伽利略计划：修订间差异
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已移除至伽利略定位系統的重定向 标签：移除重定向 |
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#REDIRECT [[伽利略定位系統]] |
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{{Infobox spaceflight |
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| auto = all |
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| name = 伽利略號 |
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| names_list = 木星軌道探測器 |
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| image = Artwork Galileo-Io-Jupiter.JPG |
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| image_caption = 藝術家概念圖：伽利略號在[[木衛一]]前方，背後是木星。圖中高增益天線完全展開，但實際上天線未能展開。 |
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| image_alt = 參見圖說 |
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| image_size = |
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| mission_type = [[木星]]軌道器 |
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| operator = [[美國太空總署]] |
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| COSPAR_ID = 1989-084B |
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| SATCAT = 20298 |
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| website = {{url|solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/}} |
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| mission_duration = {{plainlist| |
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* 計劃：{{time interval|18 October 1989|7 December 1997|show=ymd|sep=}} |
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* 木星軌道：{{time interval|8 December 1995 01:16|21 September 2003 18:57|show=ymd|sep=}} |
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* 最終：{{time interval|18 October 1989|21 September 2003 18:57|show=ymd|sep=}} |
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}} |
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| distance_travelled = {{convert|4631778000|km|e9mi|sigfig=3|abbr=unit}}<ref name="spref20030919">{{cite web |url=https://spaceref.com/press-release/the-final-day-on-galileo-sunday-september-21-2003/ |title=The Final Day on Galileo – Sunday, September 21, 2003 |publisher=Spaceref.com |date=September 19, 2003 |access-date=August 11, 2023 }}</ref> |
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| manufacturer = {{plainlist| |
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* [[噴氣推進實驗室]]<ref name="galileo-arrival">{{cite web |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/gllarpk.pdf |title=Galileo Jupiter Arrival |type=Press Kit |publisher=NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory |date=December 1995 |access-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-date=November 16, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011116223923/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/gllarpk.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* {{le|塞施密特-伯爾科-布洛姆公司|Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm}}]<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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* [[通用電氣]]<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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* [[休斯飛機公司]]<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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}} |
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| launch_mass = {{plainlist| |
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* 總重：{{convert|2560|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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* 軌道器：{{convert|2220|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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* 探測器：{{convert|340|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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}} |
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| dry_mass = {{plainlist| |
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* 軌道器：{{convert|1880|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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* 探測器：{{convert|340|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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}} |
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| payload_mass = {{plainlist| |
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* 軌道器：{{convert|118|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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* 探測器：{{convert|30|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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}} |
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| power = {{plainlist| |
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* 軌道器：570瓦<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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* 探測器：730瓦時<ref name="galileo-arrival" /> |
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}} |
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| launch_date = {{start-date|October 18, 1989, 16:53:40}} [[UTC]]<ref name="Beyer1992">{{cite report |url=http://ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov/progress_report/42-109/109T.PDF |title=Galileo Early Cruise, Including Venus, First Earth, and Gaspra Encounters |series=The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report |publisher=NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory |first1=P. E. |last1=Beyer |first2=R. C. |last2=O'Connor |first3=D. J. |last3=Mudgway |pages=265–281 |date=May 15, 1992 |id=TDA Progress Report 42-109 |access-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143531/https://ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov/progress_report/42-109/109T.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| launch_rocket = {{OV|104}} <br /> [[STS-34]]/{{le|慣性上面級|Inertial Upper Stage}} |
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| launch_site = [[甘迺迪太空中心|甘迺迪]] [[甘迺迪太空中心39B號發射台|LC-39B]] |
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| launch_contractor = |
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| entered_service = 1995年12月8日, 01:16 UTC [[航天器事件時間|SCET]] |
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| disposal_type = 控制進入木星 |
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| decay_date = | decay_date = {{end-date|September 21, 2003, 18:57:18}} [[協調世界時|UTC]] |
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| interplanetary = |
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{{Infobox spaceflight/IP |
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|type = flyby |
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|note = 重力助推 |
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|object = [[金星]] |
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|distance = {{convert|16000|km|mi|sp=us}} |
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|arrival_date = 1990年2月10日<ref name="PDS Atmospheres Node 1989">{{cite web | title=Welcome to the Galileo Orbiter Archive Page | website=PDS Atmospheres Node | date=1989-10-18 | url=https://pds-atmospheres.nmsu.edu/data_and_services/atmospheres_data/Galileo/galileo_orbiter.html | access-date=2023-04-11 | archive-date=April 11, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411212904/https://pds-atmospheres.nmsu.edu/data_and_services/atmospheres_data/Galileo/galileo_orbiter.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Infobox spaceflight/IP |
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|type = flyby |
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|note = 重力助推 |
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|object = [[地球]] |
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|distance = {{convert|960|km|mi|sp=us}} and {{convert|303|km|mi|sp=us}} |
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|arrival_date = 990年12月8日和1992年12月8日 |
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}} |
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{{Infobox spaceflight/IP |
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|type = flyby |
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|note = |
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|object = [[加斯普拉星]] |
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|distance = {{convert|1601|km|mi|sp=us}} |
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|arrival_date = 1991年10月29日 |
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}} |
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{{Infobox spaceflight/IP |
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|type = flyby |
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|note = |
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|object = [[艾女星]] |
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|distance = {{convert|2400|km|mi|sp=us}} |
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|arrival_date = 1993年8月28日 |
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}} |
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{{Infobox spaceflight/IP |
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|type = orbiter |
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|object = [[木星]] |
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|component = 軌道器 |
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|arrival_date = December 8, 1995, 01:16 UTC SCET |
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}} |
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{{Infobox spaceflight/IP |
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|type = atmospheric |
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|object = [[木星]] |
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|component = [[伽利略號探測器|探測器]] |
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|arrival_date = 1995年12月7日, 22:04 UTC SCET<ref name = "Meltzer">Michael Meltzer, [https://history.nasa.gov/sp4231.pdf ''Mission to Jupiter: a History of the ''Galileo'' Project''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214204726/https://history.nasa.gov/sp4231.pdf |date=February 14, 2017 }}, NASA SP 2007–4231, p. 188</ref> |
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|location = {{Coord|06|05|N|04|04|W|globe:jupiter|name=Galileo Probe}} <br /> <small>進入界面</small> |
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}} |
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| instruments_list = {{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments |
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| acronym1 = SSI | name1 = 固態成像儀 (Solid-State Imager) |
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| acronym2 = NIMS | name2 = 近紅外映射光譜儀 (Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer) |
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| acronym3 = UVS | name3 = 紫外光譜儀 (Ultraviolet Spectrometer) |
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| acronym4 = PPR | name4 = 偏振輻射計 (Photopolarimeter-Radiometer) |
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| acronym5 = DDS | name5 = 塵埃探測子系統 (Dust Detector Subsystem) |
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| acronym6 = EPD | name6 = 高能粒子探測器 (Energetic Particles Detector) |
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| acronym7 = HIC | name7 = 重離子計數器 (Heavy Ion Counter) |
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| acronym8 = MAG | name8 = 磁力計 (Magnetometer) |
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| acronym9 = PLS | name9 = 等離子體子系統 (Plasma Subsystem) |
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| acronym10 = PWS | name10 = 等離子波子系統 (Plasma Wave Subsystem) |
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}} |
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| programme = [[旗艦任務|太空總署旗艦任務]] |
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| previous_mission = [[旅行者計劃]] |
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| next_mission = [[卡西尼-惠更斯號]] |
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| insignia = Galileo mission patch.png |
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| insignia_size = 140px |
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}} |
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'''伽利略計劃'''（[[英文]]：Galileo Project）是[[美國太空總署]]的一項透過[[機器人]][[太空探索|進行太空探索的計畫]]，旨在研究[[木星]]及其[[衛星]]，並探索其他[[太陽系]][[天體]]。該計劃以意大利天文學家[[伽利略·伽利萊]]命名，而當中就使用了[[伽利略號探測器]]，其構造由一個軌道器和一個大氣探測器組成。1989年10月18日，伽利略號探號測器由[[亞特蘭蒂斯號]]航天飛機在STS-34任務中送入地球軌道，並在經過金星和地球的重力助推後於1995年12月7日到達木星，成為第一個進入木星軌道的探測器。 |
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==背景== |
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木星是太陽系中最大的行星，其質量超過其他所有行星的總和。<ref>{{cite web |title=In Depth {{pipe}} Jupiter |publisher=NASA Solar System Exploration |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/ |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=March 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324111152/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/ |url-status=live }}</ref>早在1959年，美國太空總署的[[噴氣推進實驗室]]就開始考慮向木星發射探測器的可能性。1969年，美國太空總署批准了兩個木星探測計劃：[[先鋒10號]]和[[先鋒11號]]，這兩個探測器分別於1972年和1973年發射，並在1973年和1974年成功飛越木星。{{sfn|Meltzer|2007|pp=21–22}}接下來是更先進的[[旅行者1號]]和[[旅行者2號]]，分別於1977年發射，並在1979年到達木星。<ref>{{cite web |title=Voyager 2 Launched Before Voyager 1 - NASA |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/voyager-2-launched-before-voyager-1/ |access-date=April 7, 2024}}</ref> |
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==計劃== |
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===發起=== |
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在批准旅行者計劃後，太空總署的外太陽系任務科學顧問組考慮了木星軌道器和大氣探測器的需求。他們指出，當時尚無技術製造適合木星條件的大氣探測器熱盾，而且相關測試設施要到1980年才會出現。此外，對輻射對航天器元件影響的擔憂在先鋒10號和先鋒11號飛越木星後有所緩解。1973年12月，先鋒10號的飛越顯示，輻射影響並不像預期那麼嚴重。太空總署指定[[噴氣推進實驗室]]為「木星軌道探測器」項目的主導中心。{{sfn|Meltzer|2007|pp=32–33}}[[約翰·卡薩尼]]曾領導[[水手號]]和[[旅行者號]]計劃，成為首任項目經理。<ref>{{cite web |publisher=NASA |title=NASA's 50 Year Men and Women |url=https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/50yearsEmployees.html |access-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-date=March 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319002842/https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/50yearsEmployees.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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===準備=== |
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為了提高可靠性和降低成本，項目工程師決定將加壓大氣探測器改為通風型，這樣探測器內外的壓力相同，延長其在木星大氣中的壽命，但這增加了100公斤的重量。結構改進又增加了165公斤，這需要額外的燃料。三階段的{{le|慣性上面級|Inertial Upper Stage |
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}}（Inertial Upper Stage，簡稱IUS）本身超重約3200公斤。<ref name="Hurdles">{{cite news |title=More Hurdles Rise In Galileo Project To probe Jupiter |first=Thomas |last=O'Toole |author-link=Thomas O'Toole |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 August 1979 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/08/15/more-hurdles-rise-in-galileo-project-to-probe-jupiter/a30ddbe5-d805-418f-8a93-5d8deaa69f93/ |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523182517/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/08/15/more-hurdles-rise-in-galileo-project-to-probe-jupiter/a30ddbe5-d805-418f-8a93-5d8deaa69f93/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Finley|1988|p=23}}{{sfn|Meltzer|2007|pp=41-43}}為了提升伽利略號和三階段IUS，航天飛機需要特製的輕量化外部燃料箱、去除所有非必要設備的航天飛機軌道器，並且航天飛機主引擎需要以109%的額定功率運行。為此，需要開發更複雜的引擎冷卻系統，這引發了對引擎能否在發射日期前達到109%功率的擔憂，因此使用火星的重力助推來代替直接飛行。{{sfn|Heppenheimer|2002|pp=368–370}} |
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==伽利略號探測器== |
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{{main|伽利略號探測器}} |
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噴氣推進實驗室建造了伽利略號探測器，並負責統籌伽利略計劃的工作，而[[西德]]的{{le|塞施密特-伯爾科-布洛姆公司|Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm}}提供了推進模塊，阿姆斯管理大氣探測器，該探測器由[[休斯飛機公司]]製造。發射時，軌道器和探測器的總質量為 {{convert|2562|kg|lb|abbr=off}}，高度為{{convert|6.15|m|ft|abbr=off}}。軌道器上有十二個實驗設備，大氣探測器上有七個實驗設備。軌道器由一對[[通用熱源熱電機]]提供動力，使用[[鈈-238]]燃料，發射時功率為570瓦。大氣探測器則配有一個額定功率為730瓦時的[[鋰-硫電池]]。<ref>{{cite web |title=How Many Watt Hours in a Car Battery |publisher=Large Power |url=https://www.large.net/news/90u43pm.html |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-date=April 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409192148/https://www.large.net/news/90u43pm.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="Press Kit" /> |
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探測器的儀器包括測量大氣溫度和壓力的傳感器。還有一個[[質譜儀]]和一個[[氦]]豐度檢測器用於研究大氣成分，以及一個哨子探測器用於測量[[閃電]]活動和木星的[[輻射帶]]。還有磁強計傳感器、[[等離子波探測器]]、[[高能粒子探測器]]、宇宙和木星塵埃探測器以及[[重離子計數器]]。近紅外映射光譜儀用於大氣和衛星表面化學分析的多光譜圖像，[[紫外光譜儀]]則用於研究氣體。<ref name="Press Kit">{{cite web |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/gllarpk.pdf |title=Galileo Jupiter Arrival |type=Press Kit |publisher=NASA{{\}}Jet Propulsion Laboratory |date=December 1995 |access-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-date=November 16, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011116223923/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/gllarpk.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==重新考量== |
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[[File:Animation of Galileo trajectory.gif|thumb|right|從1989年10月19日到2003年9月30日伽利略號探測器軌跡的動畫 <br/>{{legend2|magenta|伽利略號}}{{·}}{{legend2|lime|[[木星]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|royalblue|[[地球]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|PaleGreen|[[金星]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|[[加斯普拉星]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Cyan|[[艾女星]]}} |alt=顯示繞金星和地球的重力助推機動。]] |
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1986年1月28日，[[挑戰者號]]航天飛機在STS-51-L任務中升空，73秒後固體火箭助推器故障，導致航天飛機解體，七名機組人員全部遇難。這一災難使伽利略計劃的發射日期無法趕上，因為航天飛機被停飛調查事故原因。1986年6月6日，[[羅傑斯委員會]]對挑戰者災難發表報告，{{sfn|Meltzer|2007|p=78}}批評了太空總署的安全協議和風險管理，{{sfn|Rogers|1986|pp=160–162}}特別是對Centaur-G階段的危險。1986年6月19日，太空總署署長[[詹姆斯·C·弗萊徹]]宣布航天飛機-Centaur項目終止。{{sfn|Meltzer|2007|p=79}}此決定部分由「挑戰者號」災難後太空總署高層對風險的態度轉變所致；同時，NASA評估了使航天飛機重返航線所需資源，認為無足夠資源解決航天飛機-Centaur項目的問題。{{sfn|Dawson|Bowles|2004|pp=216–218}}對航天飛機的改造超出預期，1987年4月，噴氣推進實驗室被告知，伽利略號無法在1989年10月如期發射。伽利略號因此被運回實驗室。{{sfn|Meltzer|2007|p=177}} |
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失去Centaur，伽利略號的木星之旅看似無望。當時，《[[洛杉磯時報]]》科學記者[[烏莎·李·麥克法]]靈形容，「伽利略號的唯一旅行彷彿僅限於到訪[[史密森尼學會]]。」<ref name="McFarling">{{cite news |first=Usha Lee |last=McFarling |author-link=Usha Lee McFarling |date=September 22, 2003 |title=Stalwart Galileo Is Vaporized Near Jupiter |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-22-me-galileo22-story.html |access-date=May 19, 2024 |archive-date=May 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519195233/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-22-me-galileo22-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>維持隨時待命狀態的開支估計每年為四千萬至五千萬美元，而項目總開支已增至十四億美元。<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA's Galileo mission clears hurdles for Jupiter voyage. In flying past Venus, probe could learn much about 'greenhouse effect' |newspaper=Christian Science Monitor |date=December 3, 1987 |first=Peter N. |last=Spotts |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1987/1203/agal.html |access-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207041458/https://www.csmonitor.com/1987/1203/agal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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在噴氣推進實驗室，伽利略任務設計經理兼導航團隊主管[[羅伯特·米切爾]]組建了一支包括[[丹尼斯·伯恩斯]]、[[路易斯·達瑪里奧]]、[[羅傑·迪爾]]和自己的團隊，探索利用兩級IUS將伽利略號送抵木星的可能性。羅傑·迪爾提出的金星-地球-地球重力助推（VEEGA）軌道概念，通過金星和地球的飛越增益速度，成為關注焦點。{{sfn|Meltzer|2007|pp=293–294}} |
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VEEGA軌道未被先前考慮的一個原因是，第二次地球飛越並不能為航天器提供額外能量。迪爾意識到，這並非必要；第二次地球飛越的作用為調校航向，確保其正確朝向木星。盡管延長了飛行時間，VEEGA軌道從太空總署[[深空網路]]（DSN）角度看，存在一個缺點：伽利略號抵達木星時距離地球最遠，信號最弱。其傾角為南緯23度，而非預期的北緯18度，因此追蹤站將是[[澳大利亞]]的[[堪培拉深空通信中心]]，擁有兩座34米和一座70米天線。北緯赤道傾角可由[[戈德斯通]]和[[馬德里]]兩站支持。堪培拉的天線系統得到了[[帕克斯天文台]]64米天線的補充。{{sfn|Mudgway|2001|p=301}}{{sfn|Taylor|Cheung|Seo|2002|p=23}} |
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最初假設VEEGA軌道需在11月發射，然而，達瑪里奧和伯恩斯的計算顯示，金星與地球之間的中途修正允許10月發射。採用迂迴路線意味著伽利略號到達木星需耗時六十個月，而非原先的三十個月，但最終能夠抵達。曾考慮使用美國空軍的Titan IV發射系統及其Centaur G Prime上級火箭，這一方案一度作為備選。然而，1988年11月，美國空軍通知NASA，因國防部高級任務的積壓，無法在1991年5月的發射窗口前提供Titan IV火箭。然而，美國空軍提供了IUS-19，原本預留於國防部任務，以供伽利略號使用。{{sfn|Bangsund|Knutson|1988|p=10{{hyphen}}12}} |
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==發射== |
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伽利略計劃的STS-34任務在[[亞特蘭蒂斯號航]]天飛機上進行，原定於1989年10月12日發射。為了防範[[反核|反核活動人士]]或[[恐怖分子]]的劫持，航天飛機以高速卡車車隊從噴氣推進實驗室秘密運輸到[[肯尼迪航天中心]]。三個環保組織試圖通過法院禁令阻止發射，但被駁回。伽利略最終於1989年10月18日16:53:40 UTC成功發射，並在10月19日00:15 UTC成功部署。IUS燃燒後，伽利略號航天器進入單獨飛行配置，並於10月19日01:06:53 UTC與IUS分離，成功前往金星。亞特蘭蒂斯號於10月23日安全返回地球。 |
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==發射與木星之旅== |
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1989年10月18日，伽利略號探測器由亞特蘭蒂斯號航天飛機成功發射。探測器於1990年2月10日飛越金星，並於1990年12月8日和1992年12月8日兩次飛越地球，利用重力助推加速前往木星。1991年10月29日，伽利略探測器飛越小行星951 Gaspra，成為第一個飛越小行星的探測器。 |
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===木星探測=== |
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伽利略探測器於1995年12月7日到達木星，並釋放了大氣探測器進入木星大氣層。探測器記錄了木星大氣的組成和[[氨]]雲，以及木星衛星的火山活動和等離子體相互作用。數據支持了[[歐羅巴]]冰層下存在[[液態海洋]]的理論，並表明在蓋尼米德和卡利斯托的表面下也可能存在類似的液態鹽水層。 |
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伽利略號探測器發現了木星的微弱環系統由四顆小內衛星的撞擊事件產生的塵埃組成。探測器還發現木星的磁層結構和範圍。伽利略的主要任務於1997年12月7日結束，但軌道器進行了一個名為[[伽利略歐羅巴任務]]的延長任務，並持續到1999年12月31日。由於探測器超過預期運行時間，[[伽利略千禧任務]]隨後被授權，並持續到2003年。 |
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===主要發現=== |
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伽利略計劃帶來了許多重要的科學發現，包括確認木星的大氣成分與氨雲，並首次觀測到木星大氣中存在[氨雲；發現木星衛星[[伊歐]]上存在大規模的[[火山]]活動，其頻率和強度遠超過地球；支持歐羅巴冰層下存在液態海洋的理論，並發現[[蓋尼米德]]和[[卡利斯托]]表面下可能存在類似的液態鹽水層；發現蓋尼米德擁有自己的磁場，是第一顆已知擁有磁場的衛星；以及確認木星的環系統由四顆小內衛星的撞擊事件產生的塵埃組成。 |
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==任務結束== |
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伽利略探測器於2003年9月21日以每秒超過48公里的速度進入木星大氣層，結束了其14年的太空探索旅程。這一舉措旨在防止探測器可能攜帶的地球細菌污染木星的衛星，特別是歐羅巴。 |
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伽利略計劃對木星及其衛星的理解提供了重要的科學數據，並為後續的探索任務奠定了基礎。未來的任務如[[朱諾號]]和[[歐羅巴快船]]（將繼續深入研究木星及其衛星，期待揭示更多的科學奧秘。 |
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==註釋== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==引用== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==參考文獻== |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Torrence V. |last2=Yeates |first2=Clayne M. |last3=Young |first3=Richard |last4=Dunne |first4=James |title=The Galileo Venus Encounter |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |series=New Series |issn=0036-8075 |volume=253 |issue=5027 |date=September 27, 1991 |pages=1516–1518 |doi=10.1126/science.253.5027.1516 |jstor=2884985 |pmid=17784091 |bibcode=1991Sci...253.1516J |s2cid=37156782 }} |
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* {{cite conference |last=Johnson |first=Michael R. |title=The Galileo High Gain Antenna Deployment Anomaly |date=May 1, 1994 |publisher=NASA |conference=The 28th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium |location=Cleveland, Ohio |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19940028813/downloads/19940028813.pdf |pages=359–377 |access-date=November 15, 2011 |archive-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121085741/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19940028813/downloads/19940028813.pdf |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Kivelson |first1=M. G. |author-link=Margaret G. Kivelson |last2=Khurana |first2=K. K. |last3=Russell |first3=C. T. |last4=Walker |first4=R. J. |title=Discovery of Ganymede's magnetic field by the Galileo spacecraft |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |issn=0028-0836 |volume=384 |issue=6609 |date=December 12, 1996 |pages=537–541 |doi=10.1038/384537a0 |bibcode=1996Natur.384..537K |s2cid=4246607 }} |
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* {{cite conference |last=Marr |first=James C. |title=Performing the Galileo mission using the S-band low-gain antenna |conference=1994 IEEE Aerospace Applications Conference |date=5–12 February 1994 |location=Vail, Colorado |publisher=IEEE |isbn=0-7803-1831-5 |doi=10.1109/AERO.1994.291197 }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Meltzer |first=Michael |title=Mission to Jupiter: A History of the ''Galileo'' Project |year=2007 |id=SP-4231 |series=The NASA History Series |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC |oclc=124150579 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/sp4231.pdf |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112074922/https://history.nasa.gov/sp4231.pdf |archive-date=January 12, 2024 |url-status=deviated }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Mudgway |first=Douglas J. |title=Uplink-Downlink: A History of the Deep Space Network |year=2001 |id=SP-4227 |series=The NASA History Series |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-16-066599-8 |oclc=44573331 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20020033033/downloads/20020033033.pdf |access-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201021543/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20020033033/downloads/20020033033.pdf |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite book |author1=National Research Council |author2=European Space Science Committee |chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/5981/chapter/5 |chapter=Case Studies of U.S.-European Missions |title=U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science |publisher=National Academies Press |location=Washington, DC |pages=42–100 |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-309-05984-8 |doi=10.17226/5981 |access-date=November 12, 2017 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107043640/https://www.nap.edu/read/5981/chapter/5 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite report |author=Office of Space Science and Applications |date=May 1, 1989 |location=Washington |publisher=NASA |title=Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Galileo Mission (Tier 2) |oclc=24780391 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19900002786/downloads/19900002786.pdf |access-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232109/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19900002786/downloads/19900002786.pdf |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Ragent |first1=B |last2=Colburn |first2=DS |last3=Avrin |first3=P |last4=Rages |first4=KA| pmid = 8629019 | volume=272 | issue=5263 | title=Results of the Galileo probe nephelometer experiment | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |issn=0036-8075| pages=854–856 | year=1996 | doi=10.1126/science.272.5263.854 | bibcode=1996Sci...272..854R | s2cid=25094019 }} |
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* {{cite report |last=Rogers |first=William P. |author-link=William P. Rogers |title=Report to the President by the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident |date=June 6, 1986 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=NASA |url=https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/SignificantIncidents/assets/rogers_commission_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229201146/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/SignificantIncidents/assets/rogers_commission_report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |access-date=October 18, 2020 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Sagan |first1=C. |author-link=Carl Sagan |first2=W. R. |last2=Thompson |first3=R. |last3=Carlson |first4=D. |last4=Gurnett |first5=C. |last5=Hord |title=A Search for Life on Earth from the ''Galileo'' Spacecraft |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |issn=0028-0836 |date=1993 |volume=365 |pages=715–721 |doi=10.1038/365715a0 |pmid=11536539 |issue=6448 |bibcode=1993Natur.365..715S |s2cid=4269717 |ref=CITEREFSagan et al.1993}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Sarid |first1=Alyssa Rose |last2=Greenberg |first2=Richard |last3=Hoppa |first3=Gregory V. |last4=Hurford |first4=Terry A. |last5=Geissler |first5=Paul |title=Polar Wander and Surface Convergence of Europa's Ice Shell: Evidence from a Survey of Strike-Slip Displacement |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |issn=0019-1035 |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=24–41 |year=2002 |doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6873 |bibcode=2002Icar..158...24S |ref=CITEREFSarid et al.2002 }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Siddiqi |first1=Asif A. |author-link=Asif Azam Siddiqi |title=Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 |lccn=2017059404 |isbn=978-1-62683-042-4 |publisher=NASA History Program Office |edition=second |year=2018 |id=SP-4041 |series=The NASA History Series |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf |access-date=October 29, 2020 |ref=none |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424211923/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=David J. |title=When Galileo met Ganymede |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |issn=0028-0836 |volume=384 |issue=6609 |date=December 12, 1996 |pages=511–512 |doi=10.1038/384511a0 |bibcode=1996Natur.384..511S |s2cid=4286285|doi-access=free }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Swift |first1=G. M. |last2=Levanas |first2=G. C. |last3=Ratliff |first3=J. M. |last4=Johnston |first4=A. H. |title=In-Flight Annealing of Displacement Damage in GaAs LEDs: A Galileo Story |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science]] |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1991–1997 |date=December 2003 |issn=0018-9499 |doi=10.1109/TNS.2003.821374 |bibcode=2003ITNS...50.1991S }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Jim |last2=Cheung |first2=Kar-Ming |last3=Seo |first3=Dongae |title=Galileo Telecommunications |series=DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC |date=July 2002 |url=http://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso5--Galileo_new.pdf |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920210410/https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso5--Galileo_new.pdf |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite report |last=Tomayko |first=James E. |title=Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience |publisher=NASA History Office |date=March 1988 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19880069935/downloads/19880069935.pdf |access-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212194455/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19880069935/downloads/19880069935.pdf |archive-date=February 12, 2024 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Veverka |first1=J. |last2=Belton |first2=M. |last3=Klaasen |first3=K. |last4=Chapman |first4=C. |title=Galileo's Encounter with 951 Gaspra: Overview |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |date=1994 |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=2–17 |doi=10.1006/icar.1994.1002 |bibcode=1994Icar..107....2V|doi-access=free }} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Waldrop |first=M. Mitchell |title=Centaur Wars |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |series=New Series |issn=0036-8075 |volume=217 |issue=4564 |date=10 September 1982 |pages=1012–1014 |doi=10.1126/science.217.4564.1012 |jstor=1689106 |pmid=17839320 |bibcode=1982Sci...217.1012W }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=D. J. |last2=McEntire |first2=R. W. |last3=Krimigis |first3=S. M. |last4=Roelof |first4=E. C. |last5=Jaskulek |first5=S. |last6=Jaskulek |first6=S. |last7=Wilken |first7=B. |last8=Stüdeman |first8=W. |last9=Armstrong |first9=T. P. |last10=Fritz |first10=T. A. |last11=Lanzerotti |first11=L. J. |last12=Roederer |first12= J.G. |title=Energetic Particles at Venus: Galileo Results |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |series=New Series |issn=0036-8075 |volume=253 |issue=5027 |date=September 27, 1991 |pages=1525–1528 |doi=10.1126/science.253.5027.1525 |jstor=2884988 |pmid=17784094 |bibcode=1991Sci...253.1525W |s2cid=28386 |ref=CITEREFWilliams et al1991}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Young |first=Richard E. |title=The Galileo Probe Mission to Jupiter: Science Overview |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |issn=0148-0227 |volume=103 |issue=El0 |pages=22,775–22,790 |date=September 25, 1998 |doi=10.1029/98JE01051 |bibcode=1998JGR...10322775Y }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Zahnle |first1=Kevin |last2=Schenk |first2=Paul |last3=Levison |first3=Harold |last4=Dones |first4=Luke |title=Cratering rates in the outer Solar System |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |issn=0019-1035 |volume=163 |issue=2 |date=June 2003 |pages=263–289 |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00048-4 |bibcode=2003Icar..163..263Z }} |
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{{refend}} |
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==外部連結== |
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{{Commons category|Galileo mission}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151114055422/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/Galileo ''伽利略''任務網站] 美國NASA太陽系探索 |
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* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/ ''伽利略''遺產網站] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103173530/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/ |date=November 3, 2004 }} 美國NASA太陽系探索 |
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* [http://rpif.asu.edu/Galileo/ ''伽利略''衛星影像馬賽克] 亞利桑那州立大學 |
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* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/kevinmgill/albums/72157651267182078 伽利略影像相冊] Kevin M. Gill |
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{{Portal bar|太陽系|航天}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:伽利略·伽利萊]] |
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[[Category:伽利略計劃]] |
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[[Category:木星探測任務]] |
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[[Category:主帶小行星探測任務]] |
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[[Category:包含視頻片段的文章]] |
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2024年7月16日 (二) 06:42的版本
 藝術家概念圖：伽利略號在木衛一前方，背後是木星。圖中高增益天線完全展開，但實際上天線未能展開。 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 名称 | 木星軌道探測器 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 任务类型 | 木星軌道器 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 运营方 | 美國太空總署 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 国际卫星标识符 | 1989-084B | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 衛星目錄序號 | 20298 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 网站 | solarsystem | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 任務時長 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 旅行距離 | 4,631,778,000 km（2.88 × 109 mi）[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 航天器属性 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 制造方 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 發射質量 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 乾質量 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 有效载荷質量 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 功率 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 任務開始 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 發射日期 | 1989年10月18日 16:53:40 UTC[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 运载火箭 | 航天飞机 亚特兰蒂斯号 STS-34/慣性上面級 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 發射場 | 甘迺迪 LC-39B | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 運營開始時間 | 1995年12月8日, 01:16 UTC SCET | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 任务结束 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 丟棄形式 | 控制進入木星 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 离轨日期 | 2003年9月21日 18:57:19 UTC | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 飛掠金星（重力助推） | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 最接近 | 1990年2月10日[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 距離 | 16,000公里（9,900英里） | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 飛掠地球（重力助推） | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 最接近 | 990年12月8日和1992年12月8日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 距離 | 960公里（600英里） and 303公里（188英里） | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 飛掠加斯普拉星 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 最接近 | 1991年10月29日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 距離 | 1,601公里（995英里） | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 飛掠艾女星 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 最接近 | 1993年8月28日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 距離 | 2,400公里（1,500英里） | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 木星軌道器 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 航天器组件 | 軌道器 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 入軌 | December 8, 1995, 01:16 UTC SCET | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 木星大氣探測 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 航天器组件 | 探測器 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 進入大氣 | 1995年12月7日, 22:04 UTC SCET[5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 撞擊點 | 06°05′N 04°04′W / 6.083°N 4.067°W 進入界面 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
伽利略計劃（英文：Galileo Project）是美國太空總署的一項透過機器人進行太空探索的計畫，旨在研究木星及其衛星，並探索其他太陽系天體。該計劃以意大利天文學家伽利略·伽利萊命名，而當中就使用了伽利略號探測器，其構造由一個軌道器和一個大氣探測器組成。1989年10月18日，伽利略號探號測器由亞特蘭蒂斯號航天飛機在STS-34任務中送入地球軌道，並在經過金星和地球的重力助推後於1995年12月7日到達木星，成為第一個進入木星軌道的探測器。
背景
木星是太陽系中最大的行星，其質量超過其他所有行星的總和。[6]早在1959年，美國太空總署的噴氣推進實驗室就開始考慮向木星發射探測器的可能性。1969年，美國太空總署批准了兩個木星探測計劃：先鋒10號和先鋒11號，這兩個探測器分別於1972年和1973年發射，並在1973年和1974年成功飛越木星。[7]接下來是更先進的旅行者1號和旅行者2號，分別於1977年發射，並在1979年到達木星。[8]
計劃
發起
在批准旅行者計劃後，太空總署的外太陽系任務科學顧問組考慮了木星軌道器和大氣探測器的需求。他們指出，當時尚無技術製造適合木星條件的大氣探測器熱盾，而且相關測試設施要到1980年才會出現。此外，對輻射對航天器元件影響的擔憂在先鋒10號和先鋒11號飛越木星後有所緩解。1973年12月，先鋒10號的飛越顯示，輻射影響並不像預期那麼嚴重。太空總署指定噴氣推進實驗室為「木星軌道探測器」項目的主導中心。[9]約翰·卡薩尼曾領導水手號和旅行者號計劃，成為首任項目經理。[10]
準備
為了提高可靠性和降低成本，項目工程師決定將加壓大氣探測器改為通風型，這樣探測器內外的壓力相同，延長其在木星大氣中的壽命，但這增加了100公斤的重量。結構改進又增加了165公斤，這需要額外的燃料。三階段的慣性上面級（Inertial Upper Stage，簡稱IUS）本身超重約3200公斤。[11][12][13]為了提升伽利略號和三階段IUS，航天飛機需要特製的輕量化外部燃料箱、去除所有非必要設備的航天飛機軌道器，並且航天飛機主引擎需要以109%的額定功率運行。為此，需要開發更複雜的引擎冷卻系統，這引發了對引擎能否在發射日期前達到109%功率的擔憂，因此使用火星的重力助推來代替直接飛行。[14]
伽利略號探測器
噴氣推進實驗室建造了伽利略號探測器，並負責統籌伽利略計劃的工作，而西德的塞施密特-伯爾科-布洛姆公司提供了推進模塊，阿姆斯管理大氣探測器，該探測器由休斯飛機公司製造。發射時，軌道器和探測器的總質量為 2,562公斤（5,648英磅），高度為6.15米（20.2英尺）。軌道器上有十二個實驗設備，大氣探測器上有七個實驗設備。軌道器由一對通用熱源熱電機提供動力，使用鈈-238燃料，發射時功率為570瓦。大氣探測器則配有一個額定功率為730瓦時的鋰-硫電池。[15]}}[16]
探測器的儀器包括測量大氣溫度和壓力的傳感器。還有一個質譜儀和一個氦豐度檢測器用於研究大氣成分，以及一個哨子探測器用於測量閃電活動和木星的輻射帶。還有磁強計傳感器、等離子波探測器、高能粒子探測器、宇宙和木星塵埃探測器以及重離子計數器。近紅外映射光譜儀用於大氣和衛星表面化學分析的多光譜圖像，紫外光譜儀則用於研究氣體。[16]
重新考量
伽利略號 · 木星 · 地球 · 金星 · 加斯普拉星 · 艾女星
1986年1月28日，挑戰者號航天飛機在STS-51-L任務中升空，73秒後固體火箭助推器故障，導致航天飛機解體，七名機組人員全部遇難。這一災難使伽利略計劃的發射日期無法趕上，因為航天飛機被停飛調查事故原因。1986年6月6日，羅傑斯委員會對挑戰者災難發表報告，[17]批評了太空總署的安全協議和風險管理，[18]特別是對Centaur-G階段的危險。1986年6月19日，太空總署署長詹姆斯·C·弗萊徹宣布航天飛機-Centaur項目終止。[19]此決定部分由「挑戰者號」災難後太空總署高層對風險的態度轉變所致；同時，NASA評估了使航天飛機重返航線所需資源，認為無足夠資源解決航天飛機-Centaur項目的問題。[20]對航天飛機的改造超出預期，1987年4月，噴氣推進實驗室被告知，伽利略號無法在1989年10月如期發射。伽利略號因此被運回實驗室。[21]
失去Centaur，伽利略號的木星之旅看似無望。當時，《洛杉磯時報》科學記者烏莎·李·麥克法靈形容，「伽利略號的唯一旅行彷彿僅限於到訪史密森尼學會。」[22]維持隨時待命狀態的開支估計每年為四千萬至五千萬美元，而項目總開支已增至十四億美元。[23]
在噴氣推進實驗室，伽利略任務設計經理兼導航團隊主管羅伯特·米切爾組建了一支包括丹尼斯·伯恩斯、路易斯·達瑪里奧、羅傑·迪爾和自己的團隊，探索利用兩級IUS將伽利略號送抵木星的可能性。羅傑·迪爾提出的金星-地球-地球重力助推（VEEGA）軌道概念，通過金星和地球的飛越增益速度，成為關注焦點。[24]
VEEGA軌道未被先前考慮的一個原因是，第二次地球飛越並不能為航天器提供額外能量。迪爾意識到，這並非必要；第二次地球飛越的作用為調校航向，確保其正確朝向木星。盡管延長了飛行時間，VEEGA軌道從太空總署深空網路（DSN）角度看，存在一個缺點：伽利略號抵達木星時距離地球最遠，信號最弱。其傾角為南緯23度，而非預期的北緯18度，因此追蹤站將是澳大利亞的堪培拉深空通信中心，擁有兩座34米和一座70米天線。北緯赤道傾角可由戈德斯通和馬德里兩站支持。堪培拉的天線系統得到了帕克斯天文台64米天線的補充。[25][26]
最初假設VEEGA軌道需在11月發射，然而，達瑪里奧和伯恩斯的計算顯示，金星與地球之間的中途修正允許10月發射。採用迂迴路線意味著伽利略號到達木星需耗時六十個月，而非原先的三十個月，但最終能夠抵達。曾考慮使用美國空軍的Titan IV發射系統及其Centaur G Prime上級火箭，這一方案一度作為備選。然而，1988年11月，美國空軍通知NASA，因國防部高級任務的積壓，無法在1991年5月的發射窗口前提供Titan IV火箭。然而，美國空軍提供了IUS-19，原本預留於國防部任務，以供伽利略號使用。[27]
發射
伽利略計劃的STS-34任務在亞特蘭蒂斯號航天飛機上進行，原定於1989年10月12日發射。為了防範反核活動人士或恐怖分子的劫持，航天飛機以高速卡車車隊從噴氣推進實驗室秘密運輸到肯尼迪航天中心。三個環保組織試圖通過法院禁令阻止發射，但被駁回。伽利略最終於1989年10月18日16:53:40 UTC成功發射，並在10月19日00:15 UTC成功部署。IUS燃燒後，伽利略號航天器進入單獨飛行配置，並於10月19日01:06:53 UTC與IUS分離，成功前往金星。亞特蘭蒂斯號於10月23日安全返回地球。
發射與木星之旅
1989年10月18日，伽利略號探測器由亞特蘭蒂斯號航天飛機成功發射。探測器於1990年2月10日飛越金星，並於1990年12月8日和1992年12月8日兩次飛越地球，利用重力助推加速前往木星。1991年10月29日，伽利略探測器飛越小行星951 Gaspra，成為第一個飛越小行星的探測器。
木星探測
伽利略探測器於1995年12月7日到達木星，並釋放了大氣探測器進入木星大氣層。探測器記錄了木星大氣的組成和氨雲，以及木星衛星的火山活動和等離子體相互作用。數據支持了歐羅巴冰層下存在液態海洋的理論，並表明在蓋尼米德和卡利斯托的表面下也可能存在類似的液態鹽水層。
伽利略號探測器發現了木星的微弱環系統由四顆小內衛星的撞擊事件產生的塵埃組成。探測器還發現木星的磁層結構和範圍。伽利略的主要任務於1997年12月7日結束，但軌道器進行了一個名為伽利略歐羅巴任務的延長任務，並持續到1999年12月31日。由於探測器超過預期運行時間，伽利略千禧任務隨後被授權，並持續到2003年。
主要發現
伽利略計劃帶來了許多重要的科學發現，包括確認木星的大氣成分與氨雲，並首次觀測到木星大氣中存在[氨雲；發現木星衛星伊歐上存在大規模的火山活動，其頻率和強度遠超過地球；支持歐羅巴冰層下存在液態海洋的理論，並發現蓋尼米德和卡利斯托表面下可能存在類似的液態鹽水層；發現蓋尼米德擁有自己的磁場，是第一顆已知擁有磁場的衛星；以及確認木星的環系統由四顆小內衛星的撞擊事件產生的塵埃組成。
任務結束
伽利略探測器於2003年9月21日以每秒超過48公里的速度進入木星大氣層，結束了其14年的太空探索旅程。這一舉措旨在防止探測器可能攜帶的地球細菌污染木星的衛星，特別是歐羅巴。
伽利略計劃對木星及其衛星的理解提供了重要的科學數據，並為後續的探索任務奠定了基礎。未來的任務如朱諾號和歐羅巴快船（將繼續深入研究木星及其衛星，期待揭示更多的科學奧秘。
註釋
引用
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- ^ Beyer, P. E.; O'Connor, R. C.; Mudgway, D. J. Galileo Early Cruise, Including Venus, First Earth, and Gaspra Encounters (PDF) (报告). The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory: 265–281. May 15, 1992 [December 22, 2016]. TDA Progress Report 42-109. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于January 25, 2021）.
- ^ Welcome to the Galileo Orbiter Archive Page. PDS Atmospheres Node. 1989-10-18 [2023-04-11]. （原始内容存档于April 11, 2023）.
- ^ Michael Meltzer, Mission to Jupiter: a History of the Galileo Project 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期February 14, 2017，., NASA SP 2007–4231, p. 188
- ^ In Depth | Jupiter. NASA Solar System Exploration. [27 October 2020]. （原始内容存档于March 24, 2018）.
- ^ Meltzer 2007，第21–22頁.
- ^ Voyager 2 Launched Before Voyager 1 - NASA. NASA. [April 7, 2024].
- ^ Meltzer 2007，第32–33頁.
- ^ NASA's 50 Year Men and Women. NASA. [October 28, 2020]. （原始内容存档于March 19, 2010）.
- ^ O'Toole, Thomas. More Hurdles Rise In Galileo Project To probe Jupiter. The Washington Post. 11 August 1979 [11 October 2020]. （原始内容存档于May 23, 2021）.
- ^ Finley 1988，第23頁.
- ^ Meltzer 2007，第41-43頁.
- ^ Heppenheimer 2002，第368–370頁.
- ^ How Many Watt Hours in a Car Battery. Large Power. [13 April 2024]. （原始内容存档于April 9, 2024）.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 Galileo Jupiter Arrival (PDF) (Press Kit). NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. December 1995 [December 22, 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于November 16, 2001）.
- ^ Meltzer 2007，第78頁.
- ^ Rogers 1986，第160–162頁.
- ^ Meltzer 2007，第79頁.
- ^ Dawson & Bowles 2004，第216–218頁.
- ^ Meltzer 2007，第177頁.
- ^ McFarling, Usha Lee. Stalwart Galileo Is Vaporized Near Jupiter. Los Angeles Times. September 22, 2003 [May 19, 2024]. （原始内容存档于May 19, 2024）.
- ^ Spotts, Peter N. NASA's Galileo mission clears hurdles for Jupiter voyage. In flying past Venus, probe could learn much about 'greenhouse effect'. Christian Science Monitor. December 3, 1987 [November 7, 2020]. （原始内容存档于December 7, 2021）. 参数
|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=） (帮助) - ^ Meltzer 2007，第293–294頁.
- ^ Mudgway 2001，第301頁.
- ^ Taylor, Cheung & Seo 2002，第23頁.
- ^ Bangsund & Knutson 1988，第10-12頁.
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外部連結
- 伽利略任務網站 美國NASA太陽系探索
- 伽利略遺產網站 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期November 3, 2004，. 美國NASA太陽系探索
- 伽利略衛星影像馬賽克 亞利桑那州立大學
- 伽利略影像相冊 Kevin M. Gill
