Messor barbarus

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Messor barbarus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Myrmicinae
Tribe: Stenammini
Genus: Messor
Species: M. barbarus
Binomial name
Messor barbarus
(Linnaeus, 1767)

Mbar79maylat.jpg

Subspecies
Synonyms

Messor barbarus is a well known harvester ant whose activity is constrained by temperature and internal cues. Foraging activity is high as long as the surface temperatures are between approximately 15 and 35C (Azcarate et al. 2007; Westerman et al., 2012), which is usually from early May until mid-October, with a temporary trough at the end of September or early October caused by colony reproduction (Baraibar et al. 2009). In irrigated fields in Valencia, M. barbarus represents the majority of the ant population (Urbaneja et al. 2006).


  • Variation in body size among workers of M. barbarus. From southern France. By Cédric Cheny)

Identification

Keys including this Species

Distribution

All records from the eastern part of the Mediterranean area concern other species (Borowiec, 2014).

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 45.05° to 28.983333°.

   
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Palaearctic Region: Algeria, Balearic Islands, Bulgaria, Egypt, France, Gibraltar, Iberian Peninsula, Monaco, Morocco (type locality), Portugal, Romania, Spain, Tunisia.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
pChart

Biology

A 2013 study of 55 citrus orchards in eastern Spain (Atanackovic et al., 2015) found: Messor barbarus was the only granivorous species present, with nests found on the field edges and between the tree rows in the field. No nests were observed under the trees, which is most likely related to the lack of insulation. The nests were large in size (quantified by having several nest entrances and a high number of workers), while small colonies were detected in only a few fields. The number of nests was approximated to be zero-to-five nests per field, based on observations from the diagonal transect, as well as between the rows. Seed predation was observed in almost all the fields with M. barbarus. The harvester ants mostly removed Lolium rigidum and Solanum spp. seeds, although in one orchard, Conyza spp. seeds were observed surrounding the nest entrances."

M. barbarus were the main ant species that were observed in the fields, as confirmed by previous studies in this area (Monzó et al. 2013). They are present in citrus orchards during most of the year, except in the winter months of November to April (Urbaneja et al. 2006). Messor barbarus never climbs on trees, but forages on the soil surface; therefore, it is a species that does not damage citrus fruits (Platner et al. 2012). In the surveyed fields, ant nests were located both in the field and on the borders. This differed from the drip-irrigated citrus orchards in Valencia, where the ants were settled only along the edge (Monzó et al. 2013). Cerdà et al. (2009) did not find differences in the nest numbers between the margins and the inner part of the citrus orchards.

Gonçalves et al (2017) found this to be one of the most common ants in the Iberian vineyards they sampled (pitfall trapping).

Flight Period

X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

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Predators

Pekár et al. (2018) - This ant is preyed upon by numerous spider species in the genus Zodarion (Araneae: Zodariidae). All members of this genus are specialized ant predators that exclusively prey on ants.

Association with Other Organisms

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  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Eucharis adscendens (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
  • This species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Eucharis punctata (a parasite) (Universal Chalcidoidea Database) (primary host).
  • This species is a prey for the tiger beetle Cephalota dulcinea (a predator) in Spain (Polidori et al., 2020).

Fungi

This species is a host for the fungus Myrmicinosporidium durum (a pathogen) in Portugal (Gonçalves et al., 2012.).

Life History Traits

  • Mean colony size: 8,000 (Beckers et al., 1989)
  • Foraging behaviour: mass recruiter (Beckers et al., 1989)

Castes

Worker

Orou et al. (2023) Figure 8. Messor barbarus major (A, C, E, G, H; collection code #19610) and minor (B, D, F, I, J; collection code #19612) workers. Lateral view of body (A, B); dorsal view of body (C, D); head in full-face view (E, F); frontal triangle in larger magnification (G, I); lateral view of petiole in larger magnification (H, J).

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • barbarus. Formica barbara Linnaeus, 1767: 962 (w.) (no state data, “Habitat in Barbaria”).
    • Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
    • [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
    • Type-locality: “Barbaria” (= North African coast from Morocco to Libya).
    • Type-depository: ZMLS.
    • [Note: there is one Linnaean specimen in LSLC (Day & Fitton, 1979: 196), type-status unknown.]
    • Mayr, 1861: 67 (q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1953b: 65 (l.).
    • Combination in Myrmica: Lucas, H. 1849: 300;
    • combination in Atta: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Roger, 1859: 253;
    • combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29;
    • combination in A. (Messor): Forel, 1890a: lxviii; Emery, 1891b: 9; Ruzsky, 1905b: 741;
    • combination in Stenamma (Messor): Emery, 1895a: 178; Emery, 1898c: 125;
    • combination in Messor: Forel, 1894d: 8; Ruzsky, 1903b: 315; Bingham, 1903: 278; Emery, 1908e: 442.
    • Status as species: Fabricius, 1775: 393; Fabricius, 1782: 491; Fabricius, 1787: 308; Gmelin, 1790: 2797; Christ, 1791: 514; Olivier, 1792: 495; Fabricius, 1793: 356; Latreille, 1802c: 262; Fabricius, 1804: 403; Lucas, H. 1849: 300; Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Roger, 1859: 253; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Roger, 1863b: 29; Mayr, 1863: 395; Emery, 1869b: 17; Dours, 1873: 167; André, 1874: 195 (in key); Radoszkowsky, 1876: 141; Mayr, 1877: 13; Emery, 1877b: 373; Emery, 1878a: x (in list); Emery, 1878b: 56; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Mayr, 1880: 33; Emery, 1880: 392; Emery, 1881a: 270; Emery, 1881b: 534; André, 1881b: 74; Emery, 1882: 451; Costa, 1883: 60; André, 1883b: 354 (in key); André, 1884b: 541; Emery, 1884a: 382; Forel, 1886e: clxviii; Forel, 1889: 257; Nasonov, 1889: 37; Forel, 1890a: lxviii; Saunders, E. 1890: 204; Emery, 1891b: 9; Forel, 1892e: 352; Forel, 1892i: 316; Emery, 1892a: 112; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Medina, 1893: 105; Forel, 1894d: 31; Forel, 1895d: 227, 233; Ruzsky, 1896: 74; Emery, 1899a: 500; Forel, 1902a: 148; Ruzsky, 1902d: 28; Mayr, 1904b: 5; Forel, 1904b: 373; Forel, 1904c: 5; Forel, 1905b: 176; Ruzsky, 1905b: 741; Mayr, 1907b: 14; Forel, 1907e: 15; Emery, 1908e: 442 (redescription); Forel, 1909c: 104; Bondroit, 1910: 495; Karavaiev, 1910b: 62; Karavaiev, 1911: 3; Karavaiev, 1912a: 5; Emery, 1912f: 97; Emery, 1916b: 141; Stitz, 1917: 342; Bondroit, 1918: 152; Santschi, 1919e: 244; Arnold, 1920a: 405; Emery, 1921f: 69; Menozzi, 1922b: 326; Müller, 1923b: 63; Emery, 1924c: 164; Santschi, 1925g: 341; Wheeler, W.M. 1926: 3; Donisthorpe, 1926a: 6; Karavaiev, 1926b: 99; Karavaiev, 1927a: 287; Menozzi, 1927b: 90; Menozzi, 1928a: 127; Santschi, 1929e: 141; Finzi, 1929: 78; Finzi, 1930b: 15; Santschi, 1931a: 4; Santschi, 1932c: 69; Santschi, 1932g: 3; Grandi, 1935: 100; Santschi, 1936c: 200; Finzi, 1939c: 154; Santschi, 1939c: 2; Menozzi, 1940: 267; Finzi, 1940: 158; Weber, 1943c: 303; Bernard, 1945: 132; Donisthorpe, 1950e: 1059; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 136; Ceballos, 1956: 300; Bernard, 1959: 346; Cagniant, 1964: 87; Bernard, 1967: 146 (redescription); Cagniant, 1968a: 143; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969: 62; Cagniant, 1970a: 416; Baroni Urbani, 1971c: 57; Baroni Urbani, 1976: 210; Collingwood, 1978: 81 (in key); Bernard, 1980: 266; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 271 (in key); De Haro & Collingwood, 1994: 99; Bolton, 1995b: 252; Mei, 1995: 761; Poldi, et al. 1995: 3; Espadaler, 1997b: 30; Cagniant & Espadaler, 1998: 424; Tiwari, 1999: 38; Markó & Csösz, 2002: 116; Cagniant, 2006a: 197; Petrov, 2006: 93 (in key); Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 488; Lapeva-Gjonova, et al. 2010: 14; Borowiec, L. 2014: 102 (see note in bibliography); Lebas, et al. 2016: 290; Barech, et al. 2020: 18.
    • Senior synonym of binodis: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; André, 1874: 203 (in list); Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Ruzsky, 1905b: 741; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
    • Senior synonym of juvenilis: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; André, 1874: 203 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
    • Senior synonym of megacephala Leach: Roger, 1859: 253; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
    • Senior synonym of nigriceps Santschi, 1925g: Collingwood, 1978: 68; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
    • Senior synonym of rufitarsis Foerster: Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Roger, 1863b: 29; Mayr, 1863: 395; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
    • Distribution: Algeria, Egypt, France, Gibraltar, Italy (+ Sicily), Libya, Morocco, Portugal, Spain (+ Balearics), Tunisia.
    • Current subspecies: nominal plus gallaoides, politus, sahlbergi.
  • binodis. Formica binodis Fabricius, 1775: 393 (w.) EGYPT.
    • Type-material: 2 syntype workers.
    • Type-locality: Egypt: (no further data) (Forskål).
    • Type-depository: ZMUK.
    • [Note: Fabricius, 1775: 393, refers to this as Forskål material. It may therefore be the same as Formica binodis Forskål, 1775: xxiii. According to Horn & Kahle, 1935: 79, Forskål material is in ZMUC.]
    • [Unresolved junior primary homonym of Formica binodis Linnaeus, 1763: 413 (Bolton, 1995b: 252).]
    • Combination in Atta: Latreille, 1809: 130;
    • combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29.
    • Status as species: Forskål, 1775: xxiii; Fabricius, 1782: 491; Fabricius, 1787: 309; Gmelin, 1790: 2798; Christ, 1791: 506; Olivier, 1792: 496; Fabricius, 1793: 357; Latreille, 1802c: 285; Fabricius, 1804: 405.
    • Subspecies of barbarus: Emery & Forel, 1879: 461.
    • Junior synonym of barbarus: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; André, 1874: 203 (in list); Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Ruzsky, 1905b: 741; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 252.
  • juvenilis. Formica juvenilis Fabricius, 1804: 405 (w.) FRANCE.
    • Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
    • [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
    • Type-locality: France: “Habitat in Gallia” (no further data).
    • Type-depository: no type-material known to exist (Zimsen, 1964: 425).
    • Combination in Atta: Latreille, 1809: 130;
    • combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29.
    • Junior synonym of capitatus: Mayr, 1855: 462.
    • Junior synonym of barbarus: Smith, F. 1858b: 162; Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Smith, F. 1861a: 35; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; André, 1874: 203 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 254.
  • megacephala. Formica megacephala Leach, 1825: 292 (w.q.m.) FRANCE.
    • Type-material: syntype worker(s), syntype queen(s), syntype male(s) (numbers not stated).
    • Type-locality: France: Nice (W.E. Leach).
    • Type-depository: unknown (in BMNH, according to Horn & Kahle, 1935: 151).
    • [Unresolved junior primary homonym of Formica megacephala Fabricius, 1793: 361 (Emery, 1921a: 26, Bolton, 1995b: 255).]
    • Combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29.
    • Junior synonym of barbarus: Roger, 1859: 253; Mayr, 1863: 395; Roger, 1863b: 29; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 255.
  • nigriceps. Messor barbarus var. nigriceps Santschi, 1925g: 341 (w.q.) SPAIN.
    • Type-material: syntype worker(s), syntype queen(s) (numbers not stated).
    • Type-locality: Spain: Cáceres (Dusmet).
    • Type-depository: NHMB.
    • Subspecies of barbarus: Ceballos, 1956: 301.
    • Junior synonym of barbarus: Collingwood, 1978: 68; Bolton, 1995b: 255.
  • rufitarsis. Myrmica rufitarsis Foerster, 1850b: 485 (w.) ALGERIA.
    • Type-material: holotype (?) worker.
    • [Note: no indication of number of specimens is given.]
    • Type-locality: Algeria: Algiers (no collector’s name).
    • Type-depository: MNHU (Horn & Kahle, 1935: 78).
    • [Note: perhaps type-material is also in MNHN as Foerster (p, 486) thanks “Leon Fairmaire in Paris” for the specimens.]
    • [Unresolved junior secondary homonym of Formica rufitarsis Fabricius, 1804: 406 (Bolton, 1995b: 256).]
    • Combination in Aphaenogaster: Roger, 1863b: 29.
    • Junior synonym of barbarus: Mayr, 1861: 66 (in key); Roger, 1863b: 29; Mayr, 1863: 395; Emery & Forel, 1879: 461; Emery, 1891b: 12; Dalla Torre, 1893: 99; Emery, 1921f: 69; Bolton, 1995b: 256.
    • Status as species: Nezhad, et al. 2012: 68 (error).
    • [Note: Nezhad, et al. 2012, perhaps confuse rufitarsis Foerster with rufitarsis Fabricius; or more probably a misidentification.]

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Description

Worker

Orou et al. (2023) - Measurements in tables (Table S1, 7) in publication. Relatively large species; Head size (CS) 1738 μm [926, 3106]. Color: minor workers concolorous; major workers bicolored: head color dark reddish, tone lighter than that of mesosoma and gaster.

Head: Ground surface smooth, or shagreened, shiny. Head of minor workers often without rugae and rugulae. In major workers postocular surface smooth, or shagreened, shiny, rugae and rugulaeabsent, the preocular head dorsum, genae, and frontal carinae inconspicuously rugulose. Surface around the antennal sockets with concentric rugulae. Anterior clypeal border conspicuously dentate. Clypeus longitudinally costulate, posterior third of clypeus often without costulae. Ground surface smooth or shagreened. Median clypeal costa conspicuous. Frontal triangle inconspicuously sculptured, ground surface smooth, or feebly shagreened, shiny; in major workers lateral parts inconspicuously striate, medially smooth, shiny. In both subcastes median clypeal costa does not surpass the clypeal-frontal triangular border. Psammophore absent, only straight or C-shaped hairs present posterior to buccal cavity. Basal scape lobe well-developed (ScBaC/CS 0.045 [0.037, 0.054]), having an acute projection externally.

Mesosoma: feebly sculptured. In minor workers dorsum of pronotum shagreened and shiny, sides shagreened; in major workers dorsum and upper sides of pronotum shagreened, shiny, ventral-most part of the propleuron inconspicuously sculptured, irregularly rugulose, ground surface shagreened, shiny. Mesonotum in minor workers smooth or shagreened, shiny, the ventral-most part of the mesopleuron inconspicuously rugulose transversally; in major workers mesonotum shiny, mesopleuron transversally rugulose, ground surface shagreened, shiny. Propodeum in minor workers smooth or shagreened, shiny, sometimes inconspicuously rugulose; in major workers dorsum and sides transversally, and symmetrically rugose. In both subcastes propodeum rounded in profile.

Petiole and Postpetiole: Petiolar node with numerous pairs of long (200–400 μm) hairs. Sides of peduncle with a pair of standing setae longer than 100 μm (100–150 μm).

Karyotype

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  • n = 21 (Spain) (Crozier, 1975; Lorite et al., 2002b).

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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