brainer only for a limited number of subsidies. Abolishing inventoried fossil subsidies does not appear to help the energy transition in all cases. It is important to assess policies from the perspective of adequate pricing of climate damage and other externalities. 
  42. ^ Tripathi, Bhasker. How fossil fuel subsidies are hurting the energy transition | Context. www.context.news. [2024-04-16] （英语）. 
  43. ^ Overland, Indra; Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten. The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2019, 26: 100406. Bibcode:2019EneSR..2600406O. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406 可免费查阅. hdl:11250/2634876 可免费查阅 （英语）. 

資料來源

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：ThomasYehYeh/沙盒/伊朗罪案

Template:Renewable energy by country


如果將此頁面移動到主條目空間，則該頁面將放在以下類別中。
分類：
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ThomasYehYeh/沙盒/伊朗罪案&oldid=83045275”