可萨犹太人阴谋论
| 系列条目 |
| 反犹太主义 |
|---|
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 分类 |
可萨犹太人阴谋论是一套关于阿什肯纳兹犹太人历史起源的反犹太主义及反锡安主义阴谋论。该理论声称，大量可萨人曾皈依犹太教；可萨汗国灭亡后，可萨裔犹太人逃往东欧，成为东欧犹太人口的绝大多数[1]；现今的阿什肯纳兹犹太人多为可萨人的后裔。信奉该理论的人士通常相信，“可萨犹太人”、共济会及锡安主义者之间存在“秘密联盟”，意图“统治世界”。
绝大多数历史学、系谱学及宗教学学者认为该理论缺乏事实基础及证据支持。遗传学研究结果亦与该假说相抵触。[2]
可萨汗国
[编辑]普遍认为，历史上可萨人主要由来自东方的铁勒部落以及一些讲波斯语的部落、北高加索人及斯拉夫人组成。
7至9世纪期间，拜占庭帝国试图强迫犹太人改宗基督教，许多犹太人故此从中东逃往北高加索。可萨汗国便位于此处。该国君主为可汗，通常居住在宫殿。该国尊重宗教信仰并给予所有宗教同等地位，同时允许国内不同宗教群体（包括犹太人、基督徒、穆斯林、腾格里信徒等）拥有自己的法官及独立法庭。
8世纪，以可汗为首的可萨贵族精英接受了犹太教。该国大多数民众对于犹太教仍是知之甚少。
10世纪，可萨汗国的势力因基辅罗斯人的攻击而削弱。最终，基辅罗斯夺取了可萨汗国的所有土地，可萨汗国灭亡。
理论产生
[编辑]苏联曾盛行各种反犹太主义阴谋论，例如“犹太人控制世界”阴谋论及“犹太医生害死高官”阴谋论。
俄罗斯根深蒂固的反犹太主义在1960年演变为反锡安主义，指控“全球锡安主义者”试图接管世界。同时，苏联宣传人员认为“这种邪恶”是由美国及以色列引导的，只有苏联才能领导抵抗锡安主义并带领世界走向美好未来。施纳勒曼认为，反犹太主义在俄罗斯民族主义的形成中发挥了基础性作用。[3]
20世纪70年代，“犹太人源于可萨人皈依”的理论开始在俄罗斯及东欧流行。后来俄罗斯东正教民族主义者及公共媒体开始担心该理论的传播，并试图否认可萨汗国的存在，因为他们忧虑该理论可能令俄罗斯犹太人有理由声索俄罗斯南部地区的主权。
世界传播
[编辑]该理论在全球得到传播，在各国极端政治势力以及原教旨主义群体中尤为盛行，为新纳粹主义的兴起奠定了基础。
苏联反犹宣传家瓦列里·叶姆利亚诺夫将该理论与“世界锡安主义”阴谋论及“犹太共济会控制世界”阴谋论相结合，并以阿拉伯语传播，在阿拉伯国家及伊斯兰国家大受欢迎，对这些国家内反犹太主义及反锡安主义的发展产生了深远影响。叶姆利亚诺夫声称，弗拉基米尔一世是犹太人后裔，因此他故意抹去了俄罗斯雅利安人的历史、观念及文化，并引入基督教的历史、观念及文化以取代；锡安主义是“世界上一切邪恶的根源”，“只有透过雅利安人摧毁基督教才能够挫败锡安主义阴谋”。
中东地区文献开始将所谓“可萨犹太人”描绘成“伊斯兰教及阿拉伯人的敌人”（因可萨人为争夺高加索曾多次与阿拉伯人作战）。
至今仍有众多反锡安主义者使用该理论试图否定古以色列人与今犹太人之间的继承关系，尽管该理论并没有提到塞法迪犹太人及米兹拉希犹太人（共占以色列犹太人口约50%）[4]。美国种族主义者（包括学者洛斯罗普·斯托达德及三K党分子）、俄罗斯民族主义者等群体中亦仍有不少人利用该理论传播反犹太主义。[5][6]在阿拉伯世界，该理论一直游走在反锡安主义、反犹太主义及其相交地带。[7]
近年来，社交媒体的普及进一步推动了该理论及其他反犹太阴谋论的传播。[8][9][10][11]
学术观点
[编辑]学术上，“大多数犹太人源于可萨人皈依”的假说早已被否定，自20世纪50年代末期便不再被提起。
学者凯文·艾伦·布洛克认为该假说无法成立，并表示完全无法赞同该理论，其研究却经常被支持该理论的人士断章取义地引用。
在20世纪下半叶，以色列学者阿巴·埃文[12]、彼得·戈尔登[13]、劳埃德·加特纳[14]、诺曼·戈卢布及奥姆利安·普里茨克[15]认为，历史上确实可能有少数可萨人与犹太人通婚，并成为阿什肯纳兹犹太人的祖源的一小部分。
1987年，历史学者伯纳德·刘易斯指出，“欧洲犹太人不是古以色列人后裔，而是可萨人后裔”的假说没有任何证据支持，早已被所有严谨的学者放弃，包括阿拉伯学者[16][17]；该理论只是偶尔出现在阿拉伯人反锡安主义的政治论战中。[17][18]
2000年，科普作家尼古拉斯·韦德引用一篇关于阿什肯纳兹犹太人Y染色体谱系的遗传学论文[19]，驳斥“阿什肯纳兹犹太人大多数是皈依者或可萨人后裔”的理论。[20]
2013年，多伦·贝哈尔等遗传学家研究认为，犹太人与可萨人之间基本上不可能有强联系；由于可萨人的现代后裔不明，“犹太可萨人”假说难以用遗传学方法检验；在阿什肯纳兹犹太人中没有发现任何遗传标记可将他们与高加索或可萨民族联系起来；相反，阿什肯纳兹犹太人在基因上最接近其他犹太群体以及非犹太中东及欧洲人群。[2]
2022年，凯文·艾伦·布洛克出示证据表明，阿什肯纳兹犹太人约有50%的基因与中东地区有关。[21]
基因研究的共识是，全球犹太人（包括阿什肯纳兹犹太人）拥有源自古代中东共同祖先的大量遗传基因，阿什肯纳兹犹太人没有可追溯至可萨人的遗传基因。[2]
参见
[编辑]参考
[编辑]- ^ Venton 2013，第75页.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Behar & et al. 2013.
- ^ Shnirelman. 2002. Pp. 1-3
- ^ Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009, CBS. Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age (PDF). [11 March 2019]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-10-29）.
- ^ Barkun 2012:'Although the Khazar theory gets surprisingly little attention in scholarly histories of anti-Semitism, it has been an influential theme among American anti-Semites since the immigration restrictionists of the 1920s,'.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2003.
- ^ Harkabi 1987: "Arab anti-Semitism might have been expected to be free from the idea of racial odium, since Jews and Arabs are both regarded by race theory as Semites, but the odium is directed, not against the Semitic race, but against the Jews as a historical group. The main idea is that the Jews, racially, are a mongrel community, most of them being not Semites, but of Khazar and European origin." This essay was translated from Harkabi Hebrew text 'Arab Antisemitism' in Shmuel Ettinger, Continuity and Discontinuity in Antisemitism (Hebrew), 1968, p.50.
- ^ One of the Jersey City Shooting Suspects Believed anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theory, ADL Says. Haaretz. [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-07） （英语）.
- ^ Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories Abound Around Russian Assault on Ukraine | ADL. www.adl.org. [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-29） （英语）.
- ^ Khazars | #TranslateHate | AJC. www.ajc.org. 2021-03-30 [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-31） （英语）.
- ^ Khazars | Center on Extremism. extremismterms.adl.org. [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-29） （英语）.
- ^ Abba Eban. My People: The Story of the Jews. Behrman House. 1968: 150 （英语）.
It is likely too that some Khazar progeny reached the various Slavic lands where they helped to build the great Jewish centers of Eastern Europe.
- ^ Peter B. Golden. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Otto Harrassowitz. 1992: 243–244. ISBN 9783447032742 （英语）.
It is very likely that Judaized Khazar elements, especially those that had acculturated to the cities, contributed to the subsequently Slavic-speaking Jewish communities of Kievan Rus'. These were ultimately absorbed by Yiddish-speaking Jews entering the Ukraine and Belorussia from Poland and Central Europe.
- ^ Lloyd P. Gartner. History of the Jews in Modern Times. Oxford University Press. 2000: 19 （英语）.
- ^ Norman Golb; Omeljan Pritsak. Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Cornell University Press. 1982: xv. ISBN 9780801412219 （英语）.
- ^ Sand 2010
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Lewis 1987:'Some limit this denial to European Jews and make use of the theory that the Jews of Europe are not of Israelite descent at all but are the offspring of a tribe of Central Asian Turks converted to Judaism, called the Khazars. This theory, first put forward by an Austrian anthropologist in the early years of this century, is supported by no evidence whatsoever. It has long since been abandoned by all serious scholars in the field, including those in Arab countries, where Khazar theory is little used except in occasional political polemics.' Assertions of this kind has been challenged by Paul WexlerWexler 2007 who also notes that the arguments on this issue are riven by contrasting ideological investments: "Most writers who have supported the Ashkenazi-Khazar hypothesis have not argued their claims in a convincing manner ... The opponents of the Khazar-Ashkenazi nexus are no less guilty of empty polemics and unconvincing arguments."(p.537).
- ^ Lewis, Bernard. Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice. W. W. Norton & Company. 1999. ISBN 9780393318395.
- ^ Hammer MF, Redd AJ, Wood ET, Bonner MR, Jarjanazi H, Karafet T, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Oppenheim A, Jobling MA, Jenkins T, Ostrer H, Bonne-Tamir B. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. June 2000, 97 (12): 6769–74. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. PMC 18733
. PMID 10801975. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997 .
- ^ Wade, Nicholas. Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora. The New York Times. 9 May 2000 [8 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-01）.
- ^ Kevin Brook. The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. 2022: 3. ISBN 978-1-64469-984-3. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn （英语）.
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延伸阅读
[编辑]- Victor Shnirelman. 2002. The Myth of the Khazars and Intellectual Antisemitism in Russia, 1970s-1990s. The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
外部链接
[编辑]- Rory Miller(2020) The anti-Zionist 'Jewish Khazar' syndrome in the official British mind （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Fishberg, Maurice (1911): The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment.
- The Kievan Letter scan in the Cambridge University Library collection.
- Khazaria.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Resources - Medieval Jewish History - The Khazars The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Khazar Historic Maps
- The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Ancient lost capital of the Khazar kingdom found （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）