戒堂

戒堂是佛教庙宇建筑的一种，多见于南传上座部寺庙，是僧人受戒、诵经之场所^[1]^[2]。根据戒律的规定，戒堂是僧团集结行业之划界（sīmā）^[3]。

各地传统

缅甸语中，戒堂称为“登”（緬甸語：သိမ်；Thein），来自巴利语的sīmā，意译为“界”。在缅甸以奘房为中心的佛寺中，戒堂是重要且常见的建筑，但亦有独立而建的做法^[2]^[4]。缅甸掸族寺庙的戒堂称为“辛”（သိမ်ႇ；Sim），是专为僧人活动而设的场所^[5]^[6]。

在泰国，戒堂称为“乌博索”（泰語：อุโบสถ；Ubosot）或“博”（โบสถ์；Bot），源自巴利语的uposathāgāra，意为举行布萨仪式的场所^[7]。戒堂是泰民族的洼寺式庙宇的主要建筑，亦用作公共用途^[2]^[5] 。在泰国中部的佛寺中，戒堂是全寺的中心；泰北寺庙则以舍利塔为中心^[5]。寺庙中最重要的佛像就通常在戒堂中供奉。

老挝和泰国东北的依善地区称戒堂为“辛”（寮語：ສິມ；泰語：สิม）。

泰老民族的传统是用八块镇邪石（ใบเสมา；Bai sema）划定戒堂的结界。这种做法可以追溯到陀羅缽地文明时期^[3]。在南传佛教寺庙中，精舍和戒堂都是供奉佛像的主要礼佛场所，二者最大的区别即戒堂周围是有镇邪石划出结界的。

图册

泰国曼谷玉佛寺的戒堂
泰国清迈清曼寺的戒堂
老挝琅勃拉邦香通寺的戒堂
缅甸勃固传戒道场（英语：Kalyani Ordination Hall）
中国云南景真八角亭

参见

参考文献

^ Murphy, Stephen A. Sema Stones in Lower Myanmar and Northeast Thailand: A Comparison. Before Siam: Essays in Art and Archaeology. River Books & The Siam Society. 2014 [2023-03-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-12）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 O'Connor, Richard A. Place, Power and People: Southeast Asia's Temple Tradition. Arts Asiatiques. 2009, 64 (1): 116–123. doi:10.3406/arasi.2009.1692.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kieffer-Pülz, Petra. Rules for the sīmā Regulation in the Vinaya and its Commentaries and their Application in Thailand. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 1997, 20 (2): 141–153 [2023-03-12]. ISSN 0193-600X. （原始内容存档于2023-03-12）（英语）.
^ ဇင်ဦး. မန္တလေးမြို့တည်နန်းတည် သတ္တ (၇) ဌာန ပြုပြင်မွမ်းမံမှု ၉၅ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းပြီးစီး. Ministry of Information. [2020-05-17] （缅甸语）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Tannenbaum, Nicola. The Heart of the Village: Constituent Structures of Shan Communities. Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 1990, 5 (1): 23–41. JSTOR 40860287.
^ Sao Tern Moeng. Shan-English Dictionary. Dunwoody Press. 1995 [2023-03-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.
^ Architecture of Thailand. A Guide to Traditional and Contemporary Forms. Nithi Sthapitanonda; Brian Mertens.

延伸阅读

Karl Döhring: Buddhist Temples Of Thailand. Berlin 1920, reprint by White Lotus Co. Ltd., Bangkok 2000, ISBN 974-7534-40-1
K.I. Matics: Introduction To The Thai Temple. White Lotus, Bangkok 1992, ISBN 974-8495-42-6
No Na Paknam: The Buddhist Boundary Markers of Thailand. Muang Boran Press, Bangkok 1981 (no ISBN)
Carol Stratton: What's What in a Wat, Thai Buddhist Temples. Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai 2010, ISBN 978-974-9511-99-2

[1] Murphy, Stephen A. Sema Stones in Lower Myanmar and Northeast Thailand: A Comparison. Before Siam: Essays in Art and Archaeology. River Books & The Siam Society. 2014 [2023-03-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-12）.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 O'Connor, Richard A. Place, Power and People: Southeast Asia's Temple Tradition. Arts Asiatiques. 2009, 64 (1): 116–123. doi:10.3406/arasi.2009.1692.

[:1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kieffer-Pülz, Petra. Rules for the sīmā Regulation in the Vinaya and its Commentaries and their Application in Thailand. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 1997, 20 (2): 141–153 [2023-03-12]. ISSN 0193-600X. （原始内容存档于2023-03-12）（英语）.

[4] ဇင်ဦး. မန္တလေးမြို့တည်နန်းတည် သတ္တ (၇) ဌာန ပြုပြင်မွမ်းမံမှု ၉၅ ရာခိုင်နှုန်းပြီးစီး. Ministry of Information. [2020-05-17] （缅甸语）.

[:2-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Tannenbaum, Nicola. The Heart of the Village: Constituent Structures of Shan Communities. Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 1990, 5 (1): 23–41. JSTOR 40860287.

[6] Sao Tern Moeng. Shan-English Dictionary. Dunwoody Press. 1995 [2023-03-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.

[7] Architecture of Thailand. A Guide to Traditional and Contemporary Forms. Nithi Sthapitanonda; Brian Mertens.

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