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Solenopsis
| Solenopsis Temporal range: 33.9–0 Ma Early Oligocene – Recent | |
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| Solenopsis geminata | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Solenopsidini |
| Genus: | Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 |
| Type species | |
| Solenopsis mandibularis (junior synonym of Solenopsis geminata) | |
| Diversity | |
| 215 species 9 fossil species (Species Checklist, Species by Country)
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| Synonyms | |
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Solenopsis is a large, cosmopolitan, and taxonomically difficult genus of mostly minute, monomorphic, wholly subterranean species. These minute species frequently live as thief ants within the colonies of other larger species of ants or termites. Some New World species are larger and the workers are polymorphic. These species have colonies that can be very large and the workers are aggressive surface foragers. These ants are commonly referred to as "fire ants" because of the intense, burning sensation caused by their stings. The fire ants are important pest species. (Wheeler and Wheeler 1986)
Photo Gallery
Solenopsis molesta worker. Image by Alex Wild.
Identification
Workers can be separated from similar genera such as Monomorium, Dolopomyrmex, Carebara by the ten segmented antenna and the two segmented antennal club. There are english and spanish keys for the New World thief ants.
Deyrup and Prusak (2008) - Members of the genus can usually be recogniszed by the following combination of character states: 2-segmeneted petiole, 2-segmented antennal club; propodeum lacking spines or angles; petiolar node well developed; head and body shining, localized striae; clypeus longitudinally carinate, with a median, apical marginal seta.
Keys including this Genus
- Key to Ant Genera of the Navajo Reservation
- Key to Australian Genera of Myrmicinae
- Key to North American Genera of Myrmicinae
- Key to Vietnamese Myrmicinae Genera
- Key to the Ant Genera of New Mexico
Keys to Subgenera or Species Groups in this Genus
Keys to Species in this Genus
- Solenopsis brevicornis species complex
- Key to Solenopsis fugax species complex
- Solenopsis globularia species complex
- Solenopsis stricta species complex
- Key to Solenopsis molesta species complex
- Key to Solenopsis nigella species complex
- Key to Solenopsis pygmaea species complex
- Key to Solenopsis wasmannia species complex
- Clave a las obreras del complejo Solenopsis molesta
- Clave a las obreras del complejo Solenopsis nigella
- Clave a las obreras del complejo Solenopsis pygmaea
- Clave a las obreras del complejo Solenopsis wasmannii
- Key to Arabian Solenopsis
- Key to Solenopsis workers of Egypt
- Key to Solenopsis queens and males of Egypt
- Key to Solenopsis saevissima species group workers
Distribution
Distribution and Richness based on AntMaps
Species by Region
Number of species within biogeographic regions, along with the total number of species for each region.
| Afrotropical Region | Australasian Region | Indo-Australian Region | Malagasy Region | Nearctic Region | Neotropical Region | Oriental Region | Palaearctic Region | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | 29 | 10 | 9 | 4 | 30 | 112 | 3 | 56 |
| Total Species | 2841 | 1736 | 3045 | 932 | 835 | 4379 | 1741 | 2862 |
Fossils
Fossils are known from: Brunstatt, Haut-Rhin, France (Early Oligocene), Khronya Cape, Kerch, Crimea, Russian Federation (Sarmatian, Upper Miocene), Kleinkems, Germany (Early Oligocene).
Biology
Pitts et. al. (2018) - There are approximately 190 described species of Solenopsis worldwide (Bolton 1995). Most of these species are characterized by small, monomorphic workers that form small colonies and can display a lestobiotic lifestyle, living in the nest walls of other ant species from which they steal food and brood (Thompson 1980, 1989; Pacheco and Mackay 2013). These habits have earned such Solenopsis species the name “thief ants.” A smaller group composed of five species of Solenopsis are considered inquiline social parasites of other ant species. These inquiline social parasites live alongside the host queen, generally lack a worker caste, and their brood is made up only of sexuals (Buschinger 2009). Among the remaining Solenopsis are 20 New World species that differ greatly from the thief ants and social parasites in their biology. These species have larger, polymorphic workers, form enormously populous colonies, and are highly aggressive in their foraging and defensive habits. The painful sting wielded by the workers has earned such Solenopsis species the name “fire ants.” Most fire ant species are Neotropical, although five species are native to North America (Chialvo et al. 2018). One of these (Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius), the tropical fire ant) and two of the Neotropical species (Solenopsis invicta Buren, the red imported fire ant, and Solenopsis richteri Forel, the black imported fire ant) have been inadvertently introduced to locations far from their native ranges. Solenopsis geminata has been introduced throughout the tropics worldwide (Wetterer 2011, Gotzek et al. 2015), S. invicta has been introduced to the United States and several other Pacific Rim countries (Lofgren 1986, Callcott and Collins 1996, Henshaw et al. 2005, Ascunce et al. 2011, Wetterer 2013), and S. richteri has been introduced to the United States (Lofgren 1986).
Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri have become economically important pests in the United States, where they invade lawns, pastures, and roadsides, attacking and stinging native animals, livestock, and humans when colonies are disturbed, and evidently out-competing native ants for food and nesting habitat (Lofgren et al. 1975, Jouvenaz 1990, Guillebeau et al. 2002, Tschinkel 2006). Annual economic losses in the United States attributable to the imported fire ants are estimated at $6 billion (Lard et al. 2006). Although the pugnacious nature of these exotic ants makes them undesirable inhabitants of areas that they have newly colonized, they nonetheless have become premier objects of study for ecologists and evolutionary biologists. For instance, fire ants offer one of relatively few well-documented cases of the formation of a hybrid zone in historical times (Vander Meer et al. 1985, Ross et al. 1987a, Shoemaker et al. 1996), which makes them a rich source of information for genetic studies of speciation (Baack and Rieseberg 2007, Nolte and Tautz 2010). Fire ants also show variation in the social organization of their colonies, some of which appears to be under simple genetic control (Krieger and Ross 2002, Wang et al. 2013), making them important model systems in the study of social evolution (Gotzek and Ross 2007, Smith et al. 2008, Robinson et al. 2008, Fischman et al. 2011). The flexibility demonstrated by some species in having either a single egg-laying gyne (monogyny) or multiple egg-laying gynes (polygyny) in a single colony has sparked comparative ecological and evolutionary studies about the causes and consequences of such variation (Vargo and Fletcher 1987, Ross and Keller 1995, Porter et al. 1997, Gotzek and Ross 2007, Huang and Wang 2014). Solenopsis also includes several social parasites that use various ant species as their hosts (Calcaterra et al. 2000, Davis and Deyrup 2006, Deyrup and Prusak 2008), a characteristic that is of great interest for studies of social evolution as well as integrated pest management.
Historically, Solenopsis has been a taxonomically difficult group (Creighton 1930, 1950; Wilson 1952; Buren 1972; Trager 1991; Pacheco and Mackay 2013). In South America, where species diversity is highest, distinguishing Solenopsis species is exceedingly difficult due to a paucity of reliable characters that are constant within putative species yet differ between them. Frustration with this situation prompted Carlo Emery to call the group the crux myrmecologorum (Creighton 1930).
The Solenopsis social parasites.— Because Labauchena and Paranamyrma were synonymized under Solenopsis (Ettershank 1966), Solenopsis now includes several species of social parasites. Two of these, Solenopsis daguerrei and Solenopsis hostilis, parasitize fire ants, whereas Solenopsis solenopsidis parasitizes thief ants (formerly Paranamyrma; Santschi 1930, Kusnezov 1954, Borgmeier 1959), and Solenopsis phoretica and Solenopsis enigmatica parasitize Pheidole. The social parasites lead an especially interesting life style when compared to other Solenopsis species, because the parasitic gyne enters a heterospecific colony and usurps the reproductive role of the host queen, rather than initiating her own colony or joining a conspecific one (as in the case of polygyne fire ants).
Solenopsis daguerrei, S. solenopsidis and, perhaps, S. hostilis exhibit permanent social parasitism. Solenopsis daguerrei has been reported to kill the host queen in laboratory studies (temporary social parasitism; Bruch 1930), but has been found to allow the host queen to live in field studies (permanent social parasitism; Silveira-Guido et al. 1965). It may be that under certain conditions S. daguerrei exhibit either form of social parasitism. This species is known to be a social parasite of Solenopsis invicta, S.richteri, Solenopsis macdonaghi, and Solenopsis quinquecuspis (Santschi 1930, Briano et al. 1997, Calcaterra et al. 2000). Borgmeier (1959) reported S. hostilis as a parasite of Solenopsis saevissima (Smith), but did not gather any natural history information for the species. Solenopsis solenopsidis is reported to be a permanent social parasite of Solenopsis clytemnestra Emery (Kusnezov 1954). Holldobler and Wilson (1990) reviewed social parasitism and included the known parasites and hosts of the Solenopsis social parasites.
Pacheco and Mackay (2013) - The thief ants group of the genus Solenopsis is virtually cosmopolitan throughout the New World. The genus ranges from southern Canada to Argentina. The majority of the species can be found in tropical rain forests, especially in areas of thick leaf litter. Most colonies of the smaller species are found in the soil without an entrance hole, unless nuptial flights are occurring. Occasionally nests are discovered under stones, but are often found while one is excavating the nest of another ant species (Mackay and Mackay 2002). They are considered thief ants because they pilfer the nests of other ants, where they steal brood or food. Some species are considered pests, such as Solenopsis molesta, perhaps the most abundant of the "smaller species." It can be found in parks and residential areas and occasionally is a house pest. Many species can be collected with subterranean baited traps set at least 10 cm down in the soil column. The ecology of most species is virtually unknown.
Alex Wild (March, 2017) - As best as I can discern, this little Solenopsis is undescribed. She was clinging to the petiole of a Pheidole tetra queen at Brackenridge Field Lab, Texas, and remained firmly attached even in ethanol. While similar to Solenopsis phoretica, she differs in the structure of the petiolar process and in the pilosity.
Association with Other Organisms
Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
Species Uncertain
- An unknown species is a associate (details unknown) for the fungus Myrmecomyces annellisae (a associate (details unknown)) (Quevillon, 2018).
- An unknown species is a host for the bacterium Pseudomonas sp. (a parasite) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema pireta (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema pireta (a parasite) (Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019) (primary host).
- An unknown species is a host for the eucharitid wasp Orasema sp. (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the fungus Myrmicinosporidium durum (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the microsporidian fungus Burenella dimorpha (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission within nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the microsporidian fungus Kneallhazia solenopsae (a parasite) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission within nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the nematode Steinerema carpocapsae (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Pseudacteon conicornis (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the phorid fly Pseudacteon curvatus (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).
- An unknown species is a host for the diapriid wasp Bruesopria sp. (a parasite) (www.diapriid.org) (potential host).
All Associate Records for Genus
| Taxon | Relationship | Associate Type | Associate Taxon | Associate Relationship | Locality | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solenopsis | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Myrmecomyces annellisae | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis | host | bacterium | Pseudomonas sp. | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis | host | diapriid wasp | Bruesopria sp. | parasite | www.diapriid.org | potential host | |
| Solenopsis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema pireta | parasite | Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019 | primary host | |
| Solenopsis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema pireta | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis | host | microsporidian fungus | Burenella dimorpha | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis | host | microsporidian fungus | Kneallhazia solenopsae | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis | host | nematode | Steinerema carpocapsae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon conicornis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon curvatus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis aurea | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon crawfordi | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis carolinensis | host | diapriid wasp | Auxopaedeutes sp. | parasite | www.diapriid.org | potential host | |
| Solenopsis carolinensis | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | United States | Pereira, 2004; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | |
| Solenopsis carolinensis | host | microsporidian fungus | Kneallhazia carolinensae | pathogen | Valles et al., 2011 | ||
| Solenopsis carolinensis | host | virus | Aparavirus: Solenopsis invicta virus-1 | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis daguerrei | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema xanthopus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis daguerrei | inquiline | ant | Solenopsis invicta | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Briano et al. 1997; Calcaterra et al. 2000; Dedeine et al., 2005; Santschi 1930 | ||
| Solenopsis daguerrei | inquiline | ant | Solenopsis macdonaghi | host | Santschi 1930; Briano et al. 1997; Calcaterra et al. 2000 | ||
| Solenopsis daguerrei | inquiline | ant | Solenopsis quinquecuspis | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Briano et al. 1997; Calcaterra et al. 2000; Dedeine et al., 2005; Santschi 1930 | ||
| Solenopsis daguerrei | inquiline | ant | Solenopsis richteri | host | de la Mora et al., 2021; Briano et al. 1997; Calcaterra et al. 2000; Santschi 1930 | ||
| Solenopsis electra | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon andinus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis enigmatica | inquiline | ant | Pheidole antillana | host | Dominica | de la Mora et al., 2021; Deyrup & Prusak, 2008 | |
| Solenopsis fugax | associate (details unknown) | diapriid wasp | Solenopsia imitatrix | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis fugax | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Poland, France, Croatia (Krk), Switzerland | Holldobler, 1929; Holldobler, 1933; Buschinger & Winter, 1983; Buschinger et al., 2004; Csosz et al., 2012; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | |
| Solenopsis fugax | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspecified "Mermix") | parasite | Germany | Gosswald, 1930; Laciny, 2021 | |
| Solenopsis fugax | host | nematode | Mermix | parasite | Germany | Gosswald, 1929; Laciny, 2021 | |
| Solenopsis gayi | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon obtusus | parasite | Chile | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Acidobacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Acidovorax sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Acinetobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Actinomycetospora sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Aeromicrobium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Agromyces sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Arthrobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacteroides sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bradyrhizobium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Clostridium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Comamonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Conexibacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Corynebacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Duganella sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Enterococcus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Erwinia sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Exiguobacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Frankia sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Gemmatimonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Janthinobacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Lactococcus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Marmoricola sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Mesorhizobium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Methylibium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Methylobacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Methylocystis sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Moellerella sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Morganella sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Mycobacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Nocardioides sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Paenibacillus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pantoea sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Patulibacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Propionibacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pseudomonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pseudonocardia sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Solirubrobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Sphingomonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Spiroplasma sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Staphylococcus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Stenotrophomonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Streptococcus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Streptomyces sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Terrabacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Vagococcus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Zoogloea sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | associate (details unknown) | phorid fly | Apterophora attophila | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | host | cricket | Myrmecophilus quadrispinus | myrmecophile | |||
| Solenopsis geminata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. b1 nr bakeri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode independent; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema taii | parasite | Heraty, 1990; Chien & Heraty, 2018; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host; ''Solenopsis geminata'' X ''xyloni'' hybrid | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | gregarine | Mattesia geminata | parasite | United States | Jouvenaz & Anthony, 1979 | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | microsporidian fungus | Burenella dimorpha | Jouvenaz & Hazard, 1978; Sokolova & Fuxa, 2008 | |||
| Solenopsis geminata | host | microsporidian fungus | Kneallhazia solenopsae | Ascunce et al. 2010 | |||
| Solenopsis geminata | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspec.) | parasite | USA, Florida | McInnes & Tschinkel, 1996; Laciny, 2021 | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspec.) | parasite | USA, Florida | Mitchell & Jouvenaz, 1985; Laciny, 2021 | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | nematode | Steinerema carpocapsae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon amuletum | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon andinus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon annulus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon antiguensis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon arcuatus | parasite | Pereira et al. 2015 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon bifidus | parasite | Porter et al. 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon bispinosus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon browni | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon crawfordi | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon curvatus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon deltoides | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon fowleri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon grandis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon hippeus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon kungae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon laticarinatus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon litoralis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon lonicauda | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon obtusus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon palomita | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon pesqueroi | parasite | Pereira et al. 2015 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon plowesi | parasite | Pereira et al. 2015 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon quinni | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon robustus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon solenopsidis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon spatulatus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon spp. | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon tricuspis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon wasmanni | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | virus | Aparavirus: Solenopsis invicta virus-1 | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | host | virus | Invictavirus: Solenopsis invicta virus-3 | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | as ''Solenopsis geminata'' x ''xyloni''; encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis geminata | mutualist | aphid | Aphis gossypii | trophobiont | Idechiil et al., 2007; Lokeshwari et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
| Solenopsis interrupta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon calderensis | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis interrupta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon curvatus | parasite | Argentina, Bolivia | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis interrupta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon litoralis | parasite | Bolivia, Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis interrupta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon nocens | parasite | Bolivia | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis interrupta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon notocaudatus | parasite | Argentina, Bolivia | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis interrupta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon nudicornis | parasite | Argentina, Bolivia | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis interrupta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon obtusus | parasite | Argentina, Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis interrupta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon pradei | parasite | Bolivia | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis interrupta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon tricuspis | parasite | Argentina, Bolivia | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Achromobacter xylosoxidans 1 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Achromobacter xylosoxidans 2 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Acidobacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Acinetobacter guillouiae | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Acinetobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Actinomycetospora sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Aeromicrobium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Agromyces sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Alcaligenes faecalis | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Anaeroplasma sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Arthrobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus cereus 2 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus cereus 3 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus pseudomycoides | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus sp. 2 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus sp. 5 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus sp. 6 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus sp. 7 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus sp. 8 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacillus thuringiensis | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bacteroides sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Bradyrhizobium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Brevibacillus laterosporus | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Brevibacterium frigoritolerans | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Brevundimonas diminuta | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Brevundimonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Caldilinea sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Clostridium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Comamonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Conexibacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Curtobacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Cystobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Enterobacter amnigenus | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Enterobacter sp. 1 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Enterococcus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Erwinia sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Folliculinopsis sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Gemmatimonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Geobacillus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Geopsychrobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Geothermobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Herbaspirillum sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Janthinobacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Klebsiella oxytoca | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Lactobacillus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Lactococcus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Loktanella sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Lysinibacillus fusiformis 1 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Marmoricola sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Methylocystis sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Mycobacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Nocardioides sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Paenibacillus lautus | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Paenibacillus macerans | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Paenibacillus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Paenibacillus sp. 1 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Paenibacillus sp. 2 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pandoraea sp. 1 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pandoraea sp. 2 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pandoraea sp. 3 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pantoea sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Patulibacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Propionibacterium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pseudomonas protegens | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pseudomonas putida | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pseudomonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pseudomonas sp. 1 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pseudomonas sp. 2 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Pseudonocardia sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Rahnella sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Schlegelella sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Serratia liquefaciens | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Serratia marcescens 2 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Serratia marcescens 3 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Serratia sp. 1 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Serratia sp. 2 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Serratia sp. 3 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Serratia sp. 4 | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Solirubrobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Sphingomonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Staphylococcus epidermidis | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Staphylococcus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Stenotrophomonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Streptococcus sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Streptomyces sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Sulfurimonas sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Thalassobacter sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | bacterium | Zoogloea sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Aspergillus flavipes | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Aspergillus nomius | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Aspergillus tubingensis | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Cochiobolus kusanoi | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Curvularia sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Fusarium equiseti | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Fusarium oxysporum | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Hypocrea lixii | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Neosartorya fischeri | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Penicillium spinulosum | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | host | ant | Solenopsis daguerrei | inquiline | |||
| Solenopsis invicta | host | beetle | Myrmecosaurus ferrugineus | myrmecophile | Mississippi, USA | MacGown, 2006 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema salebrosa | parasite | Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema simplex | parasite | Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sp. | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate, primary host | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema xanthopus | parasite | Silveira-Guido et al., 1964; Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | fungus | Aspergillus flavus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | fungus | Beauveria bassiana | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | fungus | Conidiobolus macrosporus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | fungus | Metarhizium anisopliae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | fungus | Myrmicinosporidium durum | pathogen | United States | Pereira, 2004; Espadaler & Santamaria, 2012 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | gregarine | Mattesia species | parasite | United States (Florida) | Pereira et al., 2002 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | microsporidian fungus | Kneallhazia solenopsae | pathogen | Ascunce et al. 2010 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | host | microsporidian fungus | Thelohania solenopsae | pathogen | Knell et al. 1977; Sokolova & Fuxa, 2008 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | host | microsporidian fungus | Vairimorpha invictae | pathogen | Jouvenaz & Ellis, 1986; Sokolova & Fuxa, 2008 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Allomermis solenopsi | parasite | Argentina | Poinar et al., 2007; Laciny, 2021 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Diploscapter sp. | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspec.) | parasite | USA, Florida | McInnes & Tschinkel, 1996; Laciny, 2021 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Mesorhabditis longespiculosa | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Oscheius dolichura | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Sclerorhabditis sp. | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Steinerema carpocapsae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Steinernema carpocapsae | parasite | Poinar, 2012 | ||
| Solenopsis invicta | host | nematode | Tetradonema solenopsis | parasite | Brazil | Nickle & Jouvenaz, 1987 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Apodicrania termitophila | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon cultellatus | parasite | Argentina, Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon curvatus | parasite | Argentina, Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon litoralis | parasite | Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon nocens | parasite | Argentina, Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon nudicornis | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon obtusitus | parasite | Argentina, Uruguay | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon obtusus | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon pradei | parasite | Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon solenopsidis | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon tricuspis | parasite | Argentina, Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon wasmanni | parasite | Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | strepsipteran | Caenocholax fenyesi | parasite | United States (Texas) | Kathirithamby & Johnston, 1992; Cook, 2019 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | strepsipteran | Pseudacteon onyx | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | virus | Aparavirus: Solenopsis invicta virus-1 | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | virus | Hymenopteran ambidensovirus 1 | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | virus | Invictavirus: Solenopsis invicta virus-3 | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | virus | Solenopsis invicta virus-2 | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | host | virus | Solenopsis invicta virus-2 | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | as ''Solenopsis invicta'' x ''richteri''; encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis invicta | mutualist | aphid | Myzus persicae | trophobiont | Zhou, 2012; Zhou, 2014; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
| Solenopsis macdonaghi | host | ant | Solenopsis daguerrei | inquiline | |||
| Solenopsis macdonaghi | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema salebrosa | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
| Solenopsis macdonaghi | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema simplex | parasite | Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019 | ||
| Solenopsis macdonaghi | host | microsporidian fungus | Kneallhazia solenopsae | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis macdonaghi | host | microsporidian fungus | Vairimorpha invictae | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis macdonaghi | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon obtusus | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis molesta | host | diapriid wasp | Auxopaedeutes sp. | parasite | www.diapriid.org | potential host | |
| Solenopsis molesta | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema coloradensis | parasite | Wheeler, 1907; Johnson et al., 1986; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
| Solenopsis molesta | prey | tiger beetle | Tetracha virginica | predator | United States | Valenti & Gaimari, 2000; Polidori et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis pergandei | host | nematode | Mermithidae (unspec.) | parasite | USA, Florida | McInnes & Tschinkel, 1996; Laciny, 2021 | |
| Solenopsis phoretica | workerless inquiline | ant | Pheidole dentata | host | Florida, United States | Davis & Deyrup, 2006 | need confirmation |
| Solenopsis picea | xenobiont | ant | Camponotus femoratus | host | British Guiana | Weber, 1943 | |
| Solenopsis picea | xenobiont | ant | Crematogaster carinata | host | British Guiana | Weber, 1943 | |
| Solenopsis quinquecuspis | host | ant | Solenopsis daguerrei | inquiline | |||
| Solenopsis quinquecuspis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema aenea | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
| Solenopsis quinquecuspis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema freychei | parasite | Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; | ||
| Solenopsis quinquecuspis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema simplex | parasite | Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; | ||
| Solenopsis quinquecuspis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema xanthopus | parasite | Silveira-Guido et al., 1964; Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019 | primary host | |
| Solenopsis richteri | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Acremonium strictum | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis richteri | associate (details unknown) | fungus | Purpureocillium lilacinum | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis richteri | host | ant | Solenopsis daguerrei | inquiline | |||
| Solenopsis richteri | host | beetle | Myrmecosaurus ferrugineus | myrmecophile | Mississippi, USA | MacGown, 2006 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | diapriid wasp | Bruchopria hexatoma | parasite | Argentina | Loiacono, 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | diapriid wasp | Bruchopria pentatoma | parasite | Argentina | Loiacono, 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | diapriid wasp | Bruchopria pentatoma? | parasite | Masner & Garcia, 2002 | potential host | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | diapriid wasp | Trichopria myrmecophila | parasite | Argentina | Loiacono, 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema salebrosa | parasite | Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema simplex | parasite | Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema xanthopus | parasite | Silveira-Guido et al., 1964; Heraty et al., 1993; Varone et al. 2010; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | fungus | Aspergillus flavus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | fungus | Beauveria bassiana | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | microsporidian fungus | Burenella dimorpha | Sokolova & Fuxa, 2008 | |||
| Solenopsis richteri | host | microsporidian fungus | Kneallhazia solenopsae | Ascunce et al. 2010 | |||
| Solenopsis richteri | host | microsporidian fungus | Vairimorpha invictae | Sokolova & Fuxa, 2008 | |||
| Solenopsis richteri | host | nematode | Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | nematode | Steinerema carpocapsae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | multiple encounter modes; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | nematode | Tetradonema solenopsis | parasite | Argentina | Jouvenaz & Wojcik, 1990 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon borgmeieri | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon cultellatus | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon curvatus | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon litoralis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon obtusus | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon tricuspis | parasite | Argentina | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | strepsipteran | Rhyncophoromyia conica | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode secondary; indirect transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis richteri | host | strepsipteran | Stichotrema beckeri | parasite | Cook, 2019 | ||
| Solenopsis richteri | host | virus | Aparavirus: Solenopsis invicta virus-1 | parasite | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis richteri | mutualist | aphid | Brachycaudus cardui | trophobiont | Lescano et al., 2015; Saddiqui et al., 2019 | ||
| Solenopsis saevissima | associate (details unknown) | bethylid wasp | Pseudisobrachium sp. | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis saevissima | associate (details unknown) | diapriid wasp | Pentapria nodicornis | associate (details unknown) | Quevillon, 2018 | ||
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | diapriid wasp | Bruchopria hexatoma | parasite | www.diapriid.org | ||
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | diapriid wasp | Pentapria cf. nodicornis | parasite | Argentina | Loiacono, 2013; Gonzalez et al., 2016 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema xanthopus | parasite | Universal Chalcidoidea Database | associate, primary host | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | fungus | Metarhizium anisopliae | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission within nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Apodicrania termitophila | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon aduncus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon affinis | parasite | Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon borgmeieri | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon bulbosus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon calderensis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon comatus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon convexicauda | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon crawfordi | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon cultellatus | parasite | Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon curvatus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon dentiger | parasite | Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon disneyi | parasite | Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon fowleri | parasite | Brazil | Pereira et al. 2015; Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon lenkoi | parasite | Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon litoralis | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon nocens | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon nudicornis | parasite | Brazil | Williams et al., 1973; Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon obtusus | parasitoid | Quevillon, 2018 | encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon pesqueroi | parasite | Pereira et al. 2015 | ||
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon pradei | parasite | Brazil | Williams et al., 1973; Pereira et al. 2015 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon solenopsidis | parasite | Brazil | Sanchez-Restrepo et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon tricuspis | parasite | Brazil | Williams et al., 1973 | |
| Solenopsis saevissima | host | phorid fly | Pseudacteon wasmanni | parasite | Brazil | Williams et al., 1973 | |
| Solenopsis tenuis | host | eucharitid wasp | Orasema sixaolae | parasite | Wheeler & Wheeler, 1937; Baker et al., 2019; Universal Chalcidoidea Database | primary host |
Flight Period
All Flight Records for Genus
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| Taxon | Month | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solenopsis amblychila | Apr | antkeeping.info | |
| Solenopsis carolinensis | May • Jun | antkeeping.info | |
| Solenopsis fugax | Aug • Sep | antkeeping.info | |
| Solenopsis geminata | Apr • May | antkeeping.info | |
| Solenopsis invicta | Apr • May • Jun • Jul | antkeeping.info | |
| Solenopsis krockowi | Jul • Aug | Mackay & Mackay, 2002 | |
| Solenopsis molesta | Jun • Jul • Aug | antkeeping.info | |
| Solenopsis pergandei | May • Jun | antkeeping.info | |
| Solenopsis tennesseensis | Jul | antkeeping.info | |
| Solenopsis texana | Jul | antkeeping.info |
Life History Traits
- Worker-produced males: absent (Goetsch (1953) cited in Fletcher and Ross (1985); Frumhoff & Ward, 1992) (worker ovaries reported to be vestigial or absent)
- Mean colony size: 16-555, up to 220000 in S. invicta (Greer et al., 2021)
- Compound colony type: temperary parasite?; xenobiosis (Greer et al., 2021)
- Nest site: hypogaeic (Greer et al., 2021)
- Diet class: omnivore (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging stratum: subterranean/leaf litter (Greer et al., 2021)
- Foraging behaviour: cooperative (Greer et al., 2021)
Castes
Morphology of Sexuals
Pitts et. al. (2018) - Creighton (1930, 1950) stated that both males and gynes of Solenopsis appear to offer better characters for specific determinations than do the workers. Because individuals of the sexual caste tend to be larger than the worker caste and have a less generalized and reduced anatomy, they could provide characters, such as those from male genitalia and wing venation, that are not obtainable from workers and are useful for identification purposes (Creighton 1930, 1950). This study found that the amount of intraspecific variation occurring in the adult males and gynes was equivalent to that of workers, making the taxonomic information gained from these castes no better than that obtained from workers. Furthermore, the morphometric measurements and indices of the adult males and gynes alone are inadequate for determining species. Given a choice, workers still offer the most reliable and numerous characters, and these characters alone usually are sufficient for making accurate species identifications. Even though the morphology and morphometrics of sexuals are of limited use alone, they greatly improve the accuracy of identifications of fire ants when used in concert with data for the workers.
Male Genitalia
Pitts et. al. (2018) - For many Hymenoptera, the male genitalia are of great diagnostic utility. Sexual selection is hypothesized to often drive the rapid divergence of the morphology of male genitalia once speciation occurs (Eberhard 1985). Also, because the male genitalia are structurally complex, the likelihood that related species would become similar in this structure through parallelism is low (Mayr 1969). Thus, genitalic characters are potentially useful for distinguishing even closely related species. This is not the case for Solenopsis. Although there are slight differences between the Solenopsis fugax species-group and several of the other fire ant species-groups, this study found that the male genitalia of the species within the S. saevissima species-group were relatively homogeneous and uninformative. After study of the genitalia of many Solenopsis exemplars, we also conclude that characters used by Baroni-Urbani (1968) to raise Diplorhoptrum to the generic level are not found in all of the species he placed in this taxon. Furthermore, Diplorhoptrum species such as Solenopsis tennesseensis and Solenopsis abdita have genitalia more closely resembling those of the fire ants than those of the European Diplorhoptrum species, S. fugax. This information provides additional support for the synonymy of Diplorhoptrum with Solenopsis, as proposed by Bolton (1987).
Wing Venation
Pitts et. al. (2018) - Although wing venation in Solenopsis may provide valuable data for inferring the higher-level phylogeny of the tribe Solenopsidini in the future, as proposed by Brown and Nutting (1950), it appears to be too conservative within the S. saevissima species-group to be phylogenetically informative (Pitts et al. 2005). Moreover, wing venation tends to be too similar across species and too variable within species to provide diagnostic information.
Although some slight differences exist, the wing venation of the S. saevissima species-group is remarkably similar to that of other groups, such as the S. geminata species-group, the S. tridens species-group, the Solenopsis globularia species-group, and some members of the Solenopsis molesta species-group. Furthermore, distantly related species such as Solenopsis gensterblumi, S. nr. nigella, and an unidentified Solenopsis species are similar in their venation as well. Some species in the S. molesta species-group have diagnostic wing venation, such as the reduction of the r-rs cross vein, but others do not. In general, wing venation provides few taxonomically informative characters for the genus.
Intraspecific variation and individual aberrations in wing venation were commonly observed, including: 1) swelling in the Rs+M vein in the radial cell of a Solenopsis pusillignis gyne and S. richteri gyne; 2) coarseness of the Rs vein and the veins delineating the radial cell in individuals of several species; 3) swellings on the Cu vein of a S. macdonaghi male; 4) swellings on the Rs+M vein in the median cell of a S. megergates gyne. These abnormalities are found in other species-groups and are probably characteristic of the genus Solenopsis as a whole (see also Ross and Robertson 1990). In some cases, certain veins are misplaced so that the venation looks unique, but usually the other wing on the same individual is normal. Such asymmetry has been documented for Oxyepoecus, a close relative of Solenopsis (Kempf 1974). This variation exists as well for both spectral and nebulous veins.
The lack of the m-cu cross vein for the gynes of S. metallica and the reduction of wing venation in S. daguerrei are constant for all specimens seen and are considered characters rather than abnormalities. The lack of the m-cu cross vein for S. metallica was observed in all four forewings of the two gynes from different nests examined. All specimens of S. daguerrei had reduced wing venation, albeit to various degrees.
Other observed morphological abnormalities are noted here. A single gyne of S. megergates had two median ocelli and had coarse striations throughout the ocellar triangle. These complete striations were seen only in this single atypical specimen. One gyne of S. quinquecuspis had four propodeal spiracles. These two specimens did not otherwise differ from the typical gynes of their species. Lastly, two gynandromorphs of S. quinquecuspis were discovered, as will be discussed elsewhere.
Larval Morphology
Pitts et. al. (2018) - Wheeler and Wheeler (1976, 1986, 1991) found that larval morphology could be used to differentiate ant genera and provided a generic key using larval characters. In some cases, higher level taxonomy of Formicidae has been redefined using larval morphology (Wheeler and Wheeler 1970). Many species-level larval descriptions have been published for Formicidae, but in only three cases has larval morphology been used for phylogenetic purposes (Wheeler and Wheeler 1970, Schultz and Meier 1995, Pitts et al. 2005).
The larval stages of ten species within the Solenopsis saevissima species-group are described in this study, eight for the first time. The morphology of these species is very similar, yet some variation occurs. Wheeler and Wheeler (1977) reported that S. invicta differed from S. richteri x invicta (described as S. richteri) in the number of setae on the dorsal side of the labrum and the number of sensilla on the ventral margin of the labrum. The present survey of many specimens and species revealed that minute features such as these are quite variable within species and thus are not very useful in species determinations. Mandibular dentition is of limited use due to varying degrees of wear resulting from feeding. Solenopsis saevissima species-group larvae are of little systematic significance because most larval features are broadly overlapping and continuous among species. However, two general groups of species can be defined on the basis of larval characters. One group includes those species with bifid setae dorsal to the antennal margin (S. metallica, n. sp., S. interrupta, S. invicta, S. pusillignis, S. saevissima), a condition termed the S. saevissima type. The other group contains those species with setae dorsal to the antennal margin that are usually simple or dentate (S. macdonaghi, S. megergates, S. quinquecuspis, and S. richteri), a condition termed the S. megergates type. This latter type appears on the basis of the inferred species phylogeny to be the apomorphic condition in the species-group (Pitts et al. 2005).
Morphology
Worker Morphology
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• Eyes: 11-100 ommatidia • Pronotal Spines: absent • Mesonotal Spines: absent • Propodeal Spines: absent • Petiolar Spines: absent • Caste: polymorphic • Sting: present • Metaplural Gland: present • Cocoon: absent
Karyotype
Species Uncertain
- 2n = 38 (Malaysia) (Goni et al., 1982) (as Diplorhoptrum sp.).
- n = 11 (Australia) (Crozier, 1966).
All Karyotype Records for Genus
- See additional details at the Ant Chromosome Database.
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| Taxon | Haploid | Diploid | Karyotype | Locality | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solenopsis | 38 | Malaysia | Goni et al., 1982 | as ''Diplorhoptrum'' sp. | ||
| Solenopsis | 11 | Australia | Crozier, 1966 | |||
| Solenopsis aurea | 16 | 32 | USA | Crozier, 1970b | ||
| Solenopsis fugax | 22 | Japan | Imai, 1969 | |||
| Solenopsis fugax | 11 | 22 | Switzerland | Hauschteck, 1961 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | 32 | 26M+6A | India | Imai et al., 1984 | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | 16 | 32 | USA | Crozier, 1970b | ||
| Solenopsis geminata | 16 | 32 | 14M+12SM+6ST | French Guiana | Aguiar et al., 2020 | |
| Solenopsis invicta | 16 | 32 | USA | Glancey et al., 1976 | ||
| Solenopsis richteri | 16 | 32 | USA | Glancey et al., 1976 | ||
| Solenopsis saevissima | 16 | 32 | 20M+10ST+2A | Uruguay | Goni et al., 1983 |
Phylogeny
| Myrmicinae |
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See Phylogeny of Myrmicinae for details.
Nomenclature
The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.
- SOLENOPSIS [Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini]
- Solenopsis Westwood, 1840b: 86. Type-species: Solenopsis mandibularis (junior synonym of Atta geminata), by monotypy.
- Solenopsis senior synonym of Diplorhoptrum: Mayr, 1862: 751 (see under Diplorhoptrum).
- Solenopsis senior synonym of Bisolenopsis, Diagyne, Euophthalma, Granisolenopsis, Labauchena, Lilidris, Oedaleocerus, Paranamyrma, Synsolenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
- Solenopsis senior synonym of Octella: Taylor, 1991b: 611.
- BISOLENOPSIS [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Bisolenopsis Kusnezov, 1953d: 9. Type-species: Bisolenopsis sea, by monotypy.
- Bisolenopsis junior synonym of Solenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
- CAREBARELLA [Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini]
- Carebarella Emery, 1906c: 137. Type-species: Carebarella bicolor, by monotypy.
- Carebarella senior synonym of Carebarelloides: Ettershank, 1966: 113.
- Carebarella junior synonym of Solenopsis: implied in Pacheco & Mackay, 2013: 37, 119 (type-species of Carebarella (C. bicolor Emery, 1906c: 138) was transferred to Solenopsis, establishing Carebarella as a junior synonym of Solenopsis).
- CAREBARELLOIDES [junior synonym of Carebarella]
- Carebarelloides Borgmeier, 1937b: 236 [as subgenus of Carebarella]. Type-species: Carebarella (Carebarelloides) condei, by original designation.
- Carebarelloides junior synonym of Carebarella: Ettershank, 1966: 113.
- DISOLENOPSIS [unavailable name]
- Disolenopsis Snelling, R.R. 1981: 397, incorrect subsequent spelling of Bisolenopsis: Bolton, 1995b: 22.
- DIAGYNE [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Diagyne Santschi, 1923c: 268 [as subgenus of Solenopsis]. Type-species: Solenopsis succinea, by monotypy.
- Diagyne junior synonym of Solenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
- DIPLORHOPTRUM [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Diplorhoptrum Mayr, 1855: 449. Type-species: Formica fugax, by monotypy.
- Diplorhoptrum as genus: Baroni Urbani, 1968: 68; Kutter, 1977c: 98; Bernard, 1978a: 543; Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 539; Collingwood, 1979: 64; Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988: 80; Kupyanskaya, 1990: 132; Atanasov & Dlussky, 1992: 167; Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994: 102.
- Diplorhoptrum subgenus of Solenopsis: Creighton, 1930b: 43; Creighton, 1950a: 233; Smith, M.R. 1951a: 813; Kusnezov, 1956: 27; Kusnezov, 1957a: 273; Kusnezov, 1962b: 160; Smith, M.R. 1967: 358.
- Diplorhoptrum junior synonym of Solenopsis: Mayr, 1862: 751; Roger, 1863b: 32; Mayr, 1863: 453; Emery & Forel, 1879: 464; Dalla Torre, 1893: 75; Forel, 1915d: 9; Emery, 1922e: 195; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 877; Ettershank, 1966: 134; Kempf, 1972a: 232; Bolton, 1987: 285; Bolton, 1994: 106; Bolton, 1995b: 27; Bolton, 2003: 218.
- EUOPHTHALMA [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Euophthalma Creighton, 1930b: 43 [as subgenus of Solenopsis]. Type-species: Myrmica globularia, by original designation.
- Euophthalma junior synonym of Solenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
- GRANISOLENOPSIS [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Granisolenopsis Kusnezov, 1956: 26 [as subgenus of Solenopsis] (diagnosis in key). Type-species: Solenopsis (Granisolenopsis) granivora, by original designation.
- [Granisolenopsis also described as new by Kusnezov, 1957a: 277.]
- Granisolenopsis junior synonym of Solenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
- LABAUCHENA [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Labauchena Santschi, 1930d: 81. Type-species: Labauchena daguerrei, by monotypy.
- Labauchena junior synonym of Solenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
- LILIDRIS [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Lilidris Kusnezov, 1956: 26 (diagnosis in key). Type-species: Lilidris metatarsalis, by original designation.
- [Lilidris also described as new by Kusnezov, 1957a: 274 and Kusnezov, 1958b: 189.]
- Lilidris junior synonym of Solenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
- OCTELLA [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Octella Forel, 1915b: 70 [as subgenus of Oligomyrmex]. Type-species: Oligomyrmex (Octella) pachycerus, by original designation.
- Octella junior synonym of Oligomyrmex: Ettershank, 1966: 119.
- Octella junior synonym of Solenopsis: Taylor, 1991b: 611.
- OEDALEOCERUS [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Oedaleocerus Creighton, 1930b: 43 [as subgenus of Solenopsis]. Type-species: Solenopsis angulata, by original designation.
- Oedaleocerus raised to genus: Kusnezov, 1957a: 272.
- Oedaleocerus junior synonym of Solenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
- PARANAMYRMA [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Paranamyrma Kusnezov, 1953d: 17. Type-species: Paranamyrma solenopsidis, by monotypy.
- [Paranamyrma also described as new by Kusnezov, 1954a: 9.]
- Paranamyrma junior synonym of Solenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
- SYNSOLENOPSIS [junior synonym of Solenopsis]
- Synsolenopsis Forel, 1918b: 155 [as subgenus of Solenopsis]. Type-species: Solenopsis (Synsolenopsis) bruchi (junior primary homonym in Solenopsis, replaced by Solenopsis bruchiella), by monotypy.
- Synsolenopsis raised to genus: Kusnezov, 1953c: 341; Kusnezov, 1962b: 160.
- Synsolenopsis junior synonym of Solenopsis: Ettershank, 1966: 134.
Etymology
Mark Deyrup (2017) discovered the meaning and derivation of the genus name. Others had previously, and correctly, found the first part of the name was a derivation of the Greek Solon, which means "pipe or channel". Deyrup though was the first to realize the Greek word "opsis" can be translated as "face" and Solenopsis can be interpreted to mean "an ant with a groove on its face". Even though the heads of most Solenopsis species are not grooved, Deyrup had gone back to Westwood (1840), where the genus name was applied to the new species he named Solenopsis mandibularis. It turns out the name is based on features of the majors he examined. He noted "the toothless mandibles and the enlarged head divide into two lobes" and from this, the name was created "on account of (its) grooved face."
Beyond the name's derivation, it was subjected to an interesting twist of the rules of nomenclature. Solenopsis mandibularis is a synonym of Solenopsis geminata, an ant first described by Fabricius (1804) as Atta geminata. Thus mandibularis is no longer valid but Westwood's generic description is the first use of using a genus name other than Atta for a Solenopsis species.
References
- Arnold, G. 1916. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 14: 159-270 (page 242, Solenopsis in Myrmicinae, Solenopsidini)
- Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Can. Entomol. 37: 381-384 (page 383, Solenopsis in Myrmicinae, Solenopsidini)
- Baigorria, J.A., Rubio, G.D., Stolar, C.E., Oklander, L.I. 2021. Notes on the jumping spider Corythalia conferta (Araneae: Salticidae), a possible myrmecophagous specialist in Argentina. Peckhamia 230.1, 1-12.
- Baker, A.J., Heraty, J.M., Mottern, J., Hang, J.Z., Hines, H.M., Lemmon, A.R., Lemmon, E.M. 2019. Inverse dispersal patterns in a group of ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae: Oraseminae) and their ant hosts. Systematic Entomology 45: 1–19 (doi:10.1111/syen.12371).
- Barden, P. 2017. Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages. Myrmecological News 24: 1-30.
- Bolton, B. 1987. A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 54: 263-452 (page 271, 285, Solenopsis in Myrmicinae, Solenopsis genus group; Solenopsis senior synonym of Diplorhoptrum)
- Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. (page 106, Solenopsis in Myrmicinae, Solenopsidini)
- Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 71: 370pp (page 218, Solenopsis in Myrmicinae, Solenopsidini)
- Boudinot, B.E. 2019. Hormigas de Colombia. Cap. 15. Clave para las subfamilias y generos basada en machos. Pp. 487-499 in: Fernández, F., Guerrero, R.J., Delsinne, T. (eds.) 2019d. Hormigas de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1198 pp.
- Branstetter, M.G., Longino, J.T., Reyes- López, J.L., Brady, S.G., Schultz, T.R. 2022. Out of the temperate zone: A phylogenomic test of the biogeographical conservatism hypothesis in a contrarian clade of ants. Journal of Biogeography 00, 1-14 (doi:10.1111/jbi.14462).
- Burchill, A.T., Moreau, C.S. 2016. Colony size evolution in ants: macroevolutionary trends. Insectes Sociaux 63, 291–298 (doi:10.1007/s00040-016-0465-3).
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